.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-8 0}.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-3.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-3 0}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-1 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-1}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-8{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-6{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-4 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-4}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-0 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-8 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-8,lower-roman) ". "}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-2}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-3 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-3}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-3.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-3 0}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-6 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-6,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-7 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-7,lower-latin) ". "}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b1jazd3h64uu-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-0 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-0,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-2 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-2,lower-roman) ". "}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-1 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-1,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-5 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-5,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-0 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-8}.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-4 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-4,lower-latin) ". "}ul.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-3 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-3,decimal) ". "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-8{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-2.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-2 0}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-1{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_oevcncoq4gct-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_c8lma3hl60me-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-4 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-4,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-6 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-6,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-6 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-6}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-2 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-2,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-0 > li:before{content:"● "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-4.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-4 0}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-8 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-8,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-7.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-7 0}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-8{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-4.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-4 0}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-0 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-0,decimal) ". "}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-1.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-1 0}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-0 > li:before{content:"● "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-6.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-6 0}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-2.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-2 0}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-6 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-6}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-5 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-5}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-1{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-0{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-5.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-5 0}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-6{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-4{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_7l0x8uipnbpu-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-0 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-0}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-0 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-0}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-4{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-0.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-0 0}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-5 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-5}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-7 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-7}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-0.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-0 0}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-1 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-1}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_or90zhlr3ctc-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-4 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-4}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-5.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-5 0}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-7 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-7}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-6.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-6 0}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-5 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-5,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-3 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-3,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-7 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-7,lower-latin) ". "}ol.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-1.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-1 0}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-7.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-7 0}.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-1 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-1,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_yw0y5ksgasaf-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ol.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-8 0}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-8}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_e9g65eqjsucn-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_eq51gcevx8c8-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_9lxr25qyg3j9-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_mcy8ynhu1kt6-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1w959rwe8zhl-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_b9os4zhmtdan-2}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-3 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_v4o9ca5sh1nw-3}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_xfae9f1gkg1s-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_homltyuzbge4-0{list-style-type:none}

Natural Selection: Types

1. Stabilizing selection

• Selection for the mean
• Outliers or the population are selected against

• fertility and human brain size

                        ︸If you want to learn more check out changes in marijuana laws over the course of u.s. history illustrate

                Finite # tasks can be computed with a certain size.        

• Height, because depending on the environment, certain heights are better.
• Birth weight

1. Directional Selection

• Selection against one group of outliers
• Human brain
• Changing importance of IQ
• During periods of rapid change, directional selection may lead to adaptation
• Being exposed to bacteria is good

1. Disruptive selection

• Rare in nature but led to the evolution of 2 sexes and may lead to speciation.
• Selection against the mean
• 2 or more morphologies
• Sexual selection-sexual dimorphism

Don't forget about the age old question of What are the rules in IUPAC?

Intensity of Selection:

• For humans it would take only 10,000 years for a trait with a 1% disadvantage to change from 99% frequency to less than 1% frequency as long as selection is consistent and unidirectional
• Even trivial traits can be associated with reproductive success

• Head roundness and differential survival

• No trait is adaptive in all environments

• The brain is expensive in terms of food, thus dangerous if food is scarce.

If you want to learn more check out 2 HOW ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES SYNTHESIZED?
Don't forget about the age old question of ntu eee

Genotype, Phenotype and Heritability:

• Heritability and Phenotype: biggest problem in accepting an evolutionary view of behavioral variation .
• Gregor Mendel - peas/gene switching and Punnett squares

• Conclusions:

• Dominance and recessive traits exists
• Parents contribute only 1 of their alleles to offspring
• Alleles are contributed with equal probability
• Allele for different traits segregates differently.

If you want to learn more check out which part of a neuron is often encased by a fatty myelin sheath?

There can also be:

• Incomplete dominance: a mixture of traits, do dominance over one or another
• Codominance

Genotype Leading to Heritability

• Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of the individual, the actual genes coded for by an individual’s DNA

• During meiosis this genetic material is copied and enclosed within the gametes through ½ of an individual’s genetic material

• Sexual recombination inhibits identical copies of parents.

We also discuss several other topics like francis mummery

Sources of Variation

• Mutation - imperfect copying of DNA strands; we have 30,000 genes, in which 1 mutation per every 3 offspring is born
• Recombination because parents’ adaptation aren't pass to kids
• Crossing over

Genotype Translated to Phenotype

• Genotype = genetic makeup of an individual
• Phenotype = observed expression of phenotype
• Traits are influenced by the environment

Science and the Principles of Natural Selection

• Natural selection as the mechanism for biological diversity and change through time

The Naturalistic Fallacy

• Along the lines of “what is natural is good” or “what is unnatural is bad.”
• Examples: homosexuality is bad, transgender = bad, vaccines do not help
• David Hume, 1740: confusion of what is w/what should be
• “Is” - what exists (ontology) and why it occurred (cause / effects)
• “Should” = desirability or moral value of the outcome

Studies of humans particularly vulnerable

• People have so much invested in the answers to some questions
• Certain answers may serve interests better than others
• Refusal to accept certain answers even with hard evidence
• One must understand people’s motivations
• Moral values in play?

Basic Principles of Science

1. Public vs. Private info: findings must be private
2. Evidence in support of a statement must be replicable by gathering independent information
3. Statements about cause / effect must be generalizable to other situations in which the same cause / effect principle should be operative

References: