Description
[Biology 102] Exam One Study Guide
Key Term, Important Information
What is Science?
I. Science is a way of knowing
A. Based on Observations
B. Don't include supernatural forces
C. A process
1. The Scientific Method
a) Observation
b) Hypothesis
(1) Educated Guess or possible answer to the
observation
c) Prediction
(1) If the hypothesis is true, THEN something will happen
(a) Still not proven, just a guess
d) Test
(1) If prediction is true, hypothesis is still not 100%
certain
(a) Always be sceptical of your result
(b) Do multiple test to rule out inconsistent results
(2) If hypothesis isn't true, change, or create a new
hypothesis
II. Science is NOT
A. Books or journals
1. Those are PRODUCTS of science
III. Areas of Study
A. Field Work
B. Lab Work
What is Evolution?
I. Evolution is change over time
A. While it give explanation to how things have changed the origin of life remains a mystery.
II. Evolution
A. Explained through the fossil record
1. Fairly incomplete, but thus far has done a good job filling it over time
2. Fossils place species and life forms all over the world even if not currently there anymore
If you want to learn more check out what is the good life uf
III. Evolution occurs in two parts
A. Time
1. 4.5 Billion years since the Earth was created
B. Space
1. Opportunities for evolution to occur
a) Pangea onward changes:
(1) Climates Don't forget about the age old question of econ 1 study guides
(2) Landmasses
(3) Movement of plates
IV. Biological Evolution
A. Change over time in living organisms
1. Attempt to mimic in labs what early Earth might have been like to see if you get living things
a) Don't get living things, BUT get chemicals which are parts of
living things
Fossil Record
I. What do Fossils Provide?
A. Evidence that life is old and that living things have changed over time B. Indicate connectedness between species
C. Suggest natural Explanations For some weird observations
D. Show similarities between today's and past's species bone structures E. Gives us estimate dates of age through chemical dating
II. Explanations of Evolution are shown through the fossil record A. Originally fairly incomplete, but thus far has done a good job filling it over time
B. Fossils place species and life forms all over the world even if not currently there anymore We also discuss several other topics like In what year did anthony kitai become a part of the houston symphony?
III. Transitional Fossils
A. Fossils that fill in the "gaps" from one species to another in the fossil record
B. Earliest bird like fossils was Archaeopteryx
1. Translates to "Ancient Flyer" We also discuss several other topics like con 101 asu
2. Size of a Magpie
3. 11 Fossils currently found of the bird
4. Bone structure
a) Hips are birdlike
b) Tail
c) Vertebrae
d) Birdlike brain
e) Teeth
f) Feathered Structures
5. Bridge between reptiles and birds
C. Extremely important in proving the existence of evolution through an example of a change in kind of species If you want to learn more check out ajay kshemkalyani
IV. Proof of Evolution
A. Whales have a pelvic bone
1. Suggests that they had an ancestor with legs
2. Ambulocetus
a) Whale Ancestor
(1) Had back legs, whale head, ribcage
(2) Considered a transitional fossil
History of the Ideas About Evolution
I. William Paley
A. Living things are so complex that they must have been designed or created
B. No natural cause or process that could make something so complex, thus you must have a supernatural power creating them
C. Modern version of his idea is called "Intelligent Design"
II. Carl Linnaeus
A. Understanding nature to reveal God's creation
III. JeanBaptiste Lamarck
A. Combines two important views of evolution
B. Believed in Creationism (God created all of the animals and they don't change)
1. But added to the belief in the fact that animals DO change over time
C. Known for his hypothesis about how giraffes evolved long necks 1. God Created Giraffes
2. Giraffes would eat all the lower leaves
a) Some giraffes could stretch to get the leaves that were
higher
(1) Those would be more likely to survive and reproduce If you want to learn more check out chemistry chapter 6 notes
b) Next generation would have the longer necks
(1) Those that could eat even higher leaves in trees than
the evolved giraffes would survive and reproduce.
Loop repeating till modern day giraffes
c) Believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics
(1) If a parent uses a trait MORE, it will be inherited by
the offspring
(a) Ie. If you get a scar, it will be passed down
IV. Charles Darwin Biographical Information
A. The main player
B. Born into a wealthy family
C. Went to University of Edinburgh to become a doctor
1. Unhappy so he left
D. Went to University of Cambridge to become a priest
E. Took lectures from Hooker and Charles Lyell
1. Hooker studied plants and Lyell studied rocks
2. Both extremely important to creating Darwin's ideas
F. Went on a voyage on the Beagle
1. Traveled all around the world as a naturalist
a) Collected bugs, and rocks for the home land
2. Went to the Galapagos, and found finches
3. Finches took his interest, and helped him him begin his ideas of Evolution
V. Information that Darwin Understood
A. Structures in Human, Cat, Whale, and Bat all have the same basic bone structure
1. One bone connected to two bones, then a bunch of bones (fingers) B. Adaptation for Movement
1. Species have changed the OneBone, Twobone, a bunch of bones ideas over time to create tails, wings, and legs
VI. Origin of Species
A. Observations
1. Populations have the potential to increase exponentially
2. Populations are fairly constant in size
3. Natural resources are limited
4. There is variation within a species and variation is inherited
B. Deduction
1. Only some organisms survive. There is a struggle for existence among individuals in a population
2. Individuals with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce
3. Accumulation of variation over many generations is evolution
C. Darwin was forced to publish "The Origin of Species"
1. Must publish before other scientists
2. Darwin was waiting for a case study
a) Would give a story of the change of one species not data
from multiple sources
VII. Alfred Russel Wallace
A. Another scientist who thought of the same idea about evolution as Darwin B. Visited the islands of Southeast Asia
1. Species change through descent with modification
C. Mailed him about his ideas
D. Coauthored a paper with Darwin and presented it to some scientists VIII. Opinions Of Origin of Species
A. Richard Owen
1. Disliked
2. Best known scientist in the U.K. at the time
3. Described some of the earliest fossils
B. Thomas Huxley
1. Wonderful idea
IX. Criticisms of Origin of Species
A. Would take a long time to evolve
1. Belief that age of the Earth was 6,000 years old
B. Children resemble their parents
1. Darwin had no explanation why this happens
2. Knew nothing of Genes, Chromosomes, or Genes
X. Key factors of Darwin's Ideas
A. Artificial Selection
1. Mirrors natural selection
a) A species go back to a common ancestor
b) Humans have selected useful, or enjoyable traits in the
species
c) Species that survive have the human selected desirable
traits
B. Evolutions is about Survival of those that FITS BEST
1. Fitting into it's own environment
a) Ex. good camouflage
2. Peppered Moths
a) Black and white variants
b) Ukbased study resulted that when the coal polluted the
trees causing them to be darker, than the lighter colour
moths get eaten
c) Areas that were not as polluted produced lighter trees, black
moths were eaten
C. Struggle to reproduce
1. Adaptations that are necessary to be able to reproduce
2. Larger horns mean you can fight other males for the chance to mate
3. Peacocks that have beauty to allow them to be more likely to
reproduce
4. Natural Selection
a) There are variations within a species that favor one animal
over another
(1) Antelopes that can run faster don't get eaten
(a) Future Antelopes will all run faster eventually
(2) Lions that can run faster get more food
(a) Future Lions will all run faster eventually
D. Adaptation for survival
1. Limited resources
a) Ex. housing, food... etc.
2. Natural selection favors better predators and better prey at the same time
Evolution of Resistances
Crop losses are large in general
■ We use pesticides to have less loss
■ Bugs/Pests that have the genes to resist, or withstand the poisons will survive
● Evolves them into eventually making the pesticide useless
■ As time progresses pesticides no longer work
■ Next generation of Pesticide comes out and then the cycle repeats ○ Civil war
■ Lots of deaths because there was no defense against
bacteria/infection
○ World War 2
■ Had Penicillin
● Killed bacteria and prevent infection
● Mass produced
● Alexander Fleming
○ Tuberculosis
■ Many different treatments that no longer work
● MultiDrugResistant Tuberculosis is currently untreatable
and will kill the person
○ MRSA controlled disease
■ FleshEating Bacteria
● Now resists the treatment
● Very limited treatments
● Few strains that actually cure you
○ C. Diff
■ Causes severe problems in your guts
■ Generates Ulcers
■ Currently able to control it
■ Fecal Transplant fixes it
○ Antibiotic use has increased 36%
○ 80% of all U.S. antibiotic use is to increase the growth of farm animals ○ LongDreaded Superbug found in Human and Animals in China and the U.S.
■ Resistant to all of the current drugs
■ Promiscuous bacteria
● Ability to easily swap genetic material
■ Superbug able to possible give the resistances to other bacterial diseases
Inheritance
I. Gregor Mendel and His Peas
A. Growing peas in czechoslovakia for the monastery he lived in B. Also kept honeybees
C. Noticed patterns of inheritance in the peas that he grew
D. Peas had discrete ("eitheror") traits
1. Flowers are either red or white
2. Tall or short
3. Inflated or Pinched
E. Breeding true
1. If parents are both red flower
a) Red flower
2. If parents are both white flowers
a) White flower
3. If parents are red and white
a) All Red flower
F. Conclusions
1. 'Inheritance Units'
a) Genes
(1) Come in pairs
(2) Each has two Alleles
(a) Alleles make up the two hidden traits that affect
a gene
(b) One from each parent
2. One allele can 'mask' the other
a) Dominant alleles can 'mask' recessive alleles
G. For any gene you might have
1. Dominant have capital letters
2. Recessive have lowercase letters
a) Two Dominant alleles
(1) AA
b) Two Recessive alleles
(1) aa
c) One Dominant and one Recessive allele
(1) Aa
3. Two of the same
a) Homozygous
(1) AA or aa
4. Two that are different
a) Heterozygous
(1) Aa
5. Genotypes
a) The genes that are inside of you
6. Phenotypes
a) The traits that are visible
7. Punnett Square
a) The square where you place in the alleles to form the
offspring
b) Dominant traits always go first when written
Chromosomes
I. Autosomes or Body Chromosomes A. Chromosomes 122
II. Sex Chromosomes
A. Chromosome 23
B. XX Female
C. XY Male
III. Many genetic illness are more prevalent in males
A. "Bad Gene" in the X chromosome
B. If a man gets the bad X his Y chromosome won't mask the recessive trait, thus giving him the illness
C. Women have 2 X chromosomes which allows a normal Gene to mask the recessive trait
IV. Hemophilia
A. Bleeding Disease that
B. Due to a mutation on the X chromosome
V. Werewolf Syndrome
A. Hypertrichosis
B. Some types are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome
VI. Karyotype
A. Chromosome plan
VII. X Chromosome can have dominant or recessive color blindness trait A. Normal vision Dominant
B. Color Blindness Recessive
VIII. Y Chromosomes do not have any traits for color blindness
IX. Phenotype
A. Characteristics that are expressed
1. Ex. Eye color, and Hair Color
X. Genotype
A. The alleles that make up a specific trait
1. Ex. Dominant and recessive alleles
XI. Phenotype = Genotype x Environment
XII. Twins may be different
A. Hormones in the womb can cause differences in what genes are active B. Environments can also affect our phenotypes
1. Skin color, hair color..etc..
XIII. 46 Chromosomes in 23 pairs
XIV. Made of 33% DNA, 66% Proteins
DNA
A. Referred to as a string of pearls
B. Two nucleotides wrapping around each other
1. Called a Double Helix
a) A's with T's
b) C's with G's
c) These together form the rung
C. Nucleotide
1. Made of Sugar, Base, and Phosphate
2. Four Kinds of Bases
a) A
b) C
c) T
d) G
3. Four types of Nucleotides
a) Sugar and phosphate are the same
b) Bases are the the only differences
4. Nucleotides connect to each other by a bond between the
phosphate of one to the sugar of the other
5. Nucleotides in a cells are folded in various
II. If a cell is made into a crystal, you can Xray it.
A. Allows for more detailed idea of the molecular structure in 3D
III. Every time a cell divides it first has to copy it's DNA
A. High fidelity process
1. Always the same
IV. DNA
A. Two Strands of nucleotides formed together to make a double helix
V. Cells reproduction
A. The Bases "unzip" or detach from each other through hydrogen bonds 1. Unconnected bases are called a "naked base"
B. Then the cell creates new nucleotides that connect with the naked bases 1. Reconnect with Hydrogen bonds
VI. Types of Mutations
A. Translocation
1. Something going across positions
2. Ex. If a part of two different chromosomes break off, and the switch with each other
a) Also only one can detach and just attach to another
chromosomes
B. Substitution Mutation
1. The copied cell has a base is different than what the parent had C. Addition Mutation
1. A Base is inserted into the groups of 3 to become a fourth (have to be in groups of 3)
D. Deletion Mutation
1. A base is not copied, and left with a hole in the genetics
VII. Cells have ways to fix mutations or edit the Dna
A. Not always successful
VIII. Mutations can be good, and bad
A. Good cause someone to be more likely to reproduce
B. Bad causes diseases and other defects
Important People
I. Barbara McClintock
A. Nobel Prize winner
B. Studied the genetic of plants
1. Allowed us to create large quantities of food
II. George Washington Carver
A. Studied the genetics of breeding plants
1. Which impacts the types of crops that are grown today
III. Cesar Milstein
A. Nobel Prize winner
B. Studied the biology of antibodies
IV. Theodosius Dobzhansky
A. Founded evolutionary genetics
1. "Nothing in biology makes sense except the light of evolutions"
V. Carl Sagan
A. Popularized Science
B. AstroPhysicist
C. "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence"
VI. William Paley
A. Living things are so complex that they must have been designed or create B. No natural cause or process that could make something so complex, thus you must have a supernatural power creating them
C. Modern version of his idea is called "intelligent design"
VII. Carl Linnaeus
A. Understanding nature to reveal God's creation
VIII. JeanBaptiste Lamarck
A. Combines 2 important views of Evolution
B. Believed in Creationism (God created all of the animals and they don't change)
1. But added the belief that in fact animals DO change over time
C. Known for his hypothesis about how giraffes evolved long necks 1. God created Giraffes
2. Giraffes would eat all the lower leaves
a) Some giraffes could stretch to get leaves that are higher
(1) Those would be more likely to survive and reproduce
3. Next generation would have longer necks
a) Some giraffes could stretch to get even higher leaves
(1) Those would survive and reproduce
4. Inheritance of acquired characters
a) If a parent uses a trait MORE, it will be inherited by the
offspring
(1) Ie. If you get a scar, it will be passed down
IX. Charles Darwin Biographical Information
A. The main player
B. Born into a wealthy family
C. Went to University of Edinburgh to become a doctor
1. Unhappy so he left
D. Went to University of Cambridge to become a priest
E. Took lectures from Hooker and Charles Lyell
1. Hooker studied plants and Lyell studied rocks
2. Both extremely important to creating Darwin's ideas
F. Went on a voyage on the Beagle
1. Traveled all around the world as a naturalist
a) Collected bugs, and rocks for the home land
2. Went to the Galapagos, and found finches
3. Finches took his interest, and helped him him begin his ideas of Evolution
X. Alfred Russel Wallace
A. Another scientist who thought of the same idea about evolution as Darwin B. Visited the islands of Southeast Asia
1. Species change through descent with modification
C. Mailed him about his ideas
D. Coauthored a paper with Darwin and presented it to some scientists XI. Gregor Mendel and His Peas
A. Growing peas in czechoslovakia for the monastery he lived in
B. Also kept honeybees
C. Noticed patterns of inheritance in the peas that he grew
XII. Walther Flemming
A. 1882
B. Looked down microscopes to watch cells divide
C. Saw thread like structure that moved in the cell as it divided
1. Division between the threads forming the new cell
XIII. Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton
A. 1902
B. Boverisutton chromosome theory
C. Called the moving "threads" chromosomes
XIV. Rosalind Franklin
A. Took xrays of crystals
B. Took an xray of DNA
C. Didn't understand what it was
D. Sent the Xray to Maurice Wilkins
XV. Maurice Wilkins
A. Didn't know what it was
B. Sent it to Watson and Crick
XVI. Watson and Crick
A. Able to discern the 3D structure of the DNA xrays
B. Won the nobel prize
C. Worked together and took credit for all of it
Notes:
I formatted this study guide so that you can EASILY create it into whatever preferred study method you have. Recommended sites: Quizlet (flashcards), Bubble.us (Concept Mapping), etc
Also, while if you no all of the information on this study guide I would still recommend looking over the book, and the labs.