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Chapters 1 & 2 Don't forget about the age old question of How does Pzorac affect brain chemistry?

Structure & Bonding

Acids & Bases Don't forget about the age old question of What is the doctrine that what makes an action right is that one approves of it?

Organic Chemistry - Chemistry of compounds that consist primarily of carbon & hydrogen.  Don't forget about the age old question of What is the land between the rivers?

Bonding - joining of two atoms in a stable arrangement

• leads to lowered energy and increased stability

If you want to learn more check out How are morals designed?

Ionic bonds - transfer of e- from one element to another.

Don't forget about the age old question of Describe Gay Entertainment in Black Culture.

Covalent bond - sharing of e- between two nuclei. We also discuss several other topics like What is the point reached when the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost ?

⇒                - covalent        ∵ 2 non-metals

                - ionic                ∵ metal and nonmetal

        - covalen        ∵ all nonmetal

        - both ionic and covalent bonds

        

Finding ionic bonds in given compounds.

     ⊕⊝        

→

                

     ⊝ ⊕

→                 

        Technically covalent, but behave like a carbanion

→                 ammonium chloride

                                                

Line Bond Structures

        

-H

|

-C-

|

..

-N-

|

..

-O-

..

..

-x:

..

x = f, cl

# of bonds

1

4

3

2

1

#of non bonded e pairs

0

0

1

2

3

• Formal change for these configurations = 0

→                 

→                                                 N: 5-0-4=+1

                                                        B:3-0-4=-1

Calculating Formula charge

Formal charge = # of valence e- - all unshared e-

 

→                                                unexpected configuration of 0

                                6-2-3=+1

→                                        4-2-3=-1

→                                                                        4 bonds with N, unexpected

configuration

                        

                                                                        5-0-4=+1

Exceptions of octet rule.

 

• Line bond structures

• must contain correct number of e-
• must follow octet nie as appropriate
• must contain appropriate formal charges

Connectivity

                                                

• Constitutional isomers

• same molecular formula but the connectivity of their atoms is different.

References: