UA - BIOS 108 - Class Notes - Week 4

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A form of potential energy i. Chemical energy a. It CANNOT be created or destroyed i. This is the conservation of energy principle and the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. ii. Energy can be changed from one form to another b. Is a type of kinetic energy that is a product of all energy conversions i. Heat c. A measure of disorder, or randomness i. All energy conversions increase the entropy of the universe ii. Entropy d. A calorie is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by one
degree Celsius. i. Not practical for measuring the energy in food 1) calories are very small units of energy ii. 1,000 calories. 1) A food calorie (Capitol C) is actually a kilocalorie iii. Store the most potential energy  Have the most calories  Make the most ATP  Foods with the most C-H bonds □ Calories in Food iv. Food Calories e. The energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules i. Provides energy for the cell to do work. ii. The chemical bonds in foods are broken down. 1) ATP is the energy currency in all cells  About 40% of the energy in foods is transferred to ATP  The remainder becomes heat and is lost  The energy in those bonds is shifted to the bonds in ATP 2) A series of energy transferring chemical reactions iii. Cellular respiration f. Motor proteins perform mechanical work 1) Transport proteins 2) Chemical reactants 3) Examples of how ATP transfers energy to become ADP i. ATP g. The ATP Cycle h. Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in organisms i. Few metabolic reactions occur without the assistance of enzymes ii. Lower the activation energy for chemical reactions iii. It catalyzes specific reactions 1) Each enzyme is very selective iv. Each enzyme recognizes a specific substrate v. Enzymes i. Basic concepts 1. ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate
ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate Chapter 5- The Working Cell Wednesday, September 14, 2016 10:27 AM BSC 108 Page 1