UA - PSYCH 101 - PY 101, FINALS STUDY GUIDE - Study Guide

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Psychology 101 Final Study Guide Developmental Disabilities  A diverse group of chronic conditions that cause individuals difficulties in certain areas
of life o Failure to meet developmental expectations  Twice as common in males than females  Examples: o Autism spectrum disorder o Cerebral palsy o Down syndrome o Intellectual disabilities Autism Spectrum Disorder  1 in 68 children  Some common deficits include: o Executive functioning (decision making) o Communication (not talking by age of 2) o Social (don’t get social cues) o Obsessive interests (birthdays, train schedules)  Does not always indicate intellectual disability  Vaccines do not cause autism Cerebral Palsy  Movement disorder related to abnormal development of brain areas associated with
movement o Most common childhood movement disorder  Poor coordination, weak or stiff muscles, vision or hearing difficulties  Possible causes: o Premature birth o Infection during pregnancy o Head trauma early in life o Small number is inherited Down Syndrome  Most common neurodevelopment disorder  Occurs in about 1 in 800 live births  Most common cause is trisomy 21  Physical characteristics and personality differ  General and specific brain abnormalities o Smaller brain size overall o Deficits in the hippocampal region and prefrontal cortex  Some people around age 40 develop Alzheimer’s Intellectual Disability  Formerly called mental retardation  About 23% of population

 Deficits: o Significant limitations in intelligence o Limitations in adaptive behavior, skills that have been learned that people do daily o Onset prior to age 18  Characteristics: o Slow to learn/process information o Difficulty understanding concepts o Cognitive rigidity o Rely on social cues from others o Suggestible o Tendency to please others Anxiety Disorders  A psychological disorder characterized by excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of
true danger o Unwanted thoughts/rumination o Sweating o Dry mouth o Rapid pulse o Shallow breathing o Increased blood pressure o Increased muscular tension Who Gets Anxiety  Everyone  When is anxiety characterized as a disorder? o Inappropriate o Severe o Frequent  About 17% of individuals will be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder  Rates higher in women Types of Anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder  A diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event o Excessive anxiety about various things for at least 6 months o Difficult to control o Associated with three or more of the following:  Restlessness/on edge  Difficult concentrating  Irritability  Muscle tension  Sleep disturbance o Causes significant impairment in various life areas

 69% of people in US and others Panic Disorder  An anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror (called panic
attacks) o Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks o Panic attack: abrupt surge of fear/discomfort that lasts a couple minutes o Four or more:  Sweat, trembling, heart racing, shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness,
lightheadedness, numbing in hands and feet, migraines (less common) o Followed by at least 1 month where they are worried about panic attacks or alter behavior to avoid one  Affects about 3% of population; women twice as likely to be diagnosed as men Specific Phobias  Phobias: a strong, irrational fear of something that poses little or no real danger o Affect about 1 in 8 people and involve particular objects and situations Social Anxiety Disorder  Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is
exposed to possible negative evaluation by others o Fear that they will show anxiety o Social situations almost always provoke anxiety o Avoidance of situation o Fear/anxiety are out of proportion to the actual threat posted o Persistent, typically 6 months or longer o Causes clinically significant distress  Common causes: o Public speaking o Speaking up in class o Meeting new people o Eating in front of others Mood Disorders  Classified into two categories: o Depressive disorders feature persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness o Bipolar disorders involve radical fluctuations in mood Depressive Disorders Major Depression  Two or more weeks  Five (or more) of the following symptoms: o Negative moods, most of the day, nearly every day o Feelings of worthlessness o Lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities o Weight loss/gain o Insomnia

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