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Can you just teach this course please? lol :)
▪ Synapse- space between two neurons- neurotransmitter goes from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
▪ a neurotransmitter goes through reuptake- neuron shoots them out and sucks them back up- if they aren’t sucked back up they aren’t used again ▪ Everything that will be on the test- 10.1 go through some multiple choice questions from exam 1
▪ 1. what factors affect gene expression- chpt2- genotype the phenotype weather the genes are dominant or recessive- incomplete dominance- brown eyes is a dominant gene and blue is recessive- express brown eyes but be carriers of blue eyes
⁃ genotype is what is in your DNA and phenotype is what is expressed and seen
▪ 2. what are the major principles of natural selection- darwin! survival of the fittest all life comes from a common ancestor- dominant widespread traits are favored by environment- natural selection favors flexibility- if you aren’t flexible you die niches affect variability if you change an environment then you change what is favorable for the environment- variability is favored because the environment changes
Don't forget about the age old question of What are the regulations of advertising?
▪ personal survival and species survival-
⁃ self interest- if a robin is in a tree and a hawk comes by it keeps quiet to help itself- by not speaking out it increases its chance of the hawk coming back is bigger so it notifies the rest of the robins to save the species
▪ three basic needs- protection, replication, and renewal if there is damage to the cell
▪ brain
▪ forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
▪ four divisions of cerebral cortex- grey and white matter- frontal, parietal, occipital,and 2 temporal
⁃ frontal- higher order cognition- planning ahead social behavior ⁃ parietal- humunculus- creepy man thing- senses- skin touch whatever ⁃ occipital- vision- goes to back and is processed
⁃ temporal- hearing and language
▪ hindbrain- medulla-heart and breathing pons and cerebellum- controls voluntary movement
▪ apraxia- a movement disorder
▪ agnosia- can’t recognize stimulus- can describe a phone- agnosia of language is don’t know what someone is saying
▪ aphasia- number linguistic disorder- stokes- can’t have an actual conversation ⁃ nonfluent- can’t talk- fluent can talk but can’t comprehend
▪ left hemisphere- language- right is visual and spacial things
▪ split brain- cut at corpus callosum and two brain sides can’t communicate ⁃ corpus callosum- transfers info If you want to learn more check out What if there is no oxygen?
⁃ lateralization- functional differences between the two sides of the brain ▪ all or none law- once you reach action threshold of neuron if your intensity is greater or less if you hit -55 is threshold it’ll spike no matter what -70 is resting
potential +40 something is action potential
⁃ SSRI- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor- depression- they’re an agonist for seratonin- block presynaptic neuron for sucking up serotonin so there is more flowing in the synapse
⁃ agonist for dopamine is cocaine- blocks it from taking in dopamine and causes extreme pleasure
▪ neuroepinephrine- action sesratonin- happiness dopamine- pleasure ▪ naloxone- blocks or reduces the pain aleviating of endorphins or placebos ⁃ they fake fix pain so it blocks that
⁃ they won’t fix pain
⁃ use for heroin overdose- blacklist they do it to Reddington when he feels pain
▪ which brain part is linked to wanting- nucleus accumpens mediated by dopamine ▪ brain part linked to liking- frontal cortex- mediated by endorphins ▪ dopamine hypothesis- pleasure is involved with the activation of nucleus assumepens and is linked to dopamine If you want to learn more check out Maturity is what?
⁃ why people take cocaine
⁃ alcohol is a downer and it doesn’t work on dopamine system so there is a general reward system- dopamine isn’t the only thing that makes you happy
▪ necessary components of homeostasis- set point, sensor, comparator, restitution response mechanism
▪ parasympathetic- up on heat sweat- sympathetic gets colder and shivers ▪ vasoconstriction- sympathetic We also discuss several other topics like Where is the retroperitoneal located?
▪ sympathetic is fight or flight- more oxygen to muscles stuff shuts down to conserve energy
▪ parasympathetic calms body down after that
▪ sympathetic- fight flight- short term activation- bodily functions shut down- when this happens for a longer time period it’ll be destructive- wear and tear chronic anxiety
▪ glucose to glycogen liver receptors say don’t eat
▪ glycogen to glucose liver receptors say eat- release glycogen from stores if your blood pressure is too low- crave carbs
▪ other controls- leptin and neuropeptide y- leptin secreted by fat cells and excess nutrients- when fat cells are full they secrete leptin and you feel full- send signal to hypothalamus and inhibit neuropeptide why which tells us we are full metabolic receptors interact with liver
▪ outside environmental- influenced by people around us
▪ hypothalamus is with neuropeptide y
▪ dual control theory- lateral area- lowers the body weight set point- if it’s damaged you get super thin- force-fed rats
⁃ ventromedial area- raises body weight- get super fat if it’s damaged ▪ thrifty gene hypothesis- way back when genes used to favor fat people because food wasn’t readily available and it was coldWe also discuss several other topics like How do we measure uncertainty?
▪ Sleep- EEG beta activity- speeded heart rate and respiration and EEG delta slow waves slow rolling eye movements and slow arousal and heart rate ▪ REM rapid eye movement is similar to being awake- you’re active and you’re body surpasses need to act out dream- basically paralized if not sleep walk ▪ rem vivid dreams other than that they’ll be fragmented
▪ why we need to sleep and dream- consolidates memory and renews cells releases growth hormone- keeps you safe from preditores
▪ rem weird dreams
▪ mating
⁃ females show social aggression and males show physical
⁃ territory
⁃ sexual dimorphism- polygamy
▪ jealousy- men care about sexual loyalty and females care about emotional loyalty ▪ anorexia- 2 types- restrictive- restrict calorie intake and binge purge laxative exercise and vomitting
⁃ cultural problems
⁃ thought women would eat food and they thought they’d get pregnant so they were scared We also discuss several other topics like What is john james audubon known for?
⁃ control and personal autonomy- want control over their body
⁃ genetics
⁃ twins more common in identical twins
⁃ anorexia often comes with OCD and anxiety
▪ temporal simmation- stimulus if presented in succession if they’re below threshold- achieve action potential with a lot of frequencies
▪ spatial summation- two or more sub threshold stimuli presented at the same time in two separate places- many neurons fire to achieve effect ▪ agonists-chemicals enhance neurotransmitters and antagonists- impede neurotransmitter activity
▪ voodoo death- think they’re cursed and their sympathetic nervous system goes nuts and they die
▪ clinically- damage of brain and see what is going on after- pole head guy ▪ catscan and EEG other ways
▪ parts of brain can be damaged but the rest can still work
▪ localization in brain- when using brain whatever part is used is more accurate ▪ neglect syndrome- don’t know left side of body is there
▪ left hemisphere is responsible for language but it can only see what is on your right visual field
▪ left controls right eye and visa versa
▪ drawing is controlled by the right hemisphere and they can only see from the left eye
▪ ESSAYS- sunday night 8pm check email
▪ essay question evolution- pic
⁃ if one individual is exposed to something and it dies then they’ll all die so they need variation
⁃ some will reproduce faster because it’s better adapted
⁃ traits should be passed from parents to offspring
⁃ when things happen over generations it’ll evolve
⁃ variation can come from chromosomal variation during sexual reproduction
⁃ mutations durring dna replication
⁃ evidence- organisms can transform through selective breeding- fossils ⁃ hypothalamus primal needs sex food- frontal cortex development in humans make us better than ancestors and more logical
⁃ organisms genomes and molecular structures- we are related to chimps ▪ needs for survival
⁃ protection replication renewal\
look at pics learn to draw flowchart