Description
Introduction to Chemistry I-Week 2 Notes (September 5, 2016)
Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Key to my notes: all notes that are taken from the lecture will be the first section, notes I take from the textbook will be the second section, and the vocabulary words from the chapter with
definitions will be the last sections! (:
Lecture Notes
Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements
∙ Need to know about the acceptable range of data We also discuss several other topics like What are the biblical conceptions of god?
∙ Read 1 digit after the calibration number
∙ Record ALL significant figures We also discuss several other topics like What is the study of the structures of the body and the relationship of its parts?
o Rules for Significant Figures
All non zero digits are significant
Zeros between two significant figures are themselves significant
Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant
Zeros at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is present Bar over any zero means that it counts as being significant
o Write in scientific notation to cleanly show significant figures
∙ When doing conversions, the units should cancel out so that you are only left with what
you are trying to find
∙ Density can be used as a conversion factor
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
∙ Antoine Lavoisier is the father of modern chemistry
o He was killed by guillotine
∙ With atoms mass is never destroyed
∙ Percentages are not changed but the amount of mass does when looking at different size
samples of the same compound
∙ Different mass ratios should be recorded as integers between atoms in a compound ∙ Atoms are the fundamental building block of matter If you want to learn more check out What is the self reference effect and how can it help you study more effectively?
If you want to learn more check out What are the strategic ambitions and intentions?
o Dalton in 1808 published “A New System of Chemical Philosophy” which
contained his model an atomic theory
Said that all matter consists of atoms and cannot be broken
∙ Now know that atoms that atoms be broken down into subparticles
Atoms are permanent and cannot be changed
∙ Now know that with nuclear reactions it can cause elements to be
changed
Atoms of the same element are identical
Introduction to Chemistry I-Week 2 Notes (September 5, 2016)
∙ Now know that isotopes exist which are atoms of elements with
different masses If you want to learn more check out What is the meaning of liberal arts?
Compounds have specific ratio
∙ Few compounds have slight variations of their ratios
∙ Ratios always whole numbers when compared to other atoms
∙ JJ Thomson measured the charge to mass electron
∙ “Millikan oil drop experiment”
o Robert Millikan in 1909 determined the size of the charge on an electron o 1 of top 10 science experiments
o Figured out the mass of an electron
∙ Plum pudding vs. raisin muffin
o The debate as how the atom is made up
∙ Science discoveries often found by accident Don't forget about the age old question of What is the resonance structure?
∙ Rutherford found 3 different types of radiation
o Alpha are positive charged particles
Known now as helium nucleus
Protons
o Beta are negative charged particles
Known as electrons
o Gamma are neutrally charged particles
Known as electromagnetic waves
Neutrons
∙ Gold foil experiment by Rutherford
o Proved there was a nucleus
o 50 years later show electrons were made up of quarks
Do not need to know what that is for this class (:
o Most of the nucleus is 1000th of whole atom
Holds most of the mass though of the atom
∙ Henry Moseley discovered the atomic number of elements but sadly died in World War I. o After that Britain made all scientists exempt from the draft
∙ Dalton is AMU which is the unit of atomic masses because they are so small ∙ There is always some uncertainty with numbers
o Uncertainty: value but range is where the definite value is
o Range = value +/ absolute uncertainty
o Fractional uncertainty= (absolute uncertainty)/(value)
Textbook Notes
∙ John Dalton (17661844) came up with the atomic theory
o Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
Introduction to Chemistry I-Week 2 Notes (September 5, 2016)
o All atoms of a given element are identical, but atoms of different elements are
different from the atoms of all other elements
o Atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of a different element by
chemical reactions; atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions o Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine; a given
compound always has the same relative number and kinds of elements ∙ JJ Thomson (18561940) discovered the electron through cathode rays o Also found the charge to mass ratio
∙ Robert Millikan (18681953) found charge of electron
∙ Henri Becquerel (18520 1908) discovered radioactivity
∙ Ernest Rutherford (18711937) discovered three types of radiation
o Alphapositive charged particles
Protons discovered in 1919
o Betanegative charged, high speed particles
Electrons
∙ It takes 1,837 electrons to make the mass of a proton or neutron
o Gammaneutral charged, no mass particles
Neutrons discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick (18911972)
∙ The plum pudding model of an atom was that an atom was a huge uniform sphere of
positively charged and there were negative electrons spread throughout o Rutherford and Marsden disproved this
∙ Most important tool for chemist is the periodic table
∙ Most molecular substances encounter contain only nonmetals
∙ Molecular formula and empirical formula are NOT always the same ∙ Metals tend to lose electrons to form cations as nonmetals tend to gain an electron
forming anions
∙ Ionic compounds tend to be composed of metals bonded with nonmetals elements want to have the same number of electrons as the noble gases
Vocabulary Words
Atom: the smallest representative particle of an element
Subatomic Particles: particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons that are smaller
than an atom
Cathode Rays: streams of electrons that are produced when a high voltage is applied to
electrodes in an evacuated tube
Electron: a negatively charged subatomic particle found outside the atomic nucleus; it is part of all atoms. An electron mass 1/1,837 times that of a proton
Introduction to Chemistry I-Week 2 Notes (September 5, 2016)
Radioactivity: the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus with
accompanying emission of radiation
Nuclear Model: model of the atom with a nucleus containing protons and neutrons and
with electrons in the space outside the nucleus
Nucleus: the very small, very dense, positively charged portion of an atom; it is
comprised of protons and neutrons
Neutrons: an electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom; it has
approximately the same mass as a proton
Proton: a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Electronic Charge: the negative charge carried by an electron; it has a magnitude of
1.602 X 10^19 C
Angstrom: a common nonSI unit of length, denoted Å, that is used to measure atomic
dimensions. 1 Å=10^10 meters
Atomic Mass Unit(amu): a unit based on the value of exactly 12 amu for the mass of
the isotope of carbon that has six protons and six neutrons in the nucleus Atomic Number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Atomic Weight: the average mass of the atoms of an element in atomic mass units
(amu); it is numerically equally to the mass in grams of one mole of the element Mass Number: the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a
particular atom
Isotope: atoms of the same element containing different number of neutrons and
therefore having different masses
Mass Spectrometer: an instrument used to measure the precise masses and relative
amounts of atomic and molecular ions
Periodic Table: the arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, with
elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns
Period: the row of elements that lie in a horizontal row on the periodic table
Group: elements that are in the same column of the periodic table; elements within the
same group or family exhibit similarities in their chemical formula
Metallic Elements (metals): elements that are usually solids at room temperature, exhibits high electrical and heat conductivity, and appear lustrous. Most of the elements
on the periodic table are metals
Nonmetallic Elements (nonmetals): elements in the upper right corner of the periodic table; nonmetals differ from metals in their physical and chemical properties
Introduction to Chemistry I-Week 2 Notes (September 5, 2016)
Metalloids: elements that lie along the diagonal line separating the metals from the nonmetals in the periodic table; properties of metalloids are intermediate between those
of metal and nonmetals
Chemical Formula: a notation that uses chemical symbols with numerical subscripts to
convey the relative proportions of atoms of the different elements in a substance Diatomic Molecule: a molecule composed of only two atoms
Molecular Compound: a compound that consists of molecules
Molecular Formula: a chemical formula that indicates the actual number of atoms of
each element in one molecule of a substance
Empirical Formula: a chemical formula that shows the kinds of atoms and their relative
numbers in a substance in the smallest possible wholenumber ratios
Structural Formula: a formula that shows not only number and kinds of atoms in the
molecules but also the arrangement (connections) of the atoms
Ion: electrically charged atom or group of atoms (polyatomic ion); ions can be positively or negatively charged, depending whether electrons are lost (positive) or gained
(negative) by the atom
Cation: a positively charged ion
Anion: a negatively charged ion
Polyatomic Ion: an electrically charged group f two or more atoms
Ionic Compound: a compound composed of cations and anions