▪ Synapse- space between two neurons- neurotransmitter goes from presynaptic  neuron to postsynaptic neuron

What is in your dna and phenotype and what is expressed and seen?

▪ a neurotransmitter goes through reuptake- neuron shoots them out and sucks  them back up- if they aren’t sucked back up they aren’t used again ▪ Everything that will be on the test- 10.1 go through some multiple choice  questions from exam 1

▪ 1. what factors affect gene expression- chpt2- genotype the phenotype weather  the genes are dominant or recessive- incomplete dominance- brown eyes is a  dominant gene and blue is recessive- express brown eyes but be carriers of blue  eyes

⁃ genotype is what is in your DNA and phenotype is what is expressed and  seen  

▪ 2. what are the major principles of natural selection- darwin! survival of the fittest all life comes from a common ancestor- dominant widespread traits are favored  by environment- natural selection favors flexibility- if you aren’t flexible you die niches affect variability if you change an environment then you change what is  favorable for the environment- variability is favored because the environment  changes

What factors affect gene expression?

Don't forget about the age old question of What are the regulations of advertising?

▪ personal survival and species survival-  

⁃ self interest- if a robin is in a tree and a hawk comes by it keeps quiet to  help itself- by not speaking out it increases its chance of the hawk coming  back is bigger so it notifies the rest of the robins to save the species

▪ three basic needs- protection, replication, and renewal if there is damage to the  cell

▪ brain

▪ forebrain midbrain and hindbrain

▪ four divisions of cerebral cortex- grey and white matter- frontal, parietal,  occipital,and 2 temporal

⁃ frontal- higher order cognition- planning ahead social behavior ⁃ parietal- humunculus- creepy man thing- senses- skin touch whatever ⁃ occipital- vision- goes to back and is processed

⁃ temporal- hearing and language

Why people take cocaine?

▪ hindbrain- medulla-heart and breathing pons and cerebellum- controls voluntary  movement

▪ apraxia- a movement disorder

▪ agnosia- can’t recognize stimulus- can describe a phone- agnosia of language is  don’t know what someone is saying

▪ aphasia- number linguistic disorder- stokes- can’t have an actual conversation ⁃ nonfluent- can’t talk- fluent can talk but can’t comprehend

▪ left hemisphere- language- right is visual and spacial things

▪ split brain- cut at corpus callosum and two brain sides can’t communicate ⁃ corpus callosum- transfers info If you want to learn more check out What if there is no oxygen?

⁃ lateralization- functional differences between the two sides of the brain ▪ all or none law- once you reach action threshold of neuron if your intensity is  greater or less if you hit -55 is threshold it’ll spike no matter what -70 is resting

potential +40 something is action potential  

⁃ SSRI- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor- depression- they’re an  agonist for seratonin- block presynaptic neuron for sucking up serotonin  so there is more flowing in the synapse

⁃ agonist for dopamine is cocaine- blocks it from taking in dopamine and  causes extreme pleasure

▪ neuroepinephrine- action sesratonin- happiness dopamine- pleasure ▪ naloxone- blocks or reduces the pain aleviating of endorphins or placebos  ⁃ they fake fix pain so it blocks that

⁃ they won’t fix pain

⁃ use for heroin overdose- blacklist they do it to Reddington when he feels  pain

▪ which brain part is linked to wanting- nucleus accumpens mediated by dopamine  ▪ brain part linked to liking- frontal cortex- mediated by endorphins  ▪ dopamine hypothesis- pleasure is involved with the activation of nucleus  assumepens and is linked to dopamine If you want to learn more check out Maturity is what?

⁃ why people take cocaine

⁃ alcohol is a downer and it doesn’t work on dopamine system so there is a  general reward system- dopamine isn’t the only thing that makes you  happy

▪ necessary components of homeostasis- set point, sensor, comparator, restitution  response mechanism

▪ parasympathetic- up on heat sweat- sympathetic gets colder and shivers  ▪ vasoconstriction- sympathetic We also discuss several other topics like Where is the retroperitoneal located?

▪ sympathetic is fight or flight- more oxygen to muscles stuff shuts down to  conserve energy

▪ parasympathetic calms body down after that

▪ sympathetic- fight flight- short term activation- bodily functions shut down- when  this happens for a longer time period it’ll be destructive- wear and tear chronic  anxiety

▪ glucose to glycogen liver receptors say don’t eat

▪ glycogen to glucose liver receptors say eat- release glycogen from stores if your  blood pressure is too low- crave carbs

▪ other controls- leptin and neuropeptide y- leptin secreted by fat cells and excess  nutrients- when fat cells are full they secrete leptin and you feel full- send signal  to hypothalamus and inhibit neuropeptide why which tells us we are full metabolic receptors interact with liver

▪ outside environmental- influenced by people around us

▪ hypothalamus is with neuropeptide y

▪ dual control theory- lateral area- lowers the body weight set point- if it’s  damaged you get super thin- force-fed rats

⁃ ventromedial area- raises body weight- get super fat if it’s damaged ▪ thrifty gene hypothesis- way back when genes used to favor fat people  because food wasn’t readily available and it was coldWe also discuss several other topics like How do we measure uncertainty?

▪ Sleep- EEG beta activity- speeded heart rate and respiration and EEG delta slow waves slow rolling eye movements and slow arousal and heart rate ▪ REM rapid eye movement is similar to being awake- you’re active and you’re  body surpasses need to act out dream- basically paralized if not sleep walk ▪ rem vivid dreams other than that they’ll be fragmented

▪ why we need to sleep and dream- consolidates memory and renews cells releases growth hormone- keeps you safe from preditores  

▪ rem weird dreams

▪ mating

⁃ females show social aggression and males show physical  

⁃ territory  

⁃ sexual dimorphism- polygamy  

▪ jealousy- men care about sexual loyalty and females care about emotional loyalty  ▪ anorexia- 2 types- restrictive- restrict calorie intake and binge purge laxative  exercise and vomitting

⁃ cultural problems  

⁃ thought women would eat food and they thought they’d get pregnant so  they were scared We also discuss several other topics like What is john james audubon known for?

⁃ control and personal autonomy- want control over their body

⁃ genetics

⁃ twins more common in identical twins  

⁃ anorexia often comes with OCD and anxiety

▪ temporal simmation- stimulus if presented in succession if they’re below  threshold- achieve action potential with a lot of frequencies

▪ spatial summation- two or more sub threshold stimuli presented at the  same time in two separate places- many neurons fire to achieve effect ▪ agonists-chemicals enhance neurotransmitters and antagonists- impede  neurotransmitter activity

▪ voodoo death- think they’re cursed and their sympathetic nervous system goes  nuts and they die  

▪ clinically- damage of brain and see what is going on after- pole head guy ▪ catscan and EEG other ways

▪ parts of brain can be damaged but the rest can still work

▪ localization in brain- when using brain whatever part is used is more accurate  ▪ neglect syndrome- don’t know left side of body is there

▪ left hemisphere is responsible for language but it can only see what is on your  right visual field

▪ left controls right eye and visa versa  

▪ drawing is controlled by the right hemisphere and they can only see from the left  eye

▪ ESSAYS- sunday night 8pm check email

▪ essay question evolution- pic

⁃ if one individual is exposed to something and it dies then they’ll all die so  they need variation

⁃ some will reproduce faster because it’s better adapted

⁃ traits should be passed from parents to offspring

⁃ when things happen over generations it’ll evolve

⁃ variation can come from chromosomal variation during sexual  reproduction

⁃ mutations durring dna replication

⁃ evidence- organisms can transform through selective breeding- fossils ⁃ hypothalamus primal needs sex food- frontal cortex development in  humans make us better than ancestors and more logical

⁃ organisms genomes and molecular structures- we are related to chimps  ▪ needs for survival

⁃ protection replication renewal\

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