Description
Life: The Natural World 9/20 Exam Study Guide
Definition Important Concept Person
Chapter One
Ecology distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions between them, and the interactions between organisms and their abiotic environments
Ecosystem all organisms and the nonliving entities that occur and interact in a certain area at the same time
∙ Ecosystem has two basic parts: biotic (living), abiotic (nonliving, physical) Qualitative data about quality, this data is more about description
Quantitative data about quantity, can be measured and written down in numbers Different Levels of Organization:
∙ Ecology, multiple organism based, skin out
o Planet
o Ecosystem
o Community
o Population
o Individual organism
o Organ systems
∙ Single, organism based, skin in
o Organs
o Tissues
o Cells
o Organelles
o Molecules
Scientific Method: If you want to learn more check out Animals take in oxygen and release what?
∙ Observation
∙ Hypothesis
∙ Predictions
∙ Experimentation, data collection
Population: in ecology, a group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area Community: all populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem ∙ Some populations compete with others for resources, others may just be a food source for another, some may mutually benefit from each other
Population genetics: study of evolution and adaptation
Ecosystem ecology: study of whole living systems
Population ecology: population growth, fluctuation, spread, and interactions Evolutionary ecology: natural selection and population evolutions
Community ecology: species interactions
Physiological ecology: responses of individual organisms to light, moisture, temperature, and other environmental conditions If you want to learn more check out What is human resource management?
Behavioral ecology: studying animal behavior; spawned by observations in natural history Landscape ecology: exploring spatial processes that linked nearby communities and ecosystems
Conservation ecology: applies principles of different fields (ecology, economics, sociology) to the maintenance of biological diversity
Restoration ecology: applying principles of ecosystem development and function to restoration/management of disturbed lands
Global ecology: understanding Earth as a system
Model: abstract, simplified representations of real systems
Chapter Two
Fitness: measures an individual’s proportionate contribution to future generations Charles Darwin:
∙ Natural Selection
∙ Variation exists in population and is heritable
∙ Variation results in differential reproduction and survival
Variation in bill size among birds tells us:
∙ Different bill sizes mean different seed preferences
o Birds with smaller beaks can only eat small seeds
o When there were no small seeds, birds with bigger beaks survived since they could eat the bigger seeds
o Bill size is an example of bimodal distribution (means two types of a trait that are distributed) We also discuss several other topics like What is random sampling?
Three Types of Selection
∙ Directional selection: mean value of a trait is shifted toward one extreme over another ∙ Stabilizing selection: when natural selection may favor individuals at the population mean at the expense of the two extremes
∙ Disruptive selection: natural selection favors both extremes simultaneously, but not necessarily to the same degree, results in bimodal (two types) distribution of a characteristic
o Occurs when members of a population are subjected to different selection pressures
Gregor Mendel:
∙ Crosspollinated pea plants
∙ Discovered heritable units called genes: sequence of DNA molecules ∙ Came up with dominant and recessive traits
Chromosomes: where DNA is contained
Homologous chromosomes: matched pair of chromosomes
Allele: the alternate form of a gene
∙ The unit of heredity that controlled flower color expression in Mendel’s experiment was an allele
∙ Alleles also have pairs
Locus: position an allele has on a chromosome
Homozygous: when the alleles are the same
Heterozygous: when the alleles are different
Incomplete Dominance: locus displays this when physical expression of a heterozygous individual is intermediate between the homozygotes If you want to learn more check out Italy invades ethiopia when?
Don't forget about the age old question of A structure of ideas that explain or predict something, is what?
Genotype: sum of heredity info (genes) carried by individual; cannot be seen Gene pool: total collection of genes across all individuals in the population at any one time Phenotype: external, observable expression of the genotypeIf you want to learn more check out Who is sheryl wudunn?
Phenotype Plasticity: genotype ability to give rise to range of phenotypic expressions in different environmental conditions
∙ Example: how a plant may look could depend on light, moisture, and nutrition the plant is getting
Mutation: inheritable changes in a gene or chromosome
∙ Can be because of changes in enzymes and proteins, which therefore changes the DNA sequence that encodes them
∙ Polyploidy: duplication of entire sets of chromosomes
∙ Asexual reproduction: production of offspring by a single parent without participation from egg or sperm
o Creates offspring genetically identical to the parent
Morphological species: separating and arranging species into groups based on physical differences
Biological species: group of populations whose individuals have potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Isolating mechanisms (reproductive barriers): mechanisms that restrict the exchange of genes between populations
∙ Include morphological characteristics, behavior traits, ecological conditions, and genetic incompatibility
Premating mechanisms: include habitat selection, temporal isolation, behavior, and mechanical or structural incompatibility
Postmating mechanisms: reduce survival or reproductive success of those offspring that may arise from two different species mating
Hybrids: offspring that results from when mating of two different species is successful; if they do survive, they are often sterile
Sympatric: species occupy the same area at the same time, having an opportunity to interbreed Allopatric: species occupy areas separated by time or space
∙ If barriers are broken, species could reproduce with other species
Allopatric speciation: if the subpopulation is geographically isolated from original population by physical barriers such as topography, water, land or unfavorable habitat
∙ A single interbreeding population splits into spatially isolated populations, which diverge into distinct species
Sympatric speciation: if subpopulation becomes reproductively isolated in presence of parent population
∙ When reproductive isolation precedes differentiation and the process takes place within a population
Chapter Three
Climate: Long term, result of temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.
Weather: Short term, current description of conditions, precipitation, temperature, etc. ∙ In North America, east is more wet, west is more dry, north is colder, south is hotter Shortwave radiation: radiation that the sun gives off
Longwave radiation: what the Earth gives off
Greenhouse Gases
∙ Important in regulating the earth’s temperature, but when there is increased CO2, more heat is retained and global warming increases
Solar Radiation and Latitude
∙ Amount of solar radiation taken in at any point on Earth’s surface varies with latitude o At higher latitudes, radiation hits at a steeper angle, which spreads sunlight out over a larger area
o Radiation that penetrates the atmosphere at a steep angle must travel through a deeper layer of air, therefore the area is not as warm
∙ Areas near equator receive greatest amount of radiation (are warmer), while higher latitudes are colder (the poles)
∙ Also, due to the Earth being tilted on its axis, parts of Earth receive seasonal differences in solar radiation
o This is how some parts of the Earth are cold when at the same time in a different place, there are places that are hot
o Also plays into how the seasons change
Environmental lapse rate: rate at which temperature decreases with altitude ∙ Since heat rises, as a volume of air rises, the decreasing pressure causes it to expand and cool, which is why the top of a mountain can have snow even in a warm environment
Adiabatic cooling: decrease in air temperature through expansion, not through heat loss in the surrounding atmosphere
Adiabatic lapse rate: rate of temperature changes with elevation
∙ Our weather occurs in the troposphere
∙ Vegetation is affected by altitude (temp. and moisture)
∙ If the earth were not spinning, the air would circulate in giant loops equator to pole ∙ Warm air rises because it is less dense, moisture goes up along with warm air, but then the temp. drops as you get higher, will condense and make rain drops
∙ Because the earth is spinning, air flow is deflected producing prevailing wind directions ∙ We live in zone of prevailing westerly winds
∙ This means the winds blow west to east
Condensation: water vapor transforms into a liquid state
Vapor pressure: amount of pressure water vapor exerts independent of the pressure of dry air Saturation vapor pressure: maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at any given temperature
Relative humidity: amount of water in the air expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount the air could hold at a given temperature
Intertropical Convergence Zone: narrow region near the Equator where the trade winds meet, high precipitation
∙ Shifts position relative to heating (sun’s position), which then causes wet and dry seasons
Rain shadow when a windward side of a mountain supports more vegetation than the leeward side of the mountain
El Nino Southern Oscillation Note change in the location of precipitation with the 2 different conditions
La Nina oscillations in sea conditions
Chapter 4
Evaporation: movement from liquid to gaseous (vapor) state
Transpiration: loss of water from plants, especially leaves
Evapotranspiration: combination of evaporation and transpiration
Infiltration: movement into soil
Covalent bond: shared pair of electrons
Cohesion: water molecules stick firmly to each other, resisting forces that would break them Surface tension: molecules on the surface are drawn downward, resulting in a tight surface Ion: electrically charged atom molecule
∙ Cation plus
∙ Anion negative
Diffusion: water movement from high to low concentration
Estuary: mixing of fresh and saltwater
Solution: liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Solvent: dissolving agent of a solution
Solute: substance that is dissolved
Aqueous solution: the water is the solvent
The amount of hydrogen affects how acidic water is
Light wave penetration into water varies with wavelength
∙ Photosynthesis limited
∙ Adaptation e.g., eyes and luminescence
∙ Pigmentations decrease no use
Chapter 24
Lotic: flowing water ecosystems including rivers and streams
Lentic: non flowing water ecosystems including ponds, lakes, and inland wetlands Oxbow lakes: lakes that form from old pathways of the river or older slower flowing streams
Lake Zones
∙ Littoral Zone shallow water, usu. near edge, things attach
∙ Limnetic Zone open water to depth of light penetration, phytoplankton are primary producers
∙ Benthic Zone bottom, in both littoral and profundal
∙ Profundal Zone light doesn’t get that deep, no photosynthesis
∙ Compensation light gets in, photosynthesis balance between photosynthesis and respiration (breakdown of food)
Primary producers green plants
Detritus dead, organic matter, also includes waste
Decomposer herbivores use detritus
Trophic (food) level energy transfer (descending)
∙ Producers
∙ Primary consumers
∙ Secondary consumers
∙ Tertiary consumers
∙ Energy loss in transfer within trophic level as result of respiration (10%) ∙ Energy loss in transfer between trophic levels
Diatoms fantastic array of shapes and sizes
Zooplankton grazers, feed on phytoplankton, small crustaceans
Water quality varies with amount of nutrients in the water
Eutrophic nutrient rich much growth, not clear
Oligotrophic lesser amount of nutrients, more clear
Dystrophic much organic matter brown color
Pros/Cons of Dams
∙ Pros store water for: irrigation, recreation, domestic use, electricity
∙ Cons block fish migration, alter nutrient movements, alter flooding patterns
Four Major Feeding Groups
∙ Gougers burrow into waterlogged limbs and tree trunks
∙ Grazers eat algae
Detritus Feeders
∙ Collectors filtering and gathering
∙ Shredders feed on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), eventually produces fine particulate organic matter (FPOM)
∙ Predators feed on detrital grazers and feeders
Ocean Zones
∙ Pelagic open water
o Neritic overlies continental shelf
o Oceanic open ocean
∙ Benthic bottom
∙ Epipelagic (photic) surface
∙ Mesopelagic little light penetrates
∙ Bathypelagic darkness is virtually complete, low temp., high pressure ∙ Abyssopelagic down to the sea floor
∙ Hadalpelagic includes areas found in deep sea trenches and canyons
Small Organisms
∙ Nanoplankton
∙ Paramecium eats bacteria
∙ Didinium captures and eats paramecium
∙ Suctoria capture food organisms and suck out their nutrients
∙ Coccolithophores most important nanoplankton
∙ Krill herbivorous zooplankton
Autotrophs selffeed
Deep sea vents primary producers are chemosynthetic bacterias