.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-0 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-0 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_48nut7srkpfi-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ewtr1uq852sb-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_zhi8sqadxdrn-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1yf0lmoogkaw-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xgv0lc3guq3w-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_j2xjzakynn4r-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_3mc5pt1f679-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_mp1oj55dq2s7-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_dvkuhiun9esl-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_yxpcbc9vhh31-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_b8fqj1wlalfd-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_5vlv39nwzcmi-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_1htar16gimfd-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_abqyozbqckwr-7 > li:before{content:"- "}

Organic Chemistry I We also discuss several other topics like What is a voltage?

Chapter 4: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

4.1 Introduction to Alkanes

• Alkanes are hydrocarbons without I bonds (in other words, with only single bonds between carbons)

We also discuss several other topics like dartmouth math 8

4.2 Nomenclature of Alkanes (IUPAC)

• The first step in naming an alkane (or alkane-based compound) is to locate the longest continuous chain of carbon-carbon single bonds, known as the parent chain.

• the parent chain will not always be straight

• If there are two chains of the same length, the parent will be the one with more branches (called substituents, because they replace one or more of the parent chain's hydrogen bonds)
• The name of the parent chain (determined by its # of carbons will be the last part of the compound's IUPAC name,

We also discuss several other topics like How does volume determine chemical activity?

# of carbons

Root

Alkane Name

Group Name

# of unique carbons

1

meth-

methane

methyl

1

2

eth-

ethane

ethyl

1

3

prop-

propane

propyl

2

4

but-

butane

butyl

2

5

pent-

pentane

pentyl

3

6

hex-

hexane

hexyl

3

7

hept-

heptane

heptyl

4

8

oct-

octane

octyl

4

9

non-

nonane

nonyl

5

10

dec-

decane

decyl

5

11

undec-

undecane

undecyl

6

12

dodec-

dodecane

dodecyl

6

Don't forget about the age old question of adolesense

4.2 Nomenclature of Alkanes (IUPAC)

• if an alkane is structured as a closed ving, add cyclo to the start of its name, eg: 

                                                        We also discuss several other topics like Whats is the definition of trigonometric functions?

Cyclopropane                 Cyclobutane            Cyclopentane                 Cyclohexane

• a closed ring is counted as its own chain, and its carbons are not counted as part of any connected chain.
• The carbon atoms of the parent chain are assigned numbers, called locants. There are several rules that determine which end of the chain to start numbering from:

•  The first carbon with a substituent should be given the lowest number possible: 

Don't forget about the age old question of What was Antoine Lavoisier known for?

• if there is atie, the second substituent should also have the lowest number possible: 

                

• if the previous rule does not break the tie, the lowest number should be assigned alphabetically:

• When a cycloalkane is the parent chain, the same rules apply: 

• when assembling the full name of an alkane:

• Substituent groups are preceded by a the locant where they attach, eg: 2-ethylpentane
• substituents that occur multiple times are preceded by all the locants they attach at, anda prefix indicating the total # of occurrences (di, tri, tetra) eg: 2,3,3-trimethylhexane
• a substituent groups are put in the name in alphabetical order, including cyclo-prefixes but not including di-/tri-/tetra-. eg: 2-cyclopropyl 1-3,5,6-trimethyl-4methylnonane
• commas between numbers, dashes between numbers and letters, no spaces

• complex substituents are named in parentheses after their locant, using the same rules as above
• Some complex substituents have common names.

        

        Common isopropyl                tert-butyl/t-butyl                        sec butyl

IUPAC:(1-methylethyl)         (1,3-dimethylethyl)                    (1-methylpropyl)

Comon: isobutyl

IUPAC: (2-methylpropyl)

• For the most part, common names are okay to use for class, but not all of them are acceptable for strict IUPAC use.

• Bicyclic compounds are those containing two fused rings. They take the prefix bicycle; and are named by their total number of carbon atoms.
• count the # of carbons in each ‘path’ from Then laces where the rings connect, and place them in brackets, separated by periods, after the cyclo-prefix.

References: