Description
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
Concepts:
19th century race/racism
19th Century Realities
∙ Dependence on black labor
∙ Culture of racial slavery
o Priority of race over class and everything else
o Physical and psychological brutality commonplace
∙ Sociocultural patterns established
o Black subservience
o White control
∙ Biological diversity and DNA & Mitochondrial DNA
Understanding Biological Diversity
∙ Anthropological evidence
o Architecture
o Tools
o Personal items
o Remains
∙ Genetic evidence
∙ What we know:
o African origins
AMH emerged in Africa 200 kya
AMH left Africa 60 kya
o We aren’t that different
99.9% of genetic information is shared
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic ACID)
∙ Molecule, 4 bases, in linear arrangement.
o Thymine
o Cytosine
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
o Adenine
o Guanine
∙ Double stranded
∙ Carries hereditary information (growth and development too)
o Passed on by replication
Variation in DNA
∙ 6 billion pairs on 46 DNA molecules
∙ 99.9% identical, 6 million points of difference
o Variation within major groups predates the move out of Africa
o Variation between major groups postdates the move out of Africa
∙ Highest diversity exists among those with recent SubSaharan ancestry Mitochondrial DNA
∙ Inherited from mother
∙ Only 16,569 base pairs
∙ Easy to track/sequence
∙ Doesn’t recombine
∙ Highest diversity in people with recent African ancestry
We also discuss several other topics like How many miles do you go before an oil change in your car?
Haplogroups
∙ Genetic population with common ancestor
∙ Assigned letters of the alphabet
∙ Black slavery (significance and uniqueness) & Process of enslavement
Process of Enslavement
∙ “Chattelization” of Labor
∙ Need for Labor/Economic Interests
∙ Gradual restriction
∙ Results in Black Slavery
Black Slavery
∙ Economic & Social Institution
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
o Part of the Southern “way of life”
∙ Easily rationalized
o Slaves in Africa
o Savages/Sinners
Significance
∙ ServitudeSlavery
o Two different institutions because it incorporates the concept of race If you want to learn more check out What is the four step marketing process?
∙ Ideology of Human Difference
∙ Defined Social Hierarchy
Classification
Early Classification
∙ Early science all about classification
∙ Linnaeus
o Swedish botanist
o Systema Natural 1735
Humans grouped with higher primates
Four human categories
o Environment created difference
Johan Blumenbach
∙ 1770s and 1780s
∙ Five categories — Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American, Malay ∙ Environment created difference
o Specifically, degradation
∙ Aesthetic values = scientific knowledge
∙ Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis
Impact of Classification
∙ Permanence/Rigidity
∙ Link between physical and cultural
∙ Ignores biological and cultural reality
∙ Ranking
∙ Scholarly credibility
o People claimed credential however they liked
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Clinal variation
The Issue with Race
∙ Genetic variation is
o Clinal (80% tied to geography)
o Nonconcordant
o Widely distributed
∙ Cluster ≠ Race
∙ Race ≠ Genetic ancestry
Genetic Variation
∙ 3 types of DNA variants
o Ancient African variants present throughout the world
o Ancient African variants that remained in Africa
o More recent variants traceable to nonAfrican regions If you want to learn more check out What is a neurogenesis?
∙ Clinal pattern
o While there may be epicenters of genetic mutations, they are not isolated
∙ Colonial opposition to slavery
Religious Opposition to Slavery
∙ Moral outrage
o Advocated for humanization of conditions
∙ Threatened Slavery
o Eliminating “heathen” reasoning
o Improving literacy
Enlightenment Opposition to Slavery
∙ Many Englishmen had more freedom than ever before
∙ Connection between English values and abolition
∙ *Did not necessarily believe in equality
ProSlavery Response
∙ Enhanced commitment to slavery
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16 If you want to learn more check out What are the difference between sensation and perception?
o Cotton gin
o Increase in slave rebellions
∙ Antislavery efforts pick up in 1830s
∙ Proslavery pushback
o Religious arguments (Souls, Punishment)
o Secular arguments (Economy, Control, Natural)
∙ Embodiment
Genetic Determinism
∙ Genes AND environment determine phenotype
∙ Uncritical use of race
∙ Emphasis on cluster over variation
Embodiment
∙ Dual status as biological and cultural beings
∙ How social influences impact the body
∙ Biology cannot be understood without society
o Our social world influences our body
Effects of Racism on the body
∙ Interpersonal and institutionalized racism has health effects
o Constrains opportunities for success
o Creates pathogenic social contexts
Residential segregation
Chicago study on hypertension
∙ European origins of race
European Origins of Race
∙ Previous interactions
∙ Religious beliefs
∙ National ethnocentrism
∙ Hierarchical view of natural & social world
English Nationalism
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Protestantism
o Henry the 8TH, creating Protestantism separates English from the rest of Europe ∙ Exceptionalism
o Us against the world
o English Identity
∙ Lack of interaction If you want to learn more check out How many people are employed in the economy as a whole this year?
o Spanish interacted with the Middle East and Africa, the British didn’t
∙ Genetic determinism
Genetic Determinism
∙ Genes, and environment, determine phenotype
∙ Although race is inadequate, we use it uncritically
∙ Emphasis on cluster over variation
∙ PreDarwinian roots
∙ Genetic evidence of diversity (Where and how
variation/genetic change occurs)
Understanding Biological Diversity
∙ Anthropological evidence
o Architecture
o Tools
o Personal items
o Remains
∙ Genetic evidence
∙ What we know:
o African origins
AMH emerged in Africa 200 kya
AMH left Africa 60 kya
o We aren’t that different
99.9% of genetic information is shared
Ancestry and Blood Type
∙ Despite the persistence of racial categories, human diversity is incredibly varied ∙ Blood types
o A&B diverged 20 mya
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
o O arose in Africa before diaspora
∙ O most common worldwide, AB least common
Sources of Genetic Change
∙ Mutation
o Heritable change in structure or amount of DNA
∙ Natural Selection
o Favoring of traits that enhance survival and reproduction
∙ Genetic Drift
o Genetic change due to chance
∙ Gene flow
o Transfer of genes across population boundaries
∙ Great Chain of Being
Hierarchy in American Society If you want to learn more check out What is the real interest rate?
∙ Great Chain of Being
o Originated with Greek philosophers
o QuasiScientific, QuasiTheoretical
∙ Black Americans occupied lower rank
o Intellect
o Appearance
o Immorality
Sexual deviants
Lazy
∙ Ranks
o God
o Angels
o Humans
o Other Animals
∙ Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis
Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis
∙ 19th century debate focused on this point
o Scientists stabilize the idea of race as a category
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Race and species were previously defined
o Reproductive isolation
o Single originAdam and Eve
∙ Retrogression of social thinking
o Racism made them think of Polygenesis as a valid theory
Monogenesis
∙ All humans a single species, with single origin
o Inherent
∙ Two explanations for difference
o Degeneration
o Great Chain of Being
∙ Lamarck and Darwin
Anthropology and polygenism
∙ Samuel Morton – Study of Crania
∙ Louis Agassiz – Convert to Polygenism
∙ Josiah Nott – Types of Mankind
∙ Herbert Spencer – Social Darwinism
∙ Natural and Civil Rights
Natural & Civil Rights
∙ Natural Rights
o Natural system
o Land and resources held in common
∙ Civil Rights
o Developed system
o Right to land you have improved
Similarities with Irish Colonization
∙ Violence
∙ Religious mission
∙ Forced removals
∙ Civil rights over natural rights
Arrival of Africans
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ First Africans in the Americas
o Haiti/Hispaniola 1492
o Immigrants, sailors, tradesmen, etc.
∙ First Africans in an English colony
o Jamestown 1619
o Unclear status
∙ Origins of anthropology
Origins of Anthropology
∙ People have always done anthropology
o Maybe not like we do today (professionally)
∙ Increase in activity with European expansion
o Collecting & Classification
∙ Anthropology emerges when it all comes together (in the 19th century) o Study of cultural difference
o Desire to explain antiquity of humankind
o Desire to explain biological origins of humankind
∙ Possessive individualism
Possessive individualism
∙ Economic and social change in 15th & 16th centuriesBefore feudalism ∙ Basic right of man to own property in his own person, body, labor, etc. ∙ Justified appropriation of land
The Irish
∙ Long standing conflict
∙ Differences in:
o Religion
o Settlement patterns
o Mode of subsistence
o Language
∙ Race as a solution
Race as a Solution
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Old World slave systems recognized humanity
∙ Slavery: Institution in which some persons are legally owned by other persons, akin to a piece of property
∙ How can a human being be both a person and a piece of property?
∙ People as property
o Bridewealth
o Prostitution
o Children
∙ Kinbased ownershipLabor based ownership Ownership for wealthOwnership as necessary (Economic and Social Tool)
∙ Always required rationalization
∙ Racial paradigm
Racial Paradigm Smedley defines 6 points
∙ Human groups: exclusive entities
∙ Inegalitarian ethos, ranking of groups Hierarchy
∙ Link between physical and cultural characteristics
o How people acted and how they looked was related
∙ Belief that physical characteristics are inherited
∙ Division of groups ordained by GodFinal
∙ Science and race
Science and Race
∙ Science perpetuate racial ideology
∙ Enlightenment: Confrontation of science and theology
o Of rational thinking instead of emotional
∙ Not separate form culture
∙ Controlled data collection and manipulation
∙ Slavery in British law
Slavery in British Law
∙ UnprecedentedNew
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Exists by the 1620s
o Poor food
o Physical punishment
o Separate housing for servants
∙ “Chatelization” of labor
o Treatment of people like animals
∙ Precedes African presence
∙ Susceptibility
Susceptibility
∙ Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, many cancers o Not entirely genetic
o Diet, physical activity, environmental factors
∙ Causation vs. Correlation
o Example — Identity theft and Low altitude
Processes:
∙ Changes in early anthropology (from 19th to 20th century) The Bureau of Ethnology
∙ Anthropology “professionalized” after the Civil War
∙ Established by congress in 1879
o John Wesley Powell
Consolidation of maps, geographical and ethnographic knowledge
Indian Problem
∙ Move Native Americans out of their lands
∙ They collected data to use it against them
Anthropology and Race
∙ 19th Century
o Within other disciplines
o Polygenism
o Defense of slavery, Jim Crow, Indian removal, forced sterilization, restrictive immigration
∙ 20th Century
o Professionalizes
o Emphasizes human diversity
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
o Human and civil rights
Religious freedom
Racial equality
∙ Emergence of the racial ideology
Racial Ideology in American
∙ Exclusivity
∙ Ranking according to English cultural standard
∙ Behavior and rank linked to physical difference
Attitudes Towards Native Americans
∙ 2 Approaches
o Benign/positive
They are my kids; I take care of them
o Fearsome/brutish
They are cannibals
I’ll be the whiteskinned puresouled Pilgrim and you be the blood thirsty Indian savage
∙ Difference between trading relationship and settlement
o Trade focuspositive
o Settlement focuscraftyouttokill people
∙ Religious justification
o Settlement focusyou need to be strong or you’ll be attacked
Puritanism
∙ Product of Protestant Reformation
∙ Selfrighteous
∙ No commitment to humanistic values
o No grey area, only good or bad
∙ Colonization
o Stopped the spread of Catholicism
o Relieved poverty at home
o Gave job, and saved the souls of the poor
∙ Genetic diversity in humans
Basic of Genetic Variation
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ DNA
o Carries hereditary information
o Passed on by replication
∙ Mitochondrial DNA
o Does not recombine
o Easy to track
∙ Greatest genetic diversity exists in Africa
∙ Genetic change happens through
o Mutation
o Natural selection
o Genetic drift
Chance
o Gene flow
Migration
∙ Clinal variation
o Geographic continuum
o Sickle cell anemia and skin pigmentation
∙ Labor in the British colonies
Labor
∙ Indigenous labor utilized first
∙ Replaced by poor/IrishThey had links with Catholicism, they could camouflage ∙ Problem with free men
o They wanted to take lands
o Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
Demand: Freedom from chattel slavery
∙ They were granted the freedom so they had to be paid to work
Result: Not guaranteed source of labor
African Slaves
∙ Benefits to Planters
o Cheaper
o “Civilized”
o Experienced cultivators
o Immunities
o VulnerableThey had no allies
o Identifiable
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
Which came first?
∙ Race
o Negative connotation of blackness
o Limited interactions
o Early restrictive laws
o Higher Prices
∙ Slavery
o Irish/Native American precedents
o Social integration
Interracial marriage was higher before slavery than after slavery was
abolished
o Gradual imposition of slavery
The Process
∙ Need for labor
∙ Increasing availability of Africans
∙ Subtle connection to Latin America
∙ Economic interests
o Elimination of class warfare
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ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Regulation on
firearms
∙ Property rights
∙ Life servitude
established
∙ Penalties for
interracial relation
∙ Restrictions of militia participation
∙ Grouping of Native Americans, Africans, Servants
∙ Private manumission prohibited in Maryland and Virginia
∙ Manumission
difficult/impossible
∙ Curfews & Restrictions on
Congregating in Public
∙ Disenfranchisement
∙ Regulations on property
ownership, marriage, education, religion, travel, commercial
activity
∙ Free and enslaved Africans
grouped together
∙ Africans grouped with all other servants
∙ Skin color becomes a defining factor for slavery
∙ First use of white rather than “Christian”
∙ Africans are seen as uniquely different
People:
∙ Boas, Franz
Franz Boas
∙ Columbia University 1904
∙ People create distinct/particular cultures, which cannot be ranked
∙ Culture is historically specific and related to worldview
∙ Anthropology becomes a tool to fight racism
∙ Challenged taxonomic approach
o How do we know?
∙ Inuit of Baffin Island (1883)
∙ American Museum of Natural History (1890)
o Are racial markers static
o He measured crania
o No!
∙ Aggasiz, Louis
Louis Agassiz
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Changed his ideological learnings
o Creationism
God made us in the 6th day but made us inherently different
o Colleagues work
o Visceral judgement
∙ Opposed evolutionism
∙ Harvard professor
o Huge impact on academia
∙ Blumenbach, Johann
Johan Blumenbach
∙ 1770s and 1780s
∙ Five categories — Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American, Malay ∙ Environment created difference
o Specifically, degradation
∙ Aesthetic values = scientific knowledge
∙ Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis
∙ Darwin, Charles
Darwin Evolution (1859)
∙ Change follows natural laws
∙ Natural selection fundamental
∙ No two individuals alike
o Some variations are more advantageous than others which leads to natural selection
∙ Characteristics passed from parent to offspring
∙ Accumulation of adaptive traits=evolution
Possible to have both progress and social disruption
∙ Douglass, Frederick
Opponents to racism
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Frederick Douglas
o Anthropological perspective
o People have various origins; they are naturally different but it is not until you combine that with our ideas with slavery that it really can be explained as inequality or hierarchy of beings
∙ Jefferson, Thomas
Jefferson and Race
∙ Representative of the inherent opposition of Enlightenment and racial ideology ∙ He wanted money
∙ He was a hypocrite
∙ He hated slavery but had slaves and didn’t help to accelerate the process towards the abolition of slavery
∙ Slavery benefited this way of life
∙ Moved rationalization from religion to science, from heathens to inherently inferior ∙ Representative of the inherent opposition of Enlightenment and racial ideology ∙ Science can determine the nature of black inferiority
Notes on the State of Virginia
∙ Science can determine the nature of black inferiority
∙ It doesn’t matter if it was because blacks were originally inferior or made distinct through time, they are now inferior to whites in body and mind.
∙ Kant, Emmanuel
Montesquieu, the Encyclopaedists, & Kant
∙ Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (1748)
o Cross cultural study of law
∙ The enyclopaedists
o Attempt to classify and systematize knowledge
∙ Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
o Knowledge is both objective and subjective
o Rational vs. Emotional knowledge (two sides of the same coin)
o Measurable and observational
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
Legitimate to study the life of everyday people, possible to produce scientific knowledge about society
∙ Lamarck, JeanBaptiste
Lamarck’s Evolution (1801)
∙ Environmental pressure
∙ Inheritance of acquired characteristics
∙ Giraffe’s example
∙ Morton, Samuel
Samuel Morton
∙ Studies of human crania
∙ Brain size correlated with intelligence
∙ Each race suited to particular environment
∙ Samuel Morton – Study of Crania
∙ Nott, Josiah
Josiah Nott
∙ Degeneracy of Negroes
∙ Types of Mankind (1854)
o Blacks need care and owning
o They could not survive without the slave order
∙ Powell, John Wesley
The Bureau of Ethnology
∙ Anthropology “professionalized” after the Civil War
∙ Established by congress in 1879
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
o John Wesley Powell
Consolidation of maps, geographical and ethnographic knowledge
Indian Problem
∙ Move Native Americans out of their lands
∙ They collected data to use it against them
∙ Spencer, Herbert
Herbert Spencer
∙ Evolution as:
o Fundamental process
o Progressive (opposite to Darwin’s idea)
o Struggle for survival
o It is a competition
o Progress is only accomplished if the “fittest” dominates the weak
Progress is achieved through inequality
∙ Social Darwinism
∙ Progress achieved through inequality
∙ Vico, Giambattista
La Scienza Nuova (1725)
∙ Giabattista Vico
∙ Universal scheme of human development
o Bestial Condition (no morality, no art)
o Age of Gods (nature worship, basic social structure)
o Age of Heroes (great social inequality, social unrest)
o Age of Man (equality with corruption)
∙ Cyclical9
Case Studies:
∙ 9/11 and birth weight
9/11 and Birth Weight
∙ Birth outcomes before and after 9/11
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ California
∙ 34% increase in likelihood of low birth weight among women with Arabic names ∙ 50% increase with stronger ethnic affiliationGiving the babies Arabic names ∙ Lingering effects of racism
o Diabetes
o Heart failure
∙ Alcoholism on reservations
Alcoholism on Reservations
∙ Mixed research results
o Variants protecting against dependence
o Link between alcoholism and other dependencies
∙ Social conditions are more significant
∙ Blood type
Ancestry and Blood Type
∙ Despite the persistence of racial categories, human diversity is incredibly varied ∙ Blood types
o A&B diverged 20 mya
o O arose in Africa before diaspora
∙ O most common worldwide, AB least common
∙ Bureau of Ethnology
The Bureau of Ethnology
∙ Anthropology “professionalized” after the Civil War
∙ Established by congress in 1879
o John Wesley Powell
Consolidation of maps, geographical and ethnographic knowledge
Indian Problem
∙ Move Native Americans out of their lands
∙ They collected data to use it against them
∙ Dred Scott
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ 72 opposed
∙ He was financed by abolitionists
∙ Majority
o Never citizens; never have been, never will be
o Always seen as inferior
o Impassible barrier: no way to change these facts
∙ Dissent
o Black voters
o Slavery unprotected
o Slaves as humans
∙ Residential segregation and health
Effects of Racism on the body
∙ Interpersonal and institutionalized racism has health effects
o Constrains opportunities for success
o Creates pathogenic social contexts
Residential segregation
Chicago study on hypertension
∙ Sickle Cell Anemia (geography, consequences)
Sickle Cell Trait
∙ AA, SS, AS
∙ Heterozygous carriers have “Sickle cell trait”
o 1 in 13 African Americans
o 1 in 10,000 Caucasians
∙ Under stress can cause cell deformation
Racism and Sickle Cell
∙ First identified in 1910 — AfroCaribbean student in the U.S.
∙ Assumptions:
o Only people of African descent had the disease
o Higher prevalence among AfricanAmericans than Africans
∙ Tool for antimiscegenation laws, segregation (1950s)
o Mixture of African Americans with Euro Americans was the problem Sickle Cell and the Civil Rights Movement
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
∙ Dr. Robert Scott (Howard)
o Just as many cases of SCA, way less funding
o 1972 — National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act
o 1980s — rising awareness
o 2003 — Sickle Cell Treatment Act
o 2006 — sicklecell testing becomes standard
Sickle Cell Trait & Athletes
∙ Athletes families sued NCAA
∙ 2010 NCAA changes its requirements
o Get tested, prove previous testing, or release liability
∙ Potential for racist practices
∙ Scientific community emphasized universal safety practices
Recent Developments
∙ Stanford University study
o 4800 activeduty soldiers
o August 2016
o Increased risk of injury form overexertion but not death
Susceptibility
∙ Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, many cancers o Not entirely genetic
o Diet, physical activity, environmental factors
∙ Causation vs. Correlation
o Example — Identity theft and Low altitude
∙ Skin Pigmentation (including Vitamin D Hypothesis)
Skin Pigmentation
∙ Natural selection
∙ Polygenic inheritance
∙ Melanin
∙ High pigmentation is the ancestral state
∙ Occurred after diaspora
ANG 3451 Race and Racism
Review Midterm #1
9/17/16
Variation in Skin Pigmentation
∙ Directional selection
o Outside of Africa – reduction of pigmentation
Dramatic change – “selective sweep”
o Within Africa – purifying selection
Resulted in low diversity
Vitamin D Hypothesis
∙ Sun exposure and reproductive health
o Folate
o Vitamin D
∙ Health tradeoff
o Low folateHigh vitamin D (UV radiation)