Description
Evolution of Jazz
Thurs. 14 Jan
Jazz
Essence of Jazz is improvisation
∙ Birthplace: New Orleans
∙ Cultures of Africa and western Europe (France)
∙ Only indigenous art form in America
*Art imitates life*
History of Jazz
1718: founding of New Orleans by La Salle
Marquis Iberville/ Marquis de Beinville (French architects) built Nola Finished construction in 1723
named after Duke of Orleans who found it (French)
1763: France becomes Spain, Nola under the influence of Spain
cultures combine//1765 fire burns Nola, rebuilt with French/Spanish architecture Napolean Bonapart rebuilds France and French take back Nola in 1801 50% of population European/ 50% of population slaves from Africa 1803: Louisiana Purchase ($0.04 per acre) by Pres. Jefferson
3 Elements that make up Music
1. Melody
2. Harmony
3. Rhythm
Melody
Genre: The Blues Indigenous to America
“Blue notes”: sad or somber emotional quality Don't forget about the age old question of What are ballistic movements?
Evolution of Jazz
Tues. 19 Jan
*3 Elements of Music= melody harmony rhythm PLUS LYRICS* Don't forget about the age old question of What is maria on the moon made of?
Lyrics
tell story, history, and “Love” is most popular idea and topic for lyrics
“Name 3 types of music performed by slaves”
1. Work songs
2. Field hollers
3. Ring shouts
“What is the technique used to perform this music?”
Call and Response
Nonsecular/religious music
Slave owners force slaves to participate in religious (protestant/catholic) services
Secular music
American Blue’s men “Tremadors” If you want to learn more check out What are the psychological changes in the elderly?
craft of songwriting applied by “Tremadors”
for entertainment, about everyday life (not religious!)
instruments had to be travelfriendly (acoustic guitar, etc.)
Syncopation
playing with rhythm to be more “dance friendly”
syncopating the rhythm=unpredictable (idea that is very French)
Evolution of Jazz
Thurs. 21 Jan
Townsquare in Nola=Congo Square
Marketing technique: blues notes/putting on a show to sell products
Ragtime:
Scott Joplin: debuted Ragtime at World’s Fair
Maple Leap Rag
Storyville (18971917)
Red Light District in Nola= where jazz thrived/ where everything (vices) was legal
Jelly Roll Morton
Composer of Maple Leaf Rag (different from Joplin’s version)
Innovator of jazz (swing feel)
*Syncopation*
Evolution of Jazz
Tues. 26 Jan
“Ragtime” piano
Marching band instruments that all together can make the sound of Ragtime piano: tuba (brass)
trumpet (brass)
trombone (brass) (lower in pitch)
clarinet (woodwind) (higher in pitch) If you want to learn more check out What is the meaning of chorionic villus sampling?
drums (percussion)
banjo (similar to guitar) (African)
Downsizing of band: lighter, more economical
Test Question:
What was the most popular form of entertainment in America in the first half of the 20th century? Ans.: If you want to learn more check out What are the rules for dimensional analysis?
Dancing
Venue: when and where the music is being played
size of band changes
*social and economic issues changes that*
~Art imitates Life~
Riverboats: source of travel, entertainment, economic travel, activities
Dixieland Music (not quite jazz)
Instruments trying to sound like ragtime piano
trumpet very important
Uptown Musicians
played by ear
improvisation
couldn’t read
Downtown Musicians
trained professionals
could read
Buddy Bolden: uptown trumpet player; made melody by ear
Joe Oliver “King Oliver”: Innovator, led band of great influence
King Oliver’s Creole Jass Band
∙ Innovator’s of Dixieland style of music
∙ No recording because color of skin (black)
Original Dixie Jazz Band (ODJB)
∙ All white
∙ Led by Trumpet player who was racist
∙ Made very first historic recording We also discuss several other topics like Semantic memory in the form of what?
∙ 1917 made first jazz recording of song “Dixie Jazz Band One Step”
Evolution of Jazz
Thurs. 28 Jan
“Dippermouth Blues”
∙ Collective improvisation: each member of band improv.
∙ (audios on Black Board)
∙ Sound system: Victrola mechanical, not electronic
∙ Drums and Vocals were hard to record
Bessie Smith
∙ Black vocalist
∙ Sang song St. Louis Blues; composed by W.C Handy
*The most important/influential musician in the development of America’s indigenous art form* Louis Armstrong
Louis Armstrong
∙ Father of Jazz Music
∙ Significant role in American history
∙ Plays trumpet
∙ Born in August of 1901 during Nola’s 3rd war
∙ 1 of 2 children, mom was a maid, dad left the family, little supervision ∙ got in trouble, went away to school, forced to join band (trumpet)
∙ “King” Oliver got Louis first job with Kid Ory, a trombone player, on a riverboat ∙ Song: Mack the Knife
One of three versions of the song
From the 3 Penny Opera (story about Jack the Ripper)
Roaring 20s
∙ Gov’t took over Storyville, New Orleans
∙ Prohibition
∙ People traveled north
“King” Oliver and his Creole Jass Band moved to Chicago and had Louis Armstrong move up too, and join the band.
Evolution of Jazz
Tues. 2 Feb
Video: James Reese Europe “The Hellfighters”
Lit. Reese takes “ragtime” to Europe for the first time ever
“Negro music, but American music”
First black to play in Carnegie Hall
Trumpet vs. Cornet
Cornet: fast and rough (“King” Oliver)
Trumpet: complicated and mellow
Manuel Perez: classically trained//Creole of color
“King” Oliver played in Perez’s ensemble
Evolution of Jazz
Thurs. 4 Feb
1920’s
venues change from brothels to “speakeasies” (drinking and gambling during prohibition) ensemble changes from 1 person playing ragtime piano in 1912 to numerous people playing together in the 1920’s
prominent entertainment: dancing
James P. Johnson
Black
Piano Player/Composer
First black to write for Broadway stage
wrote “The Charleston”; the song of the 1920’s
Louis Armstrong
King Oliver does 3 things for Armstrong
1. Helps him get his first job on riverboat playing for Kid Ory
2. Summoned Armstrong to move to Chicago in 1919 and adds him to band 3. Ultimately encourages Armstrong to go solo (Louis Armstrong and Hot 5) Louis Armstrong and Hot 5 (mid 1920’s)
1. Kid Ory (Past Boss): Trombone
2. Johnny St. Cry: Banjo
3. Johnny Dodds: Clarinet
4. Louis Armstrong: Trumpet
5. Lil Hardin (female): Piano
“Gut Bucket Blues” song where Louis Armstrong introduces the Hot 5 Armstrong then adds two more members to band becoming Hot 7
1. Bill Johnson: Bass
2. Johnny Dodds’ little brother “Baby Dodds”: Drums
San Francisco newspaper first publishes the name “Jazz”
Unlike Jack Johnson (heavy weight champion), Armstrong was humble Armstrong connected with audience and was recognized around the world after performing in Europe
Louis Armstrong’s contributions to the Art form (most important musician) Jazz music’s first virtuoso
He separates improvisation from melody, prioritizes improvisation.
His creativity makes improv a higher priority, no longer the melody
Jazz is only form of music where improve is priority
He creates vocabulary of Jazz music
Creates “scat sing” and records scat singing in 1928 for a record Socially, aside from musically, he was America’s first cultural Ambassador Invited to perform in Europe; same stages as classical artists, operas, symphonies Jazz becomes respected
Armstrong takes a 2minute part as playing “Gabriel” in a musical movie first black on screen
Armstrong’s solo on trumpet: “West End Blues” (scat song)
Evolution of Jazz
Tues. 9 Feb
Mardi Gras: Green fate, Purple justice, Gold power
Louis Armstrong (cont.)
Career lasts many decades
Jazz evolves but Armstrong’s style remains constant and eventually becomes passé Accused of “tomming” the audience (sucking up to whites for special treatment) Miles Davis said “No him no me.”
Song “Ain’t Misbehavin’” in 1960s (when television was median) Song “Hello Dolly” 1964 in Major Key (also Broadway musical) Song “What a Wonderful World”
Cotton Club
Elite and exclusive speakeasy
New York//Harlem
1929 (illegal) 1933 (appealed and legal)
Duke Ellington
Most influential and important composer
Classically trained
Same era as Louis Armstrong
Ragtime piano evolves to stride (large movement by left hand)
Applied improvisation, syncopated rhythm
Composes with classical format= level of sophistication
Duke Ellington’s Contributions to the Art form
1. Stride piano player / ThroughComposed
2. Musical director at the Cotton Club
3. Incredibly prolific composer wrote over 2000 pieces (opera, etc.) 4. Same era as Louis Armstrong; born 1899, died 1974
5. Wrote specifically for each band member
6. Incredibly experimental
7. Considered 2nd greatest ambassador of the American cultural art form
Evolution of Jazz
Thurs. 11 Feb
Duke Ellington
Big band ensembles: 4 sections
4 Trumpets
4 Trombones
5 or 6 Saxophones (different sizes)
Rhythm section
∙ Piano
∙ Bass
∙ Drums
∙ Guitar
Dance Halls
1933=no more prohibition
Large dance halls for large band ensembles
Duke Ellington
Song: “Things ain’t what they used to be”
Song: “Prelude to a Kiss” feat. Johnny Hodges
∙ Johnny Hodges: alto sax
**Song: “Cotton Tail”
Ellington transcribes the “Major Scale”
Major role in evolution of Jazz
Cootie Williams
Trumpet
Song: “Concerto for Cootie”
Count Basie
Kansas City
Big band ensembles in the MidWest
“BoogieWoogie” was his piano playing style (rather than stride)
“Rifforiented”: short melodic fragments put together in orchestration Song: “1 o’clock Jump”
**Song: “Splanky”
Duke Ellington and Count Basie are equally important to composure and evolution of Jazz.
Duke Ellington
New York
Stride Piano
Through Composer
Harmonic Development
Count Basie
Kansas City
BoogieWoogie
Rifforiented
Rhythmic Development
Evolution of Jazz
Tues. 16 Feb
Adolph Sax
Saxophone
soprano, alto, tenor, bass
Coleman Hawkins
Modern Jazz Saxophone player
Vertical style (notes up and down), rather than linear
Wide, fast bravado
Help of Duke Ellington
Bright sound (metal mouthpiece)
Lester Young
Equally as influential as Coleman Hawkins
Song: “Body and Soul” (1939 Coleman Hawkins recorded)
Sounds opposite of Coleman Hawkins
Dark sound (brass mouthpiece)
Straight tone (modern technique)
Flow melody, not short notes: linear style
Help of Count Basie
Song: “Lester Leaps In”
Ella Fitzgerald
1917 Harlem
Best Jazz singer (scat singing)
Song: “How High the Moon”
Chick Webb
∙ Drummer
∙ Own band
∙ Recruits Fitzgerald
Song: “ATisket, ATasket”
Norman Granz
∙ Concert promoter
∙ “Jazz at the Philharmonic”
∙ Recruits musicians to Philharmonic Halls
Song book series: records many covers of songs
Song: “Mack the Knife” 1958
Song: “Lets Call the Whole Thing Off” feat. Louis Armstrong
Evolution of Jazz
Thurs. 18 Feb
Billie Holiday
Hard upbringing
Tragic life
Legacy of music
Song: “God Bless the Child”
Lester Young: friend (platonic relationship), taught her singing with straight tone Song: “Strange Fruit”
Song: “Good Morning Heartache”
5 of the most successful big band leaders up to 1947
Glenn Miller
Trombone
Left band joined army
Song: “In the Mood”, Dance: “jitter bug”
Artie Shaw
Clarinet
Evolved art form
Song: “Begin the Beguine”
Tommy Dorsey
Trombone
Made the most money, most successful
Singer: Frank Sinatra
Drummer: Buddy Rich
Harry James
Trumpet
Song: “You Made Me Love You”
Discovered Frank Sinatra
Benny Goodman
Produced the 1st Jazz Concert at Carnegie Hall: Jan. 16, 1936 Song: Sing Sing Sing ft. Gene Krupa on drums
Frank Sinatra
Harry James (discovered him) called him “Frankie Satin” Colombia Records called him “The Voice”
Launched in 1947
Evolution of Jazz
Tues. 1 March
True or False:
Modern Jazz develops smoothly from swing style, not as a reaction against it. False
High art form: does not require an audience
Popular art form: relates to audience
BeBop
Minton’s Playhouse
- Bar in Harlem
- No cabaret license (illegal to dance there)
- Jam Session
1. Band members play music for themselves, no dancers or audiences 2. Music stand on own as art form
3. Melody faster, hard to understand, cannot dance along
4. Clubs got smaller, band ensembles got smaller (Big Band Era) Thelonious Sphere Monk
- Led jam sessions at Minton’s Playhouse
- Piano player
- New York
Charlie Parker “Bird”
- Development of Modern Jazz
- Alto sax
- Song: “KoKo”
- Kansas City
- Heroine addict
Dizzy Gillespie
- Trumpet
- South Carolina
- Performer like Louis Armstrong
- Song: “Salt Peanuts”, different, comical
Monk, Bird, Dizzy all contributors to vocabulary of BeBop
AfroCuban Jazz
- Style of jazz in Cuba (preCastro 19461948) - Mario Bauza, band leader
- Chano Pozo, percussionist
- Song: “Manteca” Pozo and Bauza
Tues. 15 March
Evolution of Jazz
Miles Davis
- East Illinois, St. Louis
- 18 yrs old student at Juliard in NY
- trumpet
- influenced by Charlie Parker
- member in Charlie Parker’s Quintent
- became heroine addict
Miles Davis and The Cool School
- boplicity
- 2 Famous Albums
- The Birth of the Cool: 1949
- Kind of Blue: 1959
- Song: “So What”
10 year long significant Jazz period: 19591969
Kind of Blue 1959
- Miles Davis: trumpet
- Cannonball Adderley: altosax
- First Sunny Rollins then John Coltrane: tenorsax - Bill Evans: piano, voice
- Paul Chambers: bass
∙ Greatest of era and most recorded
- Jimmy Cobb: drums
What are the 5 different in design albums in 1959? 1. “Kind of Blue” by Miles Davis 1959
2. “Time out” by The Dave Brubeck Quartet 1959 3. “Giant Steps” by John Coltrane 1959
4. “The Shape of Jazz to Come” by Ornette Coleman 5. “Mingus Ah UM” by Charles Mingus
Style of Beebop
- Fast tempos
- Complex harmony
- Unable to sing melodies
- No written arrangements
Thurs. 17 March
Evolution of Jazz
Style of Cool School
- Light weight tone quality
- Moderate tempos
- Lyrical approach to improvisation
- Sometimes use of written arrangements
Dave Brubeck
- Cool School
- Song: “Take 5”
- “Blue Rondo Al La Turk”
Bill Evans
- Piano Trio
- Song: “All of You”
Stan Getz
- The Duke Ellington of Brazil
- Song: “The Girl from Ipanema”
- Composer: Antonio Carlos Jobism
- Rhythm: Bossa Nova
Nat King Cole
- Song: “It’s Only a Papermoon”
Tues. 22 March
Evolution of Jazz
Dizzy Gillespie
Cuba
Stan Getz
Brazil
Hard Bop
East Coast/ NY
More drums
Recordings
Blue Notes Records (onsite recordings)
Producer: Alfred Lyon
Style Characteristics of Hard Bop
Dark, rough edged texture
More activity from drummers
More original compositions
Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers
Song: “Caravan” (4 drum solos)
Horace Silver: piano
Clifford Brown: trumpet
Horace Silver
Piano
Most important COMPOSER of the Hard Bop Era Composer for Jazz Messengers
Funky piano
Song: “The Preacher”
Clifford Brown
Trumpet
Song: “Cherokee”
Thurs. 24 March
Evolution of Jazz
Miles Davis
“Prince of Darkness”
“Kind of Blue” Album is highest selling album Worked with Gil Evans
Third Stream: The Cool School
Miles Davis 1st Quintet in the ‘50s and ‘60s Post Bop Era
Hard Bop (Art Blakey)
Modal
Avant garde
Free jazz
Miles Davis 2nd Quintet (Defines Post Bop)
Tony Williams
∙ 17 years old found by Art Blakey
∙ drums
Herbie Hancock
∙ 23 years’ old
∙ Piano
∙ Song: “Footprints” *composer*
∙ Song: “Maiden Voyage”
∙ Song: “Cantaloupe Island”
Ron Carter
∙ Bass
Wayne Shorter
∙ Saxophone
“Miles Smiles” – Album of post bop
Style Characteristics of Post Bop
Harmony is ambiguous
Time keeping: drums on symbol, bass is steady or walking
Not contra fact (old music, new melody), the songs are the band member’s=New Songs
Tues. 29 March
Evolution of Jazz
3 Major Albums
1. “Kind of Blue” by Miles Davis 1959
2. “Time out” by The Dave Brubeck Quartet 1959
3. “Giant Steps” by John Coltrane 1959
John Coltrane
Born in North Carolina in 1926, grew up in Philadelphia
Tenor Sax
Career with Miles Davis from 19551959 (“Kind of Blue” Album)
Song: “’Round Midnight”
Left Miles Davis and made his own album “Giant Steps” 1959
Recorded for a label owned by two brothers from Turkey
Song: “Stepping out” (harmony, melody, rhythm=complex)
John Coltrane Quartet
John Coltrane: tenor sax
Elvin Jones: drums
McCoy Tyner: piano
Jimmy Garrison: bass
Song: “My Favorite Things”
John Coltrane’s album “A Love Supreme”
Coltrane’s most important album of his career
December 1964
Song: “My One and Only Love” by John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman 4 movements (like a symphony)
Thurs. 31 March
Evolution of Jazz
The John Coltrane Quartet=complexity
PostBop Style Characteristics
complex harmonic approach
rhythmic complexity Elvin Jones
led incredibly influential quartet
great ballad player (Voice: Johnny Hartman)
ushers in free jazz movement
soprano saxophone
Song: “The Jupiter Variation”
Album: “A Love Supreme” recorded in ’64 and released in ‘65
Avante Garde // Free Jazz Movement
Ornette Coleman
alto sax
Texas
Album: “The Shape of Jazz to Come”
Song: “Lonely Women”
Charles Mingus
Worked in all 5 subsets of modern Jazz
Bassist/ composer
Album: “Mingus Ah UM”
Song: “Fables of Faubus”
Modern Jazz: 5 Subsets
1. Bee Bop
2. Cool School (Miles Davis, Stan Getz)
3. Hard Bop (Horace Silver, Composer and Clifford Brown, Trumpet) 4. Post Bop (Coltrane)
5. Avante Garde (Coleman)
What are the 5 different in design albums in 1959?
1. “Kind of Blue” by Miles Davis 1959
2. “Time out” by The Dave Brubeck Quartet 1959
3. “Giant Steps” by John Coltrane 1959
4. “The Shape of Jazz to Come” by Ornette Coleman
5. “Mingus Ah UM” by Charles Mingus
Tues. 12 April
Evolution of Jazz
Rise of Rock and Roll
Cream (band)
∙ Song: “Sunshine of your Love”
∙ Guitarist (American blues): Eric Clapton
The Who (band)
∙ Song: “Won’t get Fooled Again”
Carlos Santana
∙ Song: “Black Magic Woman”
∙ Guitarist: Pete Townshend
Jimmy Hendrix
∙ Song: “Purple Haze”
∙ Very influential
∙ Career 4 years’ long
Led Zeppelin
∙ Two major albums in 1968 and 1969
∙ Album: “Led Baloon”
∙ Song: “Whole lot of fun”
∙ Guitarist: Jimmy Paige
Summer of 1967
∙ San Francisco Monterey Festival
∙ Woodstock
Barry Gody
∙ 1959: “MoTown”
George Wein
∙ Producer
∙ He and Miles Davis heard “Sly and the Family Stone” at the Monterey Festival and signed them
∙ Together they started new sound
∙ Guitarist: Sylvester Stallone
Rise of the Electric Guitar
Miles Davis
∙ 1979 creates new style of Jazz called “Fusion”.
∙ 3rd style of jazz he participated in.
Fusion
∙ Elements of Jazz and Rock
∙ Album: “Bitches Brew” by Miles Davis and John McLaughlin (British guitarist) ∙ Song: “Spanish Key”
Thurs. 14 April
Evolution of Jazz
Electric guitar
The most prominent instrument of the 1960’s
Synthesizers
The most prominent instrument of the 1970’s
Rise of disco era
Monophonic synthesizers
∙ A lot of computer gear
∙ Manipulate sounds
Polyphonic synthesizers
∙ As technology advances
∙ Keyboards
∙ Change sounds and textures
∙ Can play sounds of other instruments
Weather Report
Band in the 1970’s
Started by Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter
Other members:
∙ Miroslav Vitous
∙ Manelo Badrena
∙ Jaco Pastorios
“World Music”
Song: “Milky Way”
Album and Song: “Black Market”
Acoustic and Electric instruments
Song: “Bird Land” 1977
Tues. 19 April
Evolution of Jazz
80s smooth Jazz
Jazz and Pop Music
Kenneth Garlick
Seattle
Improv of Jazz mixed with pop mentality
“Song Bird”
neoclassical movement
1981 take on “Caravan” =neoclassical style
Wynton and Branford Marsalis
Harry Konic Jr.
Song: “It Has to be You”
Pat Metheny
production and use of instruments
Song: “Beat 70”
Thurs. 21 April
Evolution of Jazz
Nat King Cole
Song: “Route 66” (Cool School) 1950’s
Capital Record Label
Song: “Mona Lisa” (Not Jazz, Pop)
Song: “The Christmas Song”
First Black to have own talk show (longer 30 min)
Two most recognizable voices in 20th century: Elvis Presley and Frank Sinatra
Frank Sinatra
Song: “Fly Me to the Moon”
Born on Dec. 12, 1915
Crooner: Style of singing
Nicknamed: The Voice
Signed Columbia records
Arranger of music: Nelson Riddle (with Capital Records) Song: “I’ve Got the World on a String”
Song: “Come Fly with Me” with Count Basie Orchestra Movies with Sam Davis Jr.