UNT - HIST 1060 - Study Guide - Midterm

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Hist 1060 Exam 1 Study Guide The first exam covers Ming/Qing China, Tokugawa Japan, Yi Korea, Islamic Empires, and
whatever is covered in the lectures Sept. 1923. The History topic, What is History?, is not really necessary for the exam. Ming and Qing China Ming dynasty came after Yuan (Mongol) dynasty and was a huge shift in Chinese tradtitions. After the Yuan, the Ming wanted to fix all the foreign problems they caused and sparked a surge in NeoConfucianism The Ming were the great wall builders and constructed a massive wall system to keep out the northern barbarians Ming Government  Autocratic emperor  Bureaucratic court  Divided China into provinces to be governed  Hierarchal system Ming Economy  Gradual movement from farming society to merchant trading  Cash crops became popular for sale  Movement from Yuan paper to silver  Very strong market economy NeoConfucianism in Ming  Women’s roles start to shrink  Lost ability to inherit and own property  Footbinding became a mark of beauty and Chinese identity  Women were socially immobile Ming and the Europeans

 Europeans start moving towards China looking for trade  Trying to find markets and goods  Cut out the Islamic middlemen  Trying to Christianize China  The Ming needed silver from the Europeans Europeans in China  Portugal was first to reach China  China limited access until 1557  Traded between Japan and China  The Dutch started to push out the Portuguese  Portuguese=Catholic tried to convert Chinese  Dutch=Protestant did not try to convert Chinese End of Ming Dynasty Factionalism court officials divided and fought amongst themselves, this led to internal struggles Natural Disasters and Internal Rebellions were thought to be a sign of the Emperor losing the Mandate of Heaven Uprising led by Li Zicheng took Beijing and Ming army and Manchus had to join forces to retake the city Manchus Consolidation of nomadic tribes north of China, established the Kingdom of Manchuria, encroached on Chinese territory and took Beijing, they did not relinquish control of the city and instated their own government over the Ming Qing Dynasty  Expanded empire through military conquest  Faced Zunghar Mongols to the west  Economy flourished with expanded trade

Nine Pillars of the Qing 1. Ethnic Balance five people of the Qing Different levels of importance and social status
Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan, Muslims, Han Han (Chinese) was largest majority but least significant 2. Mandate of Heaven Ideology Emperor can rule as long as he is blessed by heaven
Government was responsible for basic needs of citizens Motivated government to be good to prevent rebellions 3. Family Ideology Neoconfucianism
Parallel conception of family and society Ordered family meant ordered society 4. Separate Spheres for genders Different standards for men and women
Han women had very low status while Manchu women had high Different rules applied to different people 5. Civil Service Examination System A way to test qualifications of people for bureaucracy
Many levels of tests Mainly rich people qualified b/c education was expensive 6. Civil Administration Hierarchal levels of administration
Censorship tests to root out corruption Advisors to emperor, bureaucrats, governors, local elites, etc. 7. Ritual and Religion Qienergy
Yin and Yang balanced energy forces in nature Many gods of various purposes, somewhat religious freedom 8. Military Divided into a Manchu army and a Han army
Both were hereditary forces, soldiers begot more soldiers 9. Hydraulic Engineering Systems Qing very good at using water, dams, irrigation, etc. Military would use them sometimes to flood cities Qing and Foreign Trade Qing needed silver for economy Foreigners limited to one port at Canton Heavily taxed foreign trade

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