Description
Intro to Retail Design and Merchandising (AMIDR 100)
Exam 1 Study Guide
October 11, 2016
THE BASICS
Fashion design: the art of application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories; influenced by cultural and social attitudes; has varied over time and place Merchandising: getting merchandise to stock the stores; activity of promoting the sale of goods, especially by their presentation in retail outlets
Marketing: promotes fashion and generates interest in new styles and products; helps set trends Image clothing: photographed/drawn (form)
Written clothing: described in language (words)
Real clothing: seeing the garment/technological (action of manufacture)
Shifters: real to image, real to language, image to language
Translation: technological, iconic, written, spoken
Fashion relies on transformation
Trend: general direction or movement of a fashion
If you want to learn more check out What is Comparative politics?
Fad: sweeps in and impacts a limited amount of population and then leaves quickly Classic: style or design that remains in basic need and remains in general fashion acceptance for an extended period of time
High fashion: new style accepted by a limited number of fashion leaders who want to be the first to adopt changes in innovation in fashion
Mass fashion: consists of styles that are widely accepted
HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY
WWI (19141918): women first wore pants because they were working the men’s’ jobs while the men fought the war
Post WW! (19191929): more freedom because women had the right to vote (rebellion); world’s fair; jazz age Don't forget about the age old question of soci 201 u of c
The Great Depression (19301938): clothing was the first thing people stopped buying WWII (19391945): everyone was in the fight together
Post WWII: glamour; television influenced fashion
Don't forget about the age old question of cs 4420
Cuban Missile Crisis/Vietnam/Civil Rights: peasant style, mod fashion, Audrey Hepburn and Jackie Kennedy were heavily influential
Music, Television, Music, Glam Rock (1970s): cultural rebellion; manmade fibers created (polyester)
End of the Recession (1980s): American casualwear (shoulder pads); decade of the designer Fall of the Berlin Wall, Communism, Gulf War, The Internet (1990s): trade agreements with other nations made possible by the internet (global communications); marketing changed; hip hop/grunge influence
Terrorism/the European Union (2000s): art, culture, celebrity, music, fashion began to blend; celebrity clothing lines, full digitalization of the supply chain; individual and social identity
TRENDS TO EMERGE FROM EACH DECADE:
1910: over the ankle skirts
1920: LBD Coco Chanel
1930: floral patterns; fur stolls
1940: color blocking
1950: full skirt silhouette (Dior)
1960: Mondrian dress (YSL); Nehru jacket; Chanel suit; mini skirt
1970: pantsuit (YSL); denim jeans; words on shirts
1980: underwear as fashion; spandex
1990: shoulder pads
2000: oversized clothing
FASHION AS ART:
Lindsey Creel ted talk
Went on PR to push herself creatively and mentally
Creative process begins with who: “Who is my customer?”
Business is the antagonist of the creative process
To be relevant, you have to be present
Your work will propel you instead of you propelling it Don't forget about the age old question of focism
Dr. Reiter: If you want to learn more check out ua kine
The challenge of being a designer is taking something that used to be 2D and turning it into something that is 3D
As you are moving through school, start your own story.
Where do you see creativity within fashion design/merchandising/marketing? Design:
∙ Make a statement
∙ Bring new ideas
∙ Keep creative spirit going
Definitions
Color: can define rank, profession, or customer preferences of the time (pantone) Texture: look and feel of material If you want to learn more check out lorazaoam
Style: characteristic or distinct appearance of a garment (makes it different) Silhouette: overall outline or contour (shape or form)
Details: individual element that gives a silhouette its form or shape (length, sleeve, shoulder, waist)
Fashion design: the art of application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories; influenced by culture and social attitudes
Merchandising: getting merchandise to stock the stores, the activity of promoting the sale of goods, especially by their presentation in retail outlets
Marketing: promotes fashion and generates interest in new styles and products; help set trends
How do we determine the line between art and design?
Art is the essence of fashion; design is for places like Macy’s or Kohl’s What are ways in which we can keep/preserve creativity within the business of fashion? Appreciate the creativity that already exists
Push the envelope even further
Keep the individual in the industry: get away from mass marketing
FORECASTING:
Fashion forecasting: a global career that focuses on upcoming trends
A fashion forecaster predicts the colors, fabrics, textures, materials, prints, graphics, beauty/grooming, accessories, footwear, street style, and other styles that will be presented on the runway and in the stores for the upcoming seasons
∙ Analytic cards, detailed cards, trend cards
Forecasting services: WGSN, Trend Union
CAREERS IN THE INDUSTRY:
Design and Production: designer, merchandiser, sales rep, showroom sales rep, product manager
∙ Design: Create fresh ideas, work as a team, good people skills, work well under pressure, may work with larger design teams or as an assistant (contemporary lines), may have to work or collaborate with other departments in the company, may have to create an entire line
∙ Production: work as a liaison between manufacturing, design, and merchandising, work behind the scenes, must be decisive/detail oriented/good time management, come up with creative solution to manufacturing and product development problems
∙ Sales rep/account executive: salesperson, work out of a showroom, retail buyers are your clients, must understand your product and customer as well as competitors and their products, should be getting sales experience now
Marketing & Merchandising: buyer, coordinator, retail merchandiser, visual merchandiser, store manager, boutique owner
∙ Merchandising: study trends and forecast (always be up to date), analyze past sales, calculate production costs, understand competition and target market, multitask, work with design/product dev./production/sales/and marketing teams, leadership and communication
∙ Retail buyer: must understand their customers and competitors, predict and identify trends, willing to travel, budget conscious, good with math, negotiating traits and aggressive/firm, responsible for store profits, high level of stress, if you want to want a business someday this is good experience, start in executive trainee position in a larger company
Fashion Media and Promotions: writer, stylist, PR specialist, editor, illustrator, graphic designer, photographer
∙ Public relations: constant contact with editors at newspapers/magazines/blogs, capture customers’ attention, manage company’s image, large companies have in house PR and small companies hire outside, must be assertive, extroverted, good communicator (written and verbal), knowledgeable about pop culture, typically low salary (other types of business)
∙ Journalism: need to be thick skinned, 24/7 job, required to meet deadlines constantly, will need examples of your work, research top magazine publishing companies General Skills Needed:
Work experience, written and verbal communication skills, geography, industry knowledge, problem solving, strategic thinking, analytic skills, flexibility, predict retail/fashion trends, organization, learn quickly, work ethic
THEORY OF FASHION FLOW:
Trickle Down Theory: The trickle up theory suggest that fashion acceptance begins among designers; fashion flows vertically from the upper classes to the lower classes within society, each social class influenced by a higher social class.
Trickle Up Theory: The trickle up theory suggests that fashion acceptance begins among the young or lower income groups; the fashion then moves upward to people in older age groups or higher income levels; designers often look for street trends among avantgarde youth or fashion trends inspired by the minority groups
Trickle Across Theory: Fashion moves horizontally between groups on similar social levels. In the trickleacross model, there is little lag time between adoption from one group to another.
THE FASHION CYCLE:
Introduction: fashion innovators purchase from the retailers who “lead” fashion Rise: fashion leaders purchase from traditional retailers in their “better” departments Acceleration: fashion followers purchase from traditional retailers in “moderate priced” departments
Mass acceptance: fashion followers purchase from mass merchants
Decline: fashion followers may purchase a few items at greatly reduced prices from discounters Obsolescence: no one is buying; “you can’t give it away!”
Variations in the fashion cycle:
Fad: super popular but very short lived
Flop: very low sales, very short period of time
Seasonal staple: anything that rotates through
ENTREPRENEUR THINKING: process of searching for a problemsolution FASHION THEORY:
Postmodernism: 1970s end of belief in universal truths, history as progress, science as knowledge; bias underlie social interaction
Deconstruction: 1960s1980s; literally criticism, attention to omitted, forgotten, self defined hierarchies, preserve social structure
Post structuralism: 1980s; culture central to human action, leading to meaning Cultural studies: critique and reformation to society’s power structures
Performativity: creating identity through meaning
CULTURAL MEANINGS OF DRESS:
Meaningdelivery capacity: join culture and goods together as advertising Invents new cultural meanings: social elite, trickledown theory, pop culture Radical meanings: violate cultural norms, marginalized areas of society hippies, punk, drag
Fashion invents new cultural meanings
MOVING FROM AN ARTISTIC SPACE TO A BUSINESS PLACE: Designers: disorganized (star)
Business managers: rational (manager)
Both must be inspired
Isaac Mizrahi/Chanel: one of the most inspired designers but was never able to turn a profit, so Chanel dropped him
FROM DESIGN TO RETAIL:
∙ Design: trend > color > data
∙ Retail: forecast > past seasons > price point
Goals:
∙ Storyboards/trend boards: method of displaying original designs; the best storyboards create vivid visual images that are interesting and appealing to viewers; the storyboard “tells the story” of the designer’s idea
Good design:
∙ Aesthetic trend
∙ Retail statistics
∙ Price points
∙ Quality
∙ Marketing
o Sometimes the idea can be compromised
Steps:
∙ Idea to artwork
∙ Artwork to design specification (spect)
∙ Outside influence
∙ Management of ideas
∙ Sampling
∙ Production
Manufacturing Design
∙ 90% innovation, 10% inspiration
∙ Come up with better products to meet market demand
∙ Oftentimes designers have lack of technical education experience making it difficult to translate their idea into a product
∙ Trial and error process
What’s the Difference?
∙ Designer Label
∙ Private Label: designating a product manufactured or packaged for sale under the name of the retailer or designer rather than that of the manufacturer OR retailer/designer’s name, as used on a product sold by this retailer but manufactured by another company; specific to one place made by that place; think exclusive
∙ Logo
∙ Trademark
Supply Chain
∙ The apparel supply chain is global, comprised of millions of small, medium, and large manufacturers in every region of the world, all operating under pressure to hold down costs, innovate products, and deliver on tight deadlines
Department Stores
∙ Bon Marche Paris 1852
∙ Brick and stone brick and mortar physical retail buildings
Boutiques
∙ A small store selling fashionable clothes and accessories
∙ A business that serves a sophisticated or specialized clientele
Omnichannel
∙ A multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide the customer with a seamless shopping experience whether the customer is shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a physical store
ECONOMY AND THE INDUSTRY:
∙ $250 billion spent annually on fashion in the US
∙ Employ 1.9 million people in the US
∙ Largest fashion hubs: NYC, LA
o San Francisco, Nashville, Columbus rising
Apparel and Textiles Impact
∙ Integrated markets
∙ Business model for profit
∙ Exchange of goods import and export
o Imports: goods coming into the country
o Exports: goods going out of the country
Top exporters:
China
Hong Kong
Italy
Bangladesh
Germany
India
Turkey
o 2014: US exported $6 billion, imported $32 billion
Top 5: China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Mexico
∙ Sourcing: procurement practices aimed at finding, evaluating, and engaging suppliers for acquiring goods and services
∙ Outsourcing: the process of contracting a business function to someone else Making Money and Keeping Creativity
∙ Creative
o 200 schools across the country offer fashion related programs
o Met Gala: The First Monday in May
∙ Monetary
o FIT has 200,000 visitors each year, creating $280 million for New York o NYC has a $98 billion fashion industry
At Home and Abroad
∙ Domestic
o Diminished in the last 20 years
o Technology
o US industry today; high value parts of global supply chain, research and development (R & D); design and marketing
o Apparel manufacturing has declined in last 20 years; 940,000 in 1990 to 144,000 in 2013
∙ International
o Race to the bottom: who can make the goods the fastest and the cheapest o Textiles: 33.0 million in 2014
o Apparel: 24.8 million in 2014
Measuring the Impact
∙ Product Lifestyle
o Materials
o Manufacture
o Distributions
o Use
o Disposal
∙ Supply Chain
o Planning
o Manufacturing
o Transportation
o Distribution center
o Delivery
o Retail
Type of Industry
∙ Big
o On average, within 15 months of a new WalMart store’s opening, as many as 14 existing retail establishments close
o Higher pay for workers
o US made goods
o Government subsidies
∙ Small
o Must differentiate themselves to due to less resources
o Customer characteristics: finding target market niche
o Technology: production/quotas
o Government influence: labor and publicity/delays in product
o Economy recessions/booms
SELLING TO THE CONSUMER:
Merchandising: getting merchandise to stock the stores; the activity of promoting the sale of goods, especially by their presentation in retail outlets
Marketing: trying to get people to have interest in buying the products
Consumer Shopping Trends
12 predicted trends of 2016:
1. More payment options
2. Mobile plays bigger role
3. Unify data (online/offline)
4. Remove shopping friction
5. In store mobile devices
6. Remove loyalty programs
7. Omnichannel will continue
8. Cloud based
9. Omnichannel fraud protection
10. Social media as omnichannel
11. Specialize stock: overstored more retail items than the market demands 12. Internet of things (IOT): everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data i.e. merchants using in store devices to automatically ring up customers, track real time shopping behaviors, tailored offered to customers
Ways in Which We Shop:
Website
Social media
In store
Banner ads
Mobile
App
Blogs
New Consumerism
1. Be transparent
2. Authentic brand value
3. Sustainable processes
4. Retail technology
5. Help customers achieve goals
6. Price products competitively
7. Efficient services
8. Provide experiences
9. Embrace sharing economy
10. Recognize individuality
Neuromarketing: science of human decision
Marketing Tactics:
Specialized retailer: offer limited lines of related merchandise targeted to a more specific customer; define their customers by age, size, or shared tastes
General merchandise retailer: retailers that sell many kinds of merchandise in addition to clothing; try to appeal to a broad range of customers; general merchandisers; several price ranges (ex: Macy’s)
Department stores: general retailer most familiar to the buying public; prestigious and can be a certain landmark
Offprice: selling of brand name and designer merchandise at lower than normal retail prices when they are at the late rise or early peak in the fashion cycle (regular discounters sell merchandise in the late peak and decline stages of fashion cycle)
Discount: any retail operation that sells goods at less than full retail prices Factory Outlet: discount operation run by a manufacturer (perhaps by a designer); provide manufacturers and designers with a backup channel of distribution, which improve inventory control
Other types of retailers:
Direct selling: 2009 a $30 billion industry; people who buy merchandise from a large firm and distribute it by selling it to customers in their territory
Catalog: mail order retailing, 19080s; magalog: catalogs that have editorial content, not just advertising
TV home shopping: QVC, HSN
Visual merchandising: silent selling technique that helps to reduce the employee mix and increase per square feet returns and can further help in reducing marketing budgets; the activity and profession consists of developing the floor plans and 3D displays in order to maximize sales
Types of ownership:
Mom and pop: single stores managed by the owner with a few assistants; usually specialty stores Chain: group of centrally owned stores (4 or more) each which handles similar goods and merchandise
Leased departments: sections of a retail store that are owned and operated by outside organizations
Franchise: the franchise owner/operator pays a fee plus royalty on all sales for the right to operate a store with an established name in an exclusive trading area; the parent company provides merchandise and assistance in organizing and merchandising, plus training Showcase: manufacturer/designer store that sells merchandise at the introductory and early rise stages of the fashion cycle; also testing grounds for new products
Buying Merchandise:
Category/classification: chain store; buyers that are typically assigned to buy a specific category or classification of apparel within a department instead of buying all categories for a department the way a department store buyer does
Departmental: buy for a specific department
Category killers: superstores or category specialists carry one type of goods that they are able to offer in great amounts at low prices because of volume buying; drive out and kill specialty stores