Description
HY 104
Midterm Exam I Study Guide
Part I: Identification
10 Identification Questions
− Proclamation of Amnesty and Pardon
1865, Andrew Johnson’s reconstruction plan; pardon to any southerner who would swear allegiance to the union and the constitution, exconfederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty − Haymarket Riot
May of 1886, a response to the death of four strikers killed by police in Chicago. Demonstrated the growing rift between labor and business interest
− Black Codes
Were the laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War; had the intent and effect of restricting African Americans’ freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt
− 15th Amendment
prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen’s race, color, or previous condition of servitude
− 14th Amendment
granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, which included slaves
− William Jennings Bryan
Nebraska congressman; Cross of Gold speech favoring free silver; Wilson’s secretary of state until 1914; dominant force of populist force—party’s candidate for president
− Paternalism
policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates’ supposed best interest − Thaddeus Stephens
Republican leaded and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives’ chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee; wrote most of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War Don't forget about the age old question of bramstorming
− Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
NYC, March 25, 1911; industrial disaster, caused 146 deaths of garment workers; led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the international Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, which fought for safer and better working conditions
− Civil Rights Act of 1875
prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation; declared unconstitutional by the supreme court
− Southern Farmers’ Alliance
organization that rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers’ economic problems
− Knights of Labor
1880s organization at the center of the burgeoning labor movement because it included skilled and unskilled, male and female, and black and white workers.
− Protective Tariffs
Duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition If you want to learn more check out ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). this illustrates _____.
Essay Question 1
− Thesis: In the late nineteenth century, America was launched into a massive economic and social upheaval caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration. A main component of this new phase of America was the industrial worker, who was facing their own problems. Industrialization workers had to deal with unbearable conditions all while trying to come to grips with this new world happening around them. We also discuss several other topics like western civilization chapter 1
− What it’s like to be an industrial worker
Unsafe work conditions (triangle fire example)
Low wages
Long hours
− Alleviating Problems
Strikes
Gaining public attention over the horrible conditions
Forming Unions
Fighting for reforms
− Safety, wages, and hours
− Achieving Goal
Unions formed to protect the workers
Safety laws passed
Child labor laws
Wages increased
− Conclusion: Industrial workers made up a large portion of Americans during the 19th century and they were at the center of the economic and social upheaval. Industrial workers had a hard life with nearly unbearable working conditions. Many workers began to work for better conditions with better pay, and many achieved this goal. Unions were formed, laws were passed, and wages were increased. Industrial workers achieved all their goals by the end o the 19th century through public outreach and hard work. Don't forget about the age old question of siu math
Essay Question 2
Thesis: “From the perspective of black southerners, it appeared that the North won the Civil War and lost the peace, for despite temporary gains, they secured no permanent political, legal, or economic rights in the postwar period” is an invalid way to describe the North postcivil war. In 1865 the North was a prosperous region, filled with a new booming economy. The North managed to fare well after the war, though the postwar era seemed bleak to newly freed slaves. The Civil War actually helped the North more than it hurt it.
− North Legal Rights Postwar
Civil Rights Act
Ending Jim Crow Laws
Freed Blacks
Voting Rights
− North Political Rights Postwar
Presidential Reconstruction: outrage over black codes led to this
− Triumph of the radical wing of the Republican party
Northern congressmen refused to seat congressmen and senators elected from the South After the rejection of Johnson’s policies in 1866, Republicans in Congress took firm control of Reconstruction in the South
Blacks holding political office
− North Economic Rights Postwar
− Industrialization: North did nearly all manufacturing
− Increased number of immigrants and jobs in the cities
− Increase in large cities and factories We also discuss several other topics like flc study guide
− Transportation: railroads
− Conclusion: To the newly freed slaves, the North seemed like it had lost due to the fact that the blacks themselves were facing bleak results during Reconstruction. The North was prospering in almost all aspects, but they weren’t able to immediately help free slaves causing the exslaves to view the postwar era as an era worse than the era before the CivilWar. Contrary to how African Americans saw the North, things were booming in the North. With a new economy that was moving along, new forms of transportation, and political gains for the Republicans, the North was looking like it was doing better than ever. We also discuss several other topics like mnoce
Essay Question 3
− Thesis: During the late 19th century, many groups emerged to fight for various rights and protection but were met with straggly. Women’s Suffrage had begun in the 1800s but lost steam when the Civil War begin but once that ended it began to gain power again. Another group fighting in the late 19th century was the African American Civil Rights movement. The African American Civil Rights stemmed from freed slaves still fighting for rights and they faced many hurdles that they needed to overcome. The final group that faced many struggles were labor unions. Labor workers were a large portion of the country but they had little protection. Labor unions faced a large opposing force of Corporations. These groups faced many struggles but they fought through to succeed in what they believed in.
− Women’s Rights
Lost momentum because of the Civil War begin to regroup afterwards
Government wasn’t supporting
Had to fight along with Civil Rights for African Americans overshadowed
− African American Civil Rights
Segregation favored by many
Equal rights opposed
Government gave no support
White supremacist groups formed against
Brown v. Board of Education
− Major step but opposed by many
− Labor Union
Goal was to protect the common interest of workers
Knights of Labor
− Wanted to address key issues
− Beaten by Gould (southwestern railroad system)
− Suffered a setback after Haymarket Square incident
Demised afterwards
American Federation of Labor
− Opposed by companies
− Bosses had upper hand with the government
− Demands were either partially met or not met at all
− Struggled until after great depressionunskilled workers came together
Conclusion: The 19th century saw many reforms and groups trying to create reforms. Many groups were formed and faced struggles and puttered out while some stayed strong and still exist. Having enough people to back your group and not giving up led to many successful groups.
Essay Question 4
− Reconstruction is often viewed as a twelve year experiment, with many people attempting to shape the South. The only issue with this experiment was that every group had a different idea of what they wanted the South become. The newly free slaves wanted to own land, find family, and live the life that they had been dreaming of while white Southerners wanted to basically wanted things to go back to the way they were before the war. Then you had Andrew Johnson who got to attempt to make his vision of postwar South come true. Overall none of the groups’ whole vision came true, only bits and pieces being applied to the new South.
− Andrew Johnson
Shift political control in the south from old planter aristocracy to small farmers and artisans Abolishment of slavery and loyalty oath
Former slaves not allowed in government
Allowed black codes to be administered
Relaxed enforcement on the South
− Freedman
Own land
Same rights as whites
Vote/political freedom
Education
Family
− White Southerners
Wanted to take rights away from African Americans
Wanted government positions back
Wanted land back
− Conclusion: Many groups had a vision of what the new South should look like during reconstruction, but none of them got the vision they wanted. Johnson wanted to change the political system in the South and abolish slavery, which both occurred, but he also didn’t want to really punish the South and he was also okay with the way the freeman were being treated. Freedman wanted to get the land they were once promised, get an education, and overall have the same rights as whites. The freedmen eventually got all the things that were in their vision but it took time and was not achieved during reconstruction. White Southerners wanted things to go back to the way they were before the Civil War. Reconstruction accomplished many things but it could not satisfy every individual’s vision for the South.
Essay Question 5
− Thesis: The postCivil War era was coined the Gilded Age by author Mark Twain due to the fact that he believed that the period was glittering on the surface but underneath it was corrupt. The Gilded Age was a period in history with wealth and a booming economy, but underneath many were suffering. The captains of industry were living a good life, like they were on top of the world while Native Americans were having their land taken away and industrial workers were barely getting by from day to day. Gilded Age was a very fitting term for all that was happening during this era for most Americans.
− Gilded Age
Culture of newly rich, lacking tradition people
− Wealthy becoming showing like upperclass in Europe
Wealthy living extravagantly while the poor suffered immensely
− Wealthy business owners acted corruptly
Detail
− Captains of Industry
Rockefeller (Standard Oil), Carnegie (Steel), and Morgan (banker)
Also known by some as Robber Barons
− Eliminated completion through predatory pricing and overcharging
Amassed a personal fortune contributes positively to the country
− Through increased productivity, expansion of market, providing more jobs
− Native Americans
Land being taken from them
− Relocated by whites
Saw brutal and forceful incorporation
− Were seen as a problem for agents of incorporation
Were seen as problems standing in the way of industrialization
Whites tried to conform them into “Americans”
− Industrial Workers
Worked long, grueling hours
Violence within the workplace
Dangerous work environment
− Many injuries in factories
− No safety rules to follow
− Daily fatalities due to poor conditions
Low wagesnot enough to live on
Example: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire incident
− Killed around 146 women due to unsafe conditions
Locked doors
− Conclusion: The Gilded Age from the outside perspective seemed like an era of perfection, but in reality there were many underlying problems. There was a large amount of corrupt actions occurring and a good amount of suffering by those that weren’t considered lucky enough to be in the wealthy class. Individuals like Captains of Industry had the perfect life, with not a care, while Native Americans and Industrial workers were experiencing great hardships. Describing this era as the Gilded Age is the best way to describe the era because it did in fact glitter on the surface but underneath it was a corrupt mess.