.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-4 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-4,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-3 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-3,decimal) ". "}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-1 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-1,lower-latin) ". "}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-2 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-2,lower-roman) ". "}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-5 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-5}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-0 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-0,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-0 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-0,decimal) ") "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-2 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-2,lower-roman) ") "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-1 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-1,lower-latin) ") "}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-5 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-5,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-6 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-6,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-7 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-7,lower-latin) ". "}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-4{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-1.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-1 0}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-8 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-8,lower-roman) ". "}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-8 0}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-5 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-5}ul.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-0 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-0}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-0 > li:before{content:"● "}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-3.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-3 0}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-6.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-6 0}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-1 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-1}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-5.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-5 0}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-2.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-2 0}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-0{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-1{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-3{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-8}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-6{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-7{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_eheb3equwp72-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-1 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-1}.lst-kix_eheb3equwp72-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_eheb3equwp72-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_eheb3equwp72-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_eheb3equwp72-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-3 > li:before{content:"(" counter(lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-3,decimal) ") "}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-4.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-4 0}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-7 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-7,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-2}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-5 > li:before{content:"(" counter(lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-5,lower-roman) ") "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-1 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-1}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-7 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-7}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-8}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-3.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-3 0}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-6 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-6}.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-4 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-4}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-8}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-6.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-6 0}.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_3860piv0iapu-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3860piv0iapu-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_jgz1qpt4lxc1-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_jgz1qpt4lxc1-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_3860piv0iapu-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-4.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-4 0}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_3860piv0iapu-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3860piv0iapu-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_urvkb0eyv3n3-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_urvkb0eyv3n3-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_urvkb0eyv3n3-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_hc7v1t8kl21y-6{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-5.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-5 0}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_urvkb0eyv3n3-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_fxewrd5489z5-4{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-7.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-7 0}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-6 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-6}.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-8 0}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_63t6xptq1yc7-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_v7qvu5bn7x72-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-8 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-8,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eheb3equwp72-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-4 > li:before{content:"(" counter(lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-4,lower-latin) ") "}.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-5 > li:before{content:"(" counter(lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-5,lower-roman) ") "}.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_9omoxjd9n82z-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-4 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-4}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-1 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-1,lower-latin) ") "}.lst-kix_jgz1qpt4lxc1-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-3 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-3}.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eheb3equwp72-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-7.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-7 0}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-3.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-3 0}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-8{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-6{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-4{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-3{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3z6ykg6mkoj0-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-6{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-8{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-7 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-7}.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-2}.lst-kix_izhch627d3x5-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_v7qvu5bn7x72-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_v7qvu5bn7x72-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-8 0}.lst-kix_v7qvu5bn7x72-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_v7qvu5bn7x72-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-6 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-6}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-4.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-4 0}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-0 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-3 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-3}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_9fnbahshsj45-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_o2awtw4d1ql3-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-0.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-0 0}.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-5.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-5 0}.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_v7qvu5bn7x72-3 > li:before{content:"● 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"}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3860piv0iapu-0{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3860piv0iapu-1{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-7{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-1.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-1 0}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_z89ofairmtnp-0.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_z89ofairmtnp-0 0}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_be21yzguujea-0 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_be21yzguujea-0}.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_qcszgrz20q28-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-2}ul.lst-kix_k3vo40vb8mm7-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_c0hyik8xt404-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ol.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-2.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-2 0}.lst-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-4 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_sx9q37lf79vd-4}.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_brtj2nu4y0th-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_6l3ixim498dw-4 > li:before{content:"○ 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AGRY 32000: GeneticsWe also discuss several other topics like uconn econ
Lecture 1
Objectives
- Definition of a gene
- DNA → RNA → protein into flow
- Genetic diversity
If you want to learn more check out math 3070 class notes
Don't forget about the age old question of Who first used introspection?
Organisms > cells > nucleus with chromosomes > DNA > double helix
Traits are influenced by genes
Genetics: Study of genes, inheritance and inherited traits
- Transmission genetics: traits passed parent → offspring
- Molecular genetics: DNA → gene within, between cells
- Population genetics: changes over time in genetics in pop
We also discuss several other topics like What is a psychologist?
Mendel’s experiments
PP x pp → Pp 1st generation hybrid (all people)
Pp x Pp → PP, Pp, pp 2nd generation hybrid (3:1 purple to white)
- Blending theory was refused
We also discuss several other topics like How does equilibrium income change?
One gene-one enzyme model
Gene A → Enzyme A (each gene codes one enzyme only)
⤷ came together to make protein
DNA - responsible for gene inheritance
We also discuss several other topics like What refers to a group of nations, territories or peoples under the control of a single entity/ruler?
Gene: fundamental unit of heredity that carries info from one generation to next.
- A segment of DNA composed of transcribed and regulatory sequences
Central dogma info transfer between biological molecules
↷
(Replication) DNA → RNA → Protein
◡ : :
(Transcription) (Translation)
Model Organisms: simple, easily manipulated system
- Short life cycles with rapid development
- Small adult size
- Ready availability
- Tractability
- Eg. fruit fly (drosophila melanogaster)
- Large visible chromosomes
- 14-day life cycle
- Many observable mutations
- Recombinant DNA techniques
- .5 hour per generation
- Eg. Baker’s yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Eukaryote
- 12 mb
- Rapid life cycle
- Smallest mammals
- Very similar to human genes
- Small genome (130 mB)
- 6 week, small cycle
- Small size
Applications of Genetics
- Medicine: disease, diagnostics, research
- Agriculture: breeding, research
- Society: evolution, model organisms
- Science: food safety, biosafety
Genetic Mutations
- Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) are most common
- Lactose Gene variants
- only present in babies originally
- In areas where milk was prevalent in adult diets, mutations occurred to be able to produce lactose as adults
Genetic Innovation
- First GMO animal approved by FDA, Nov 2015
(more sensitive issue than plants)
- Single Δ in DNA (one gene)
DNA Structure and Replication
History of DNA
- genes and mutations affect phenotype
- one gene one enzyme hypothesis
- Genes reside on chromosomes
- Chromosomes consist of DNA and protein
- Allow faithful replication
- Have informational content
- Be able to change
DNA is the genetic material: experiments to prove this
- Griffith Experiment, 1928
- Transformation of R cells into S cells
But, what is the identity of “transforming” substances?
- Avery, Macleod and McCarty, 1944
- Essential material for transformation was DNA
- Phages protein and DNA were labeled radioactively, recovered material in host was DNA
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Puriens: A, G
- Pyrimidines: C, T, O
- Phosphate (-) charge
- Sugar (dioxygenase) : links bases and phosphate groups
groups are used as links
hydroxyl group defines RNA, DNA diff
- Bases
(Polymers of nucleotides are joined by
phosphodiester bonds)
Erwin Chargaff’s rule of base composition
1953: Watson and Crick structure model of double helix
- Sugar phosphate backbone with phosphodiester bonds
- Bases linked by H bonds
- A,T have 2 bonds
- C, G have 33 bonds
- Antiparallel strands that are complementary