ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-6.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-6 0}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-1 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-1,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-0 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-0,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-8}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-8 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-8,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-5 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-5,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-3 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-3,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-7 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-7,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-2 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-2,lower-roman) ". "}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-6 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-6,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-4 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-4,lower-latin) ". "}.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-7{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-4{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-3{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-6{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-8{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-6 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-6}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-4 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-4}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-5 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-5}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-2.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-2 0}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-3 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-3}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-6{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-1.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-1 0}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-0.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-0 0}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-0 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_x8nsztrfvqf-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-0 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-0}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mhtspma338j0-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_47rdy8hyklia-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-2}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-4.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-4 0}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_mm4414y8tiw6-7{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-3.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-3 0}ul.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_pw2fjf8gc3vw-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-0{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-5.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-5 0}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-8 0}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_6msxm23hj0dw-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-1 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-1}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mocu03xr2b79-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_tlhr9j82pi5h-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_ltn1trvik03j-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_3wofz1zfap22-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_dffsna4uj83b-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-7.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-7 0}.lst-kix_33uyab1qamuq-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xcu1lly3isl6-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-7 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_eevjmqx8yjgb-7}.lst-kix_mo1kzi76d2ex-2 > li:before{content:"- "}

The SkeletonWe also discuss several other topics like Where is the layer cake federalism based on?

• Articulated: bones are joined together
• Disarticulated: bones are not joined

Types of Bones

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid
• Sutural

Anatomy of Long Bone

• Proximal and distal epiphysis
• Diaphysis (shaft of bone, “dia” = inbetween)
• Metaphysis (transition between diaphysis and epiphysis)

• Epiphysis and metaphysis are made up of spongy bone and filled with red marrow
• Diaphysis made up of compact bone
• Inside of diaphysis, there is a cavity called the medullary cavity

• In adults, the cavity is filled with fat or yellow bone marrow

• For protection, bone is covered with a dense, regular tissue called periosteum on the outside
• On the inside, there is endosteum
• Periosteum has 2 layers: fibrous on outside layer and cellular on inside
• Endosteum is made of one layer but had different cells

• Osteoprogenitor: gives rise to all cells
• Osteoblasts: building new bone
• Osteocyte: maintain bone matrix
• Osteoclast: destroy bone using lysosomes and enzymes

Formation of Bone

• Endochondral ossification is how long bones form

• Hardening of cartilage

1. Bones begin as hyaline cartilage
2. Ossification begins in diaphysis (center)
3. Secondary ossification centers are in epiphysis

• As ossification continues, hyaline cartilage remains in the metaphysis; these are growth plates
• Intramembranous ossification is how flat bone form

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Axial Skeleton

• Bones forming central axis of skeleton
• Provides main support
• protect s central nervous system

• Skull
• Thoracic cage
• Sternum and ribs
• Vertebral

Appendicular Skeleton

• Bones in the appendages

• Shoulder clavicle and scapula
• Upper limb
• Pelvic girdle
• Lower limb

The Skull

• Cranial Bones

• Superior, lateral, posterior
• Frontal, parietal(2), occipital, temporal(2), sphenoid, ethmoid

Facial Bones

• Anterior bones, face
• Nasal, maxillary, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal (means tear)

Process = Projection

• From an inferior perspective, the temporal bone juts inward, this is called the petrous portion. These is also a depression called the mandibular fossa
• Occipital bone has a hole at the bottom: foramen magnum
• The mandible and maxillary have an alveolar process (depression)
• Palate is made up of maxillary bone

• At end of palate are palatine bones

• Within the sphenoid bone there is a depression called sella turcica which holds the pituitary gland
• Sphenoid sinus - cavity within sphenoid

• Aids in sound resonation
• Makes skull lighter

• From a mid - sagittal view, the vomer bone is visible, which forms the bottom of the nasal septum
• The rest of the nasal bone is made up of ethmoid bone

• The perpendicular plate
• Crista galli

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Suture = connects bones of skull

• Coronal suture - between frontal and parietal
• Sagittal suture - between left and right parietal bones
• Squamous portion of maxillary bone
• Lambdoid suture - between parietal and occipital bones

Vertebral regions:

• Cervical(7) - number of vertebrae
• Thoracic(12)
• Lumbar(5)
• Sacral(5)
• Coccygeal(3-5)

A typical vertebra has the body (bulky region) and an arch

• A pedicle connects body to arch
• Lamind connects left and right arch
• Opening in vertebrae = vertebral foramen
• Spinous process: projects out
• transverse process: projects on the sides

• Cervical vertebrae have transverse foramen (openings on sides)
• C1 is called Atlas: holds the Skull
• C2 is called Axis: allows for rotation of the atlas

• Within body of C2 is a projection called “dens”

• Articular processes allow for movement between vertebrae

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