CSU - BC 103 - LIFE 102 Unit 4 Study Guide - Study Guide

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Lauren Caldwell 1. What is the shell of a virus called?
2. What do we call a virus that attacks a bacteria?
3. How does a virus differ from a bacterium? 4. Why is it ineffective to treat viral disease with antibiotics? 5. How do prions differ from viruses? 6. Do all cells in the body – from the tongue to the liver – have the same genes? 7. What is responsible for unravelling a chromatin? a. What happens thanks to the chromatin unraveling? Aka, with the new state the DNA is in,
what happens to the DNA? 8. The addition of what micromolecule allows genes to be expressed?\ a. What is this process called? 9. The addition of what micromolecule stops/inhibits particular gene expression? a. What is this process called? 10. What enzyme facilitates transcription? 11. How do Activators interact with RNA Polymerase? 12. How do Repressors interact with RNA Polymerase? 13. How do Repressors interact with Activators? 14. What is the umbrella term for Activators and Repressors? 15.True/False: the number of elements in Control Elements is very large in order to have the most impact across the different cells of the body. 16.What are Cytoplasmic Determinants? What are they responsible for?
17.True/False: Cytoplasmic Determinants are large macromolecules, thus they cannot diffuse across the cytoplasm easily. 18.What kind of signaling do Cytoplasmic Determinants use and why?
19.True/False: In an unfertilized egg, there is the same concentration of genetic information as in the developing embryo. 20.What are three ways Cancer can develop in a person?
21.What is the name of genes that are present all throughout the lifespan of an individual? 22.What do we call genes that are normal, with no random mutations, that control cell division and growth? 23.What do we call the genes that control cell division and growth once it has mutated, and is no longer regulating cells? 24.What are two examples of Point Mutations that are capable of causing Cancer? 25.Why is it that the body will not fight off/kill cancer cells?
26.True/False: Some viruses have membranous envelopes
27.Are viruses considered, by the scientific community, living or nonliving?
28.Virus DNA can be either ____ or ____ in shape.
29.True/False: Viral DNA can be either single- or double-stranded.
30.What is the nucleic acid format of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
31.What are the subunits that make up the Protein Shell in the Tobacco Mosaic Virus? 32.What do Adenoviruses attack/infect?
33.What is the nucleic acid format of Adenoviruses?
34.What can be found on the surface of the capsid of the Adenoviruses?
35.What is the nucleic acid format of the Influenza virus?

Lauren Caldwell 36.True/False: The Membrane Envelope of the Influenza virus comes from the host. 37.What do Bacteriophages attack?
38.Are Bacteriophages viruses or bacterium?
39.What is the nucleic acid format of Bacteriophage T4?
40.What are six things that viruses LACK?
41.How do viruses replicate DNA?
42.True/False: While viruses do not have RNA polymerase, its DNA encodes RNA polymerase, so RNA replication is feasible. 43.What happens in the Lytic Cycle? a. What does “lyse” mean? 44.Why, despite bacteriophages being present, does bacteria continue to thrive?
45.What happens in the Lysogenic Cycle?
46.Is animal virus DNA primarily in the form of DNA or RNA?
47.What format can the DNA of animal viruses be found in? (Aka, single stranded, double stranded, linear, circular, etc) 48.True/False: most animal viruses have membranous envelopes.
49.How do glycoproteins function in the cell membrane?
50.How do animal viruses use Reverse Transcriptase?
51.What cell organelle codes for glycoproteins?
52.True/False: Reverse Transcriptase is an enzyme, not a process
53.What are Viroids known for attacking? Animals or plants?
54.What is the origin of the virus?
55.True/false: an organism can make more proteins than the number of genes they have 56.What are Transposable Elements known for?
57.What is another name for Transposable Elements?
58.What are Transposons?
59.What are Retrotransposons responsible for doing?
60.What is the cause of Tandem Duplications?
61.What is unique about the human chromosome, as compared to other primates, at the telomere? 62.True/False: Genes that have been conserved across many, many generations are generally important, which can help scientists pinpoint what is critical to
development 63.Is evolution the same thing as natural selection?
64.What is the name of evolutionary trees?
65.What is the name of the point on evolutionary trees where you can find common ancestors or organisms? 66.What are the three critical elements of evolution (Discussed in class on 11/30, Chapt. 22) 67.What is Homology? Provide an example
68.What is Convergence? Provide an example
69.“Genetic variation drives ______ variation”
70.There are two ways to quantify variation of populations; define them and explain them both. 71.What is Genetic Drift?
72.True/False: Genetic Drift is associated and closely related to Natural Selection
73.What are the two types of Genetic Drift? Provide examples of both

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