Description
CHM 111 EXAM 1 STUDYGUIDE
Chapter 1Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving
Atoms and Compounds
∙ The way matter behaves is determined by the atoms and molecules that make it up ∙ Atoms are the submicroscopic particles that make up the fundamental building blocks of matter
∙ Compounds are made from 2 or more atoms bonded together
The Scientific Approach to Knowledge
∙ The Scientific Method
Process for understanding nature by observation and experimentation Includes…
o Observation
∙ Also known as data
∙ Descriptions about the characteristics or behavior of nature
∙ Help to formulate hypothesis
o Formulation of hypothesis
∙ A hypothesis is an interpretation or explanation of the observations
o Experimentation
∙ Experimentation may support a hypothesis or prove it wrong.
o Formulation of laws and theories
∙ Well established hypotheses may form a scientific theory
∙ Scientific Law: statement that summarizes past observations and
predicts future ones…allows you to predict future observations
The Classification of Matter
∙ Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass
∙ Solid: atoms are packed close together; fixed volume and rigid shape Crystalline: atoms arranged in a pattern
Amorphous: atoms do not have any arranged order
∙ Liquid: atoms are packed closely, but are free to move relative to each other; have a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape
∙ Gas: atoms are free to move relative to one another; compressible
∙ Pure Substance: made up of only one component and its competition is invariant ∙ Mixture: composed of 2+ components in proportions that can vary
Don't forget about the age old question of which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Separating Mixtures:
o Decanting
o Filtration
o Distillation
Physical and Chemical Properties
∙ Physical: doesn’t change composition
Odor
Taste
Color Don't forget about the age old question of anthony billings wvu
Appearance Melting Point Boiling Point Density
∙ Chemical: changes composition
Flammability
Corrosiveness
Acidity
Energy: A Fundamental Part of Physical and Chemical Change
∙ Energy: the capacity to do work
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Thermal energy
Law of Conservation of Energy: energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change; it is neither created nor destroyed If you want to learn more check out uncw anthropology
∙ Work: the action of a force through distance
Energy = work = force × distance
The Units of Measurement
∙ Mass: a measure of the quantity of matter within it
∙ Weight: a measure of the gravitational pull on its matter
∙ Temperature:
Kelvin= °C+273.15
°Celsius=(°F32)/1.8
Significant Figures
We also discuss several other topics like um desktop anywhere
Precision and Accuracy
∙ Accuracy: how close the measured value is to the actual value
∙ Precision: how close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are
∙ Random Error: an error that has the equal probability of being too high or too low ∙ Systematic Error: error that is too high or too low
Chapter 2: Atoms and Elements
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
∙ Atoms…
…are tiny particles of matter
…of an element are similar to each other and are different from other elements
…of 2+ different elements combine to form compounds
…are rearranged to form new combinations in a chemical reaction
Atoms
∙ Electrons: negatively charged particle in an atom; orbits nucleus; very low mass ∙ Protons: positively charged particle in the nucleus of atoms; equal to the # of electrons in an atom
∙ Neutrons: neutrally charged particles in the nucleus in an atom; slightly larger than protons
∙ Bohr model: electrons travel in discrete orbits about the nucleus
Elements / Periodic Table If you want to learn more check out biology unit 2 study guide
∙ The # of protons = # of electrons = an element’s atomic # = defines an element ∙ Isotopes: Varied # of neutrons (ex. Ne20…Ne21…Ne22)
∙ Ions: losing or gaining electrons
Cations: positively charged ions; losing electron(s)
Anions: negatively charged ions; gaining electron(s)
∙ Atomic Mass: average mass of an elements atoms We also discuss several other topics like engl 10200 study guide
∙ Metals
Good conductors of heat & electricity
Malleable (can be turned into flat sheets)
Ductile (drawn into wires)
Shiny
Tend to lose electrons
∙ Nonmetals
17 nonmetals
o 5 solids at room temp. (C, P, S, Se & I)
o 1 liquid at room temp. (Br)
o 11 gases at room temp. (H, He, N, O, F, Ne, Cl, Ar, Kr, Xe, & Rn) Poor conductors or heat & electricity
Not ductile nor malleable
Gain electrons
∙ Metalloids
(semimetals)
Have mixed properties
Semiconductors
∙ Noble Gas
Group 8A elements
Mostly unreactive
∙ Halogens
Group 7A
Very reactive nonmetals
Found in nature as salt
∙ Alkali
Group 1A elements
Reactive metals
∙ Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2A
Fairly reactive
Molar Mass
∙ 1 mole = 6.02214 × 1023 particles (Avogadro’s number)
Chapter 3: Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations Chemical Bonds
∙ Ionic b/w metals and nonmetals; transfer of electrons
∙ Covalent b/w 2+ nonmetals; sharing of electrons
Chemical Formulas
∙ Empirical Formula: relative # of atoms of each element in a compound (ex. For C4H8, the empirical formula is CH2)
∙ Molecular Formula: the actual # of atoms of each element in a compound ∙ Structural Formula: figure that shows how atoms are connected and bonded to each other; lines are used to represent covalent bonds
Polyatomic Ions
∙ Ions that are themselves composed of a group of covalently bonded atoms w/ an overall charge
Naming Ionic Compounds
Type 1:
(ex. KClpotassium chloride)
Type 2:
∙ Contains a metal w/ a charge that can differ in different compounds (ex.) FeSO4 Here iron is +2 cation (Fe2+)
Fe2(SO4)3 Here iron is +3 cation (Fe3+)
Oxyanions: anions containing oxygen and another element
∙ If there are two ions in the series,
o the one with more oxygen atoms has the ending ate
o the one with fewer has the ending ite.
∙ If there are more than two ions in the series then the prefixes hypo, meaning less than, and per, meaning more than, are used.
ClO–hypochlorite BrO–hypobromite
ClO2–chlorite BrO2–bromite
ClO3–chlorate BrO3–bromate
ClO4–perchlorate BrO4–perbromate
Hydrated Ionic Compounds: ionic compounds with a specific # of water molecules ∙ Common hydrate prefixes
o hemi = ½
o mono = 1
o di = 2
o tri = 3
o tetra = 4
o penta = 5
o hexa = 6
o hepta = 7
o octa = 8
Molecular Compounds
(Ex.) CoCl2 • 6H2O
cobalt(II)chloride hexahydrate
Formula Mass
Practice Problems:
1. Ibuprofen has the following mass percent composition: C 75.69%, H 8.80%, O 15.51%. What is the empirical formula of ibuprofen?
Answer: C13H1802 2. Determine the mass of oxygen in a 7.2 g sample of Al2(SO4)3.
Answer: 4.0 g Oxygen 3. Butane (C4H10) is the liquid fuel in lighters. How many grams of carbon are present within a lighter containing 7.25 mL of butane? (The density of liquid butane is 0.601 g/mL.) Answer: 3.60 g Carbon 4. A compound with the percent composition shown next has a molar mass of 60.10 g/mol. Determine its molecular formula.
C, 39.97% Answer: C2H8N2
H, 13.41%
N, 46.62%
Combustion Analysis
∙ analyzing compounds by burning a known mass of compound and weighing the amounts of product made
Organic Compounds
∙ compounds from living things
∙ easily decomposed
∙ cannot be made in the lab
∙ Carbon Bonding:
o Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
o Can form limitless chains (straight and branched) and rings
o Hydrocarbons: organic compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen (ex. Oil, gasoline, natural gas)
Single bonds: alkanes
Double or triple bonds: alkenes and alkynes, respectively
∙ Functional Hydrocarbons: has a functional group