LEJA 303:1– Quantitative Techniques for LE, SPRING 2017 1  QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT  LEJA 303: SECTION 1  SPRING, 2017  MONDAY, WEDNESDAY & FRIDAY, 10:00 A.M. ~ 10:50 A.M.  Stipes 301  Professor:  Seungmug (Zech) Lee, PhD Stipes 410  Phone: 309-298-2746  Email: WesternOnline (Desire2Learn) email (preferred) OR s-lee5@wiu.edu Monday & Wednesday (11:00 A.M. ~ 12:00 P.M.)  Office Hours:  Monday & Wednesday (1:15 P.M. ~ 2:00 P.M.)  Tuesday at QC Campus (3:00 P.M. ~ 3:30 P.M.)  Walker, Jeffery T. and Maddan, Sean. (2013). Understanding statistics for the  Text:  social sciences, criminal justice, and criminology. Burlington, MA: Jones &  Bartlett Learning. (ISBN 978-1-4496-3403-2)  LEJA 101 and any WIU or IAI general education mathematics course; or  Prerequisite:  permission of instructor/chairperson

What are three elements in social science research?

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Course Description:  This course is to introduce the basic research method and quantitative techniques for law enforcement. Its aim is  to prepare students to be familiar with the methodology in research and statistics so that they can be able to  evaluate critically as well as enable to design various quantitative and qualitative research projects on their own.  Through the course, students will learn various new terms and techniques for conducting theoretically based  research. In addition, students will learn and practice various quantitative techniques for the description and  evaluation of crime prevention measures. Examples may include the analysis of crime data, program evaluation,  and community surveys. It is expected for students to develop the skills of critical thinking about issues,  practices, and numbers in the criminal justice system.  Course Objectives:  The study of this course will enable students to:  ∙ Identify the basic steps in the research process;  ∙ Explain the different levels of measurement;  ∙ Understand and explain the descriptive statistics;  ∙ Understand the measures of central tendency and dispersion;  ∙ Understand the measures of statistical significance, strength, and direction of a relationship;  ∙ Understand and explain the inferential statistics;  ∙ Understand hypothesis tests; and  ∙ Practice and be familiar with SPSS software for data analysis;  Classroom Courtesy:  Students are expected to observe basic rules of classroom courtesy. While the class is in session, newspaper  reading, text messaging, phone checking, sleeping, and conversation with neighbors are UNACCEPTABLE. Cell  phone, iPad, and any other electronic device, including a laptop computer, must absolutely be turned off and put  away. If any student is detected to use them, he/she will be asked to leave the session. If it occurs twice or more,  a letter grade for the course will be B (as the highest) or lower grades. If it happens three times or more, he/she  will automatically fail the course. In addition, any “incivility” of verbal expression, statement, or behavior to  students or professor during a classroom session, office hour, or any academic-related setting must not be  tolerated. LEJA 303:1– Quantitative Techniques for LE, SPRING 2017 2  WesternOnline:  This course is a WesternOnline-enhanced course. This means that most handouts and outside readings, if any,  will be uploaded at http://westernonline.wiu.edu/. Any email communication should be done via WesternOnline  email. The class announcement, schedule change, and all other changes will be uploaded on WesternOnline and  announced in class in advance. If at any point you are having trouble getting onto Western Online, contact the  UCSS Helpdesk at (309) 298-2704.  Class Attendance Policy:  The course is very intense and focused. Attendance is mandatory, and a daily roll is taken. TWO very strict  attendance policies are applied to all students (NO EXCEPTION!!!). PLEASE read the following policies very  carefully.  (1) There are total 43 SESSIONS during this semester, except the final examination. Those who have five (5)  and more unexcused absences will have two (2) percentage points per absence to be deducted from the  final percentage points. For example, if you earn the 95 percentage scores at the end of the semester with  six (6) unexcused absences, the final scores for a letter grade of this course will be 91, being subtracted four  (4) points for two (2) unexcused absences.  (2) Those who absent fourteen (14) and more, including all excused and unexcused absences will  automatically fail this course.  (3) Students are responsible for informing in advance or in a timely manner of the reason for their absence.  An excused absence includes illness, bereavement, or religious observances. Just an email, verbal, or  telephone notice for the possible absence or after-the-fact report DOES NOT count as an excusable  absence! You MUST provide a proper documentation. (4) Any absence for earlier holiday observation is NOT an excused absence.  Therefore, it is your absolute responsibility to attend class, participate in order to fulfill course requirements, and  check the number of your absences. Any student who is tardy to class without cause, or leaves during classroom  session for an unexcused reason or prior notification, will be given an unexcused absence for that session. Your  professor will make the determination if the reason for an absence or tardiness is excusable or not.  Grading Policy:  This course is 300-level. Expectations are VERY high with two examinations, WorkNotes, exercises, individual/  team projects, SPSS Lab exercises, and class participation. All your scores from the “Activity” will be converted  into the “percentage point.” The grading criterion is presented below. All grades will be uploaded on  WesternOnline “gradebook” accordingly.   Student Evaluation

Grading Activity Point Percentage Point

A  A B+  B  B C+  C  C D+  D F 100.0~94.0% 93.9~90.0% 89.9~86.0% 85.9~83.0% 82.9~80.0% 79.9~76.0% 75.9~73.0% 72.9~70.0% 69.9~65.0% 64.9~60.0% =< 59.9% Mid-term Exam  Final Exam  WorkNote (4X25 pts)  Quiz  Exercise  Statistics Project  Class Participation 100  100  100  100  100  100  20 15.0%  20.0%  15.0%  15.0%  15.0%  15.0%  5.0% TOTAL 620 100%

What are the three approaches to connect between theory and research?

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Examination:  There are two (2) examinations. The exams include material covered in the readings and in classroom  discussions/lectures. All materials covered in class are not necessarily in the readings. You are responsible for  the readings as well as information from the lectures. Since some students perform well in multiple-choice  questions, true-false answers, others on essays, and yet others on short answers, the exams in this course include LEJA 303:1– Quantitative Techniques for LE, SPRING 2017 3  a mixture of these testing techniques. On the essay section, you must write according to essay format, not  fragmented lists. The exams are not cumulative.  WorkNote:  Worknotes are designed to hold you accountable for daily/weekly readings and lectures. There are four (4) parts  of the WorkNotes according to the major sections of this course. The format of your WorkNote is mostly short answer questions. You have to answer them during classroom sessions or after the sessions. The WorkNote will  be collected after the session and be brought back in the following session. It is your responsibility to print  them out from WesternOnline and keep them to prepare the examinations later on. PLEASE do not do your  missed WorkNotes in class. There is no make-up or late submission for it.  Course Exercise and Quiz:  “Course Exercise” consists of several activities: (1) classroom exercise; (2) textbook exercise; (3) take-home  exercise; and (4) SPSS Lab exercise.  (1) The “classroom exercise” may include such activities as classroom discussion, classroom statistical  calculations, and classroom team project.  (2) The “textbook exercise” is to answer the “EXERCISES” questions. Each chapter has its section at the end.  Selected questions and sections will be assigned according to class lectures and discussions.  (3) The “take-home exercise” is to design to practice statistical techniques (i.e., to calculate averages,  standard deviation, etc.) with real datasets.  (4) The “SPSS Lab exercise” is to design to have hands-on practices of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social  Sciences), a popular statistical software (available with the computers at Stipes 303 and Stipes Computer  Labs). The datasets and lab exercise guidelines will be either uploaded on WesternOnline or handed out  in class.  “Quiz” is designed to help you to review your weekly studies and exercises and to prepare the exams. There will  be several quizzes by each chapter and available in WesternOnline quiz format. Quizzes will be UNANNOUNCED  and administered in class. There is NO make-up quiz. Several course exercises and quizzes will be assigned  with 10 points per assignment. The sections and instructions for all exercises will be EITHER handed out in class  OR uploaded on WesternOnline in advance.  Statistics Project:  It is a team project to locate a statistical file mostly from the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social  Research (ICPSR; https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/), which is a central repository of data collected by  social science researchers. All students must create an account in order to access the website to locate the file.  The purpose of this project is to find an original statistical data as a secondary data source, to identify the title  and goal of the study, to identify key variables, and to conduct statistical analyses, which will be covered in this  class. The final product is to prepare a statistical paper and to present it to the class. All detailed guidelines for  several steps will be uploaded on WesternOnline in advance.  Late Work and Make-Up Exam Policy:  All assignments are due before the session: not the middle; not the end; and not anytime after the session. There  are NO make-up exams without documented, verifiable doctor’s excuse or emergency the DAY of the exam (not  the day or week before). Further, you must notify me prior to the exam to explain your absence with the  documentation. If a make-up should be necessary, it will be comprised of essay questions ONLY. The missed  exam must be completed within one week of the scheduled date. Failure to take any examination may result in  the student earning a Letter Grade F. In addition, if you expect to have an excused absence, you HAVE TO have  the course requirement done in advance (e.g., test, quiz, exercise, etc.), NOT after the absent date. And NO LATE  SUBMISSION will be accepted absolutely!!  Student Rights and Responsibilities:  Please see http://www.wiu.edu/provost/student.phpLEJA 303:1– Quantitative Techniques for LE, SPRING 2017 4  Student Academic Integrity Policy:  The instructor will refer any findings of academic dishonesty (e.g., cheating and plagiarism) to university  administrative officials for disposition (http://www.wiu.edu/policies/acintegrity.php).  Students with Disabilities:  In accordance with University values and disability law, students with disabilities may request academic  accommodations where there are aspects of a course that result in barriers to inclusion or accurate assessment of  achievement. To file an official request for disability-related accommodations, please contact the Disability  Resource Center at 309-298-2512, disability@wiu.edu or in 143 Memorial Hall. Please notify the instructor as soon  as possible to ensure that this course is accessible to you in a timely manner.  Title IX Policy:  University values, Title IX, and other federal and state laws prohibit sex discrimination, including sexual  assault/misconduct, dating/domestic violence, and stalking. f you, or someone you know, has been the victim of  any of these offenses, we encourage you to report this to the Title IX Coordinator at 309-298-1977 or anonymously  online at http://www.wiu.edu/equal_opportunity_and_access/request_form/index.php. If you disclose an  incident to a faculty member, the faculty member must notify the Title IX Coordinator. The complete Title IX  policy is available at http://www.wiu.edu/vpas/policies/titleIX.php.  TENTATIVE COURSE SCHEDULE   CLASS DATE TOPICS Week 1 Jan. 18,20 ∙ Syllabus and Overview of the Course ∙ Ch. 1: The Foundations of Statistics – Theory and Methods Week 2 Jan. 23,25,27 ∙ Ch. 1: The Foundations of Statistics – Measurements Week 3 Jan. 30  Feb. 1,3 ∙ Ch. 1: The Foundations of Statistics – Graphs Week 4 Feb. 6,8,10 ∙ Ch. 2: Descriptive Statistics Week 5 Feb. 13,15,17 ∙ Ch. 2: Measures of Central Tendency NO CLASS (Monday, Feb. 13) Week 6 Feb. 20,22,24 ∙ Ch. 3: Measures of Dispersion Week 7 Feb. 27  Mar. 1,3 ∙ Ch. 3: Forms of a Distribution ∙ Ch. 4: Bivariate Tables and Analysis Week 8 Mar. 6,8,10 ∙ Ch. 5: Measures of Existence and Statistical Significance  MIDTERM EXAM (Friday, March 10) Week 9 Mar. 13,15,17 SPRING BREAK Week 10 Mar. 20,22,24 ∙ Ch. 6: Measures of the Strength of a Relationship Week 11 Mar. 27,29,31 ∙ Ch. 7: Measures of the Direction and Nature of a Relationship Week 12 April 3,5,7 ∙ Ch. 8: Inferential Statistics ∙ Ch. 9: Hypothesis Testing Week 13 April 10,12,14 ∙ Ch. 10: Hypothesis Tests Week 14 April 17,19,21 ∙ Ch. 11: Multivariate Statistics & ANOVA ∙ Ch. 12: Putting It All Together Week 15 April 24,26,28 Class Reports Week 16 May 1,3,5 Class Reports

May 8 (Mon.) FINAL EXAM (10:00 A.M. ~ 11:50 A.M.)

What are the three primary ways that variables can vary?

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∙ It is your responsibility to complete all readings prior to the lecture.  ∙ This schedule is tentative and is subject to change. All changes will be announced in class. It is the students’  responsibility to ensure they are apprised of any schedule change, which will be announced in class. QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT LEJA 303:1 WORKNOTE SCHOOL OF LAW ENFORCEMENT & JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SEMESTER: SPRING 2017  CLASS DAY/HOUR: MONDAYS, WEDNESDAYS & FRIDAYS @ STIPES 301  10:00 A.M. ~ 10:50 A.M.  STUDENT NAME: __________________________ 1 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT WorkNote – Part 1 (Ch 1. Intro ~ Ch 2. Centrality)  Major Points: Scientific inquiry  Theory  Inductive and deductive approaches  Research process  Literature review  Research questions  Research design  Conceptualization  Operationalization  Variable  Attribute  Exhaustive measurement of the variable  Mutually exclusive measurement of the  variable  Qualitative variable  Quantitative variable  Independent variable  Dependent variable  Nominal variable  Ordinal variable  Interval variable  Ratio variable  Statistics  Descriptive statistics  Inferential statistics  Frequency distributions  Frequency (f)  Grouped frequency  Range  Proportion (p)  Percentage (%)  Rate  Ratio  Graph basic  Histogram  Frequency polygon  Bar graph  Pie chart  Line chart (scatterplot)  Central tendency  Mode  Median  (Arithmetic) mean  Deviation2 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Chapter 1: The Foundations of Statistics: Theory & Method  Q1. Describe the scientific inquiry.  Q2. Describe the “statistical history.”  Q3. Describe the “uses of statistics.”  Q4. What are three elements in social science research? 3 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q5. Explain about the “theory.”  Q6. What are the three approaches to connect between theory and research?  Q7. Describe the “deductive method” in the process of scientific inquiry.  [Q 8-16 on pages 4-9]  Q8. On page 5, identify several activities in the process of scientific inquiry. 4 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q9. Describe the “primary questions” in scientific research.  Q10. Describe the “research questions.”  Q11. Describe the “hypothesis” with its types.  Q12. Describe the “constructing research design.” 5 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q13. Explain about the “conceptualization.”  Q14. Explain about the “operationalization.”  Q15. Describe the “data collection.”  Q16. Describe the “statistical analysis” in the process of research.  Q17. Describe the “comparisons” in statistics. 6 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q18. Describe the “using comparable measures.”  Q19. Describe the “interpretations” of statistical analysis.  Q20. Describe the “communication” of the statistical results.   7 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Chapter 1: The Foundations of Statistics: Variables and Measurement  Q21. Define the “variable” and “attribute.”  Q22. Explain the process of measurement.    Q23. What are the three primary ways that variables can vary?  Q24. Describe the “exhaustive” measurement of variable.  Q25. Describe the “mutually exclusive” measurement of variable.  Q26. Describe the “qualitative” variable. 8 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q27. Describe the “quantitative” variable.  Q28. Describe the “dichotomous” variable.  Q29. Describe the “continuous” variable.  Q30. Describe the “discrete” variable.  [Q 31-36 on pages 10-12]  Q31. What are the four levels of measurement?  Q32. Describe the “nominal” level of measurement. 9 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q33. Describe the “ordinal” level of measurement.  Q34. Describe the “interval” level of measurement.  Q35. Describe the “ratio” level of measurement.  Q36. Describe the “changing levels” of measurement. 10 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q37. Describe the “scale continuity.”  Q38. What is the “dependent variable”?  Q39. What is the “independent variable”?    Q40. What is the “confounding variable”? 11 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics  Q41. What are the goals and branches of statistical analysis?  Q42. Describe the “descriptive statistics.”  Q43. Describe the “inferential statistics.” 12 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q44. What is the primary goal of inferential statistics?  Q45. Summarize the following terms.  ① Population: ② Sample: ③ Descriptive Statistics: ④ Inferential Statistics: Q46. Practice some basic mathematical operations and rules. 13 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q47. What are the three questions about the various statistical procedures?  ① ② ③ Q48. Describe the “frequency distributions.”  Q49. Describe the “frequency table.”  Q50. Describe the “grouped frequency table.” 14 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q51. What are three tools to compare the groups of different sizes?  ① ② ③ Q52. Describe the “proportion (p).”  Q53. Describe the “percentage (%).”  Q54. Practice!!

7

5 4

7 4 6 7 3 7 5 6

6 6

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x f p % 7

6

5

4

3

Total

15 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: )  Gender of  Student Criminal Justice Major College A College B f p % f p % Male 879

119

Female 473

64

Total 1352

183

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Q55. Describe the “rate.”  Q56. Practice!!!!   City/State Murders Population Murder rate per 10,000 population City 3 29,665

State 1327 19,439,000

① Does the city have a higher or lower murder rate than the state?  Q57. Describe the “ratio.” 16 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q58. Practice!!!  Marital status of 334 probationers   Marital Status f p % Single 93

Married 86

Separated 42

Divorced 93

Widowed 6

Common Law 14

Total 334

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① Ratio of singles to common law:  ② Ratio of married to divorced:   17 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Illustration of Data (Graph)  Q59. What are three graphical representations of frequencies?  Q60. Describe “graph basic.”  Q61. Describe the “pie chart.”  Q62. Describe the “histograms” and “bar charts.”  Q63. Describe the “polygons” and “area charts.” 18 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q64. Describe the “line charts.”  Q65. Describe the “mapping methods.” 19 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Chapter 2: Measures of Central Tendency (Averages)  [Q 66-76 on pages 22-29]  Q66. What is the “average”?  Q67. List the three (3) measures of central tendency  ① ② ③ Q68. What is the “mode”?  Q69. Find the “mode” value from the below table.  Marital status of the offenders   Marital Status Frequency Single Married Separated Divorced Other 93 86 42 89 20 Total 330

Q70. Describe the characteristics of the mode. 20 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q71. What is the “median”?  Q72. “Median” practice!!!  Test Grades in Three Class Sections                   Section A Section B Section C  94 96 93  92 94 92  91 94 90  91 93 88  89 89 85  87 87 85  85 85 85  82 83 83  79 81 79  76 78 76  74 76 73  73 72  71 71  67 Mode =  Median =  ∑ =  ܺത =

Q73. What is the “mean (arithmetic mean)”?  Q74. Describe the characteristics of the mean. 21 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: ) Q75. “Mean” practice!!!  Offenders’ IQ score  

Offender X (IQ Score)

Gene  Steve  Bob  Michael  Joan  Jim  Jane  Mary 125  92  72  126  120  99  130  100 Total Sum (∑)= ܺത = Mode = Median =

Q76. Describe the concern using the averages.  Q77. Describe the “deviation.”  Q78. “Deviation” practice!!! X

Deviation (X – ܺത) (X – ܺത)2 9  8  6  5  2 Total Sum (∑) = ܺത =

 

∑ = ∑ =

22 LEJA 303 WorkNote – Part 1 (Name: )  Case Score Deviation (X – ܺത) (X – ܺത)2 A 6

B 4

C 5

D 9

E 2

F 0

G 7

H 3

I 1

J 5

K 4

L 2

Total ∑ = ܺത = ∑ = ∑ =

Q79. “Deviation” and “Sums of the Squared Deviations” practice!!! X

X - ܆ഥ ሺࢄ − ࢄഥሻ૛ X - Mo (X-Mo)2 X - Me (X-Me)2 7 Sum (∑) = ܺത = Mode = Median =

 

6

5

5

4

3

3

3

2

2

∑

 

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