Description
First Test
Amendments:
- First amendment: freedom of speech, press, religion, expression
o Commercial speech: is advertising through print, television, radio, and webbased sources
- Fourth amendment: freedom from governmentconducted searches without cause or warrant - Fifth and Sixth amendments: rights against selfincrimination and to a speedy jury trial by our peers
- Eighth amendment: freedom from cruel and unusual punishments
- Fourteenth amendment: due process clause
o Equal Protection Clause: prohibits the government from denying citizens equal protection of the laws
Voir Dire: questioning process in the jury selection process
- process of asking potential jurors questions to reveal any prejudices that may affect their judgment of the facts
Second Test
Intentional Tort Elements
1. Intent: to cause harm (actual, implied, transferred)
2. Willful act
3. Causation: actions led to damages
4. Damages: there were damages suffered
Products Liability Defenses:
Products Liability: manufacturer is most liable for a product that, because of a defect, causes harm to a consumer because of negligence, warranty, or strict liability (Strict Liability: no need to prove negligence because the manufacturer is automatically liable in tort when an article he places on the market (without inspection for defect) has a defect) Don't forget about the age old question of What is the Embryonic Stage?
We also discuss several other topics like 636 Straight line what curent vele?
- Has to be a hazardous activity and have 3 things:
1. product is defective
2. product is defective when you bought it/when it left manufacturer (defective when the consumer gets it)
3. the defective product caused you harm
Seller’s Defenses:
- Substantial Change: the product must reach the end user without being substantially altered (manufacture may still be liable for negligence, just not strict liability)
Don't forget about the age old question of What Do Managers Do, and What Skills Do They Use?
If you want to learn more check out What are 4 types of animal histological tissues?
- Assumption of the Risk: injured party assumed the risk if the party knew and disregarded the risk
- Unforeseeable Misuse: Misusing products is very common and foreseeable – saying that there was an "unforeseeable misuse of a product" is hard to prove
- Useful Life Defense: the product was used past its useful life, thus they are no longer liable for it - Inherently dangerous product: a product that cannot be made to be totally safe to do what they are supposed to do
Ch. 11: Agency
Agency relationship: set out rules and standards for situations in which one party hires another party to act on the hiring party’s behalf; a fiduciary relationship; utmost good faith If you want to learn more check out How would you describe the columbus letter?
- Principal: employer; tells agent what to do
- Agent: employee; is told what to do
- fiduciary relationship: the notion that two parties may agree that one will act for the other party’s benefit with a high level of integrity and good faith in carrying out the best interests of the represented party
Types of Agents:
Employee agents: authorized on behalf of the employer; principal is liable for agent’s actions - Nonagent: the masterservant relationship: when the employee does not have the authority act on behalf of the employer (ex: a security guard at a bank cannot transact business on the bank’s behalf)
Independent contractor: contractor is not an employee and doesn’t have the legal protections that an employee has; principal is not liable for it’s actions
- Not at agent
- Prefer having someone listed as an independent contractor rather than an employee so that you aren't liable for their acts Don't forget about the age old question of what is Hydrocarbons?
Gratuitous agents: agent acts on behalf of the principal but doesn’t receive compensation
Employee agents vs. Independent Contractors:
- Agent is classified based on direction and control of work schedule, pay rate, supervision, etc. - Courts apply substanceoverform to determine the relationship: the status is determined by the actual working relationship, not necessarily the relationship that the parties agreed upon - Employees are directed and controlled by the employer
- Independent contractors work by their own rules
Creation of Agency Relationship: defined by the Restatements in terms of consent and control - First step: the principal manifests an offer to form an agency
o Consent happens when the agent agrees to act for the principal
- Second step: the parties must have a mutual understanding that the principal is in control–doesn’t need to be total or continuous control
- Third step: the law doesn’t require a formal expression of the agency relationship o Conduct alone can be enough to create a relationship
Principal’s Liability
- Liability arises through either contract obligation or through vicarious liability: liability for another
Actual Authority: the agent’s power to bind the principal on an actual or implied agreement - Arises when the parties agree to create the relationship or the authority is implied based on custom or past dealings
o Actual Ex: the employer has the actual authority to sign off on waivers and legal obligations
o Implied Ex: that it is part of your job to be able to sign off on a waiver
- *employee must have authority to do certain things; if they don’t have authority, it is not valid* Apparent Authority: the agent’s power to bind a principal based on appearance of of legitimate authority to a third power
- apparent authority is not expressly authorized by the principal
- the third party needs to be objectively reasonable in her belief that the apparent agent is authorized to act for the principal
Ratification: when an agent has the power to bind the principal afterthefact
- when the principal affirms a previously unauthorized act by either:
o expressly ratifying the act
o not repudiating the act
- Ratify something= approve it after the fact
- An agent must act within their authority
Agent’s Liability to Third Parties
Fully Disclosed Agency: third party is aware that the agent is acting on behalf of the principal - Agent has no liability
Partially Disclosed Agency: third party is aware that the agent is acting on behalf of the principal, but doesn’t know who the principal is
- Both the principal and the agent may be liable
- Third party must rely on the agent’s good faith dealings
- "I'm Sandra and I'm here on behalf of someone else, but I'm not going to tell you who" o Ex: celebrity/someone really wealthy
o Agent can be liable
Undisclosed Agency: third party is unware that an agency relationship exists and thinks the agent is acting on his own behalf
- Agent is fully liable
o Depends on agency relationship– principal would have to back the agent up
Tort Liability to Third Parties
Respondent superior: principal is liable for the servant’s or agent’s tort when the act resulted in physical harm or injury AND occurred within the employee’s course and scope of his employment - Holds employers liable for both employee agents and nonagent employees
o Fall on the way to lunch: NO
o Fall on the way to lunch with students for class help: YES
- Frolic vs. Detour: determines whether the principal is liable
o Frolic: employee hits someone with the delivery van while on his lunch break while he’s driving to pick up tickets for his family
Employer not liable
o Detour: employee hits someone while leaving work to grab a coffee
Employer liable
- Vicarious liability: liability that an employer bears for the actions of the employee– ALSO big catchall for employer to not be responsible for employee
o May not fall under course and scope
o Ex: your employee shows up drunk– employer has to try to keep the employee from driving drunk or else he is liable
- Principals are generally not liable for negligent acts of independent contractors Criminal Liability: generally, for the employer to be liable for the acts of the employee in a criminal situation, they must be a part of it
Duties of the Agent
1 Performance: Do your job to the best of your ability
2 Notification: if the employee learns something through the job that would be important for the employer to know, the employee should give notice
3 Loyalty and Obedience: don't compete with your boss; do what your boss tells you (not something illegal)
4 Accounting: if you have an expense account and demand money for repayment, you must be able to show a receipt
Duties of the Principal (boss)
1 Compensate your agent
2 Reimbursement: situation where it's like an expense account– to do your job you have many obligations that you need to be reimbursed for
3 Identification: getting paid back for something as a legal obligation
a Ex: legal expenses of employee
2 Cooperation: the employer needs to give you guidelines for what it is you need to do so that you can cooperate successfully
3 Working Conditions: employer has the obligation to provide employees with a safe working space 4 Provide proper tools
Terminating Agency relationship:
1. by agreement
- Termination: ending the agency by simply communicating desire
o Revocation: termination by the principal
o Renunciation: termination by the agent
- Expiration: when the agency relationship is terminated because both parties agreed on a fixed term (time period, event completion, purpose is accomplished)
- The principal may terminate (legally) but the agent may be entitled to damages 2. Death/mental incompetence
3. Bankruptcy by one party
4. If the country's go to war
Chapter 12: Employment Relationships and Labor Law
Federal vs. State
- Federal law is general
- State law can make minimum wage higher than federal minimum
Atwill employee: you can quit anytime you want/be fired anytime the employer wants - Employer doesn't have to give you a reason
Exceptions:
1. Employee has an express contract (rare)
- Parties have a contract that states the rules of termination; sometimes give a severance pay - employees on tenure
- If you are a part of the labor union, generally you are not atwill, because the union has a contract with the employer
2. Courts have fashioned a common law exception
- You cannot fire someone for something against public policy (welfare of the general public) - Places welfare ahead of the rights of an employer
- Termination is inconsistent with the public’s wellbeing
- Ex: this would take be applied in court if an employee is terminated based on her safetyrelated complaints about a child care facility
3. There is specific statutory protection
antidiscrimination laws
protection against jury duty, forming a union, apply for reasonable worker’s compensation, etc. o Ex: you are an atwill employee and get requested for jury duty; you are required by law, but your employer threatens to fire you if you leave–your employer cannot fire you - Protects whistleblowers: an employee/agent who reports illegal activity boss cannot fire you
Employee Regulations
FLSA:
1. Mandated minimum wage (there is a federal one, but states may have higher ones) 2. Maximum 40hour workweek
3. Overtime pay of 1.5x hourly rate
4. Restrictions for children
- Employers like to keep some employees at part time so that they don't have to offer fulltime benefits
- Exempt employees:
o Employees who get over $455/week and perform specific duties that make them exempt (executive, administrative, managerial, or professional)
keeps in mind physical labor, repetitive tasks, degree of supervision
o Employees earning over $100,000/year
o "on salary" typically you don't get overtime
o other exempt employees include: 1) specialized professionals (attorneys, teachers, accountants, physicians); 2) management/supervisory employees; 3) computer
programmers, engineers; 4) employees with certain certification/regulatory requirements (insurance adjusters, dental hygienists)
- Child labor laws
o Protects children
o Under 14: "no employee besides newspaper sales and delivery"
o 1415: limited hours in nonhazardous jobs (busboys, etc.)
o 1617: no limits on hours, but cannot work in dangerous jobs
Healthcare
- if a business does not provide health care, it has to pay a fee to the U.S.
- A lot of employers have "group plans" for their employees' health insurance–much cheaper, better coverage, fewer exclusions
- Two federal statutes regulate healthcare: HIPPA and COBRA
HIPPA: sets administrative rules and standards designed to protect employee medical information and records from disclosure to a third party
- Health insurance portability; has to do with healthcare regarding preexisting condition– but if you had insurance in the past, your preexisting conditions are already covered
o Says if you've been part of a group plan, without a gap in coverage, the new insurance plan cannot deny you coverage for your preexisting condition
o back in the day, people could not leave jobs (for better jobs) because you could not get insurance if you moved
COBRA: if your employer offers you a health plan, but you quit/get fired, you have the opportunity to elect COBRA (within a 3060 day period); says that if you leave your employment and elect COBRA, your old employer must allow you and your family to stay on the group plan
- Up to 18 months
- Exemployee must pay premium and administrative fee
- EXCEPT if you are fired for gross misconduct: something illegal
Workplace Injuries and Safety:
Workers' Compensation
- Says that if you get injured on the job, your employer must pay ALL medical bills resulting from that injury and also must pay any indemnity benefits for the time that you missed work o Regardless of whether it was fault or negligence of the employee, employer, third party, etc.
- Injury must be 1) accidental 2) within course and scope of employment
- Governed by state law–most require that anybody with employees have some sort of workers' comp insurance
- Indemnity benefits: 2/3 your average weekly wage
o They will look at past 4 weeks
o Salary employee will always be the same
o Hourly employee will vary–hope you didn't take a vacation
- Exceptions to injuries that get compensation:
o Selfinflicted
o Violation of safety rules
o Willful misconduct or horseplay
o Intoxication or illegal drug use
- If employer causes injury, the ill party may bypass the workers’ compensation system and sue the employer for full recover including punitive damages
o If employer has intentionally created issues that cause harm
o If employer acts with reckless regard for employees’ safety
OSHA: to prevent workplace injuries
- Federal group that can come to your workplace and do some sort of inspection 1. Set national safety standards
2. Mandate information disclosure and warnings of hazardous working areas
3. Establish recordkeeping and reporting requirements
4. Impose a general duty upon employers to keep workplace reasonably safe
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA): basic protection for workers who have to take a brief leave to care for themselves or an immediate family member
- Applies to employers with 50 or more employees with 75 miles
- Employee must have worked for the company for at least 12 months
- You get 3 months of unpaid leave and your employer has to hold your job for you and reinstate you immediately
- You get to return with the same rate of pay
- Generally, needs some sort of notice
- Eligible:
o Newborn, newly adopted baby
o Serious health condition of the employee or employee’s immediate family
o Employee’s health condition must require continued treats and render the person unable to care for himself for 3 consecutive days
o Conditions must be documented
Employee Privacy
- Computer use is not protected– employers can:
o Track websites
o Count keystrokes/mouse clicks
o Block internet sites
o Limit amount of time spent on a specific website
- Employers want to increase monitoring to limit risk of vicarious liability (for defamation or employee discrimination)
- ECPA: protects employee’s personal calls and office voice mail
- ADA: prohibits discrimination on physical disability
o protects drug and alcohol tests when it uncovers a drug addiction
o medical examination is only allowed after the job offer has been made–cannot target employees (pregnant ones, for example)
Chapter 13: Employment Discrimination
Employment discrimination: includes
1. Hiring process
2. Treatment of employees (schedules, conditions, promotions, etc.)
3. Disciplinary actions
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC): administrative agency that carries out federal workplace antidiscrimination laws
- Employees file to the EEOC and the EEOC may sue on behalf of the employee
Federal Workplace Antidiscrimination Statutes
Title VII: civil rights act; developed protected classes
- Protects discrimination of protected classes: race, gender, national origin, religion, color - Not disability, age, or sex–does not protect gay people
o Some states have expanded on it to include LGBT rights
Disparate treatment (McDonnell Douglas Standard): intentional discrimination; 3 stages to prove 1. Prove it’s a prima facie case: sufficient evidence to show discrimination without proving additional facts
2. Burden of proof shifts to employer, who must try to give a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for his action (pretext: false excuse to cover up discriminatory action)
3. Burden of proof shifts back to employee, who must show that the reason given by the employer was not the actual reason for his action
Mixed Motives (Hopkins Standard): when employer has legitimate and discriminatory motives - Ex: woman who worked well but had “bad” interpersonal skills– abrasive and used foul language. The partners told her she should act more like a lady. She sued for gender discrimination but they also had documented legitimate reasons
Disparate impact (Griggs Standard): can be accidental/unintentional; the effect will be discriminatory - If a neutral practice has an unlawful adverse impact on a member of a protected class - Must prove:
1. Prima facie by showing that the methods resulted in differences that adversely impacted a protected class (statistical data, usually)
2. Burden of Proof on the employer to show that the challenged practice is jobrelated and a business necessity
- Even if the employer’s reason is valid, the plaintiff may still win if the employer refuses to adopt an alternative practice
- Ex: security guard: requirement of being 6 ft. tall excludes women
Sexual Harassment: because gender is a protected class
- Unwelcome sexual advances, request for sexual favors, verbal/physical conduct of sexual nature - Quid pro quo theory: when the harasser demands sexual favors for continued employment or for a promotion/praise
- Hostile work environment: when the harasser interferes with the individual’s ability to perform the job
- Employer will be liable, even if he had no knowledge of the illegal conduct, if he: o Failed to make employees aware of sexual harassment policy
o Failed to have a system in place to deter harassment
o Failed to enforce an existing policy
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)
- Employers with 20 or more employees are prohibited from discriminating on age once employees reach age 40
- Cases are treated as intentional discrimination
- Prima facie can be established by showing a satisfactory job performance, adverse job action such as termination, and replacement with someone substantially younger (at least 10 years)
Equal Pay Act of 1963: employer must provide equal pay to men and women who do the same job
ADA: Asks that employees receive special treatment via reasonable accommodation - Disability: physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a person’s ability to participate in major life activities
- “RegardedAs Test”: if an employee has an impairment that is not disabled under ADA, he still has protection if his employer discriminates against him because of the impairment - Reasonable accommodations include:
1. Available facilities
2. Job restructuring (modified work schedules, interpreters, reassignment, etc.) - Reasonable accommodations cannot create an undue hardship on the employer
Asserting a Claim:
1. File a complaint against employer
a. EEOC notifies employer and investigates/gathers evidence
2. EEOC engages in conciliation negotiations
a. Good faith efforts in favor of settlement
3. If conciliation fails, EEOC can file against employer on employee’s behalf or do nothing a. If it doesn’t take action, the employee can issue a righttosue letter for him to sue in court
Employer Defenses
- Business necessity: discrimination was legitimately necessary to business operations o Calculated by business necessity test; used in disparate impact claims
o Ex: employee is a man to lift 100pound piece of furniture
- Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ): discriminatory hiring on the basis of religion, gender, or origin when it is reasonably necessary for operations of business (not race) o Ex: hiring a woman for a female role in a movie
- Seniority: employers can use the seniority system as a basis for job decisions - Employee misconduct: Employers can discipline employees for misconduct without liability for discrimination
o Must treat employees equally
Affirmative Action: program includes recruiting minority applicants, special training programs, and the reevaluation of the effect of selection criteria
- Executive order directed at businesses who have a contract with federal government - Not a law– many employers do it out of social pressures/threat of litigation
- Court can impose it on an employer if there is a pattern of discrimination among employees - Affirmative action programs are constitutional if it 1) remedies discrimination 2) does not use quotas
Ch. 23: Criminal Law and Procedure in Business
Criminal law vs. Criminal procedures
- Criminal Law: body of law to prevent harm to society
- Criminal procedure: sets limits on the government’s authority in applying criminal law
Criminal law vs. civil law
- civil law: compensate parties
- different burdens of proof
o civil law: needs to prove only by preponderance of the evidence “more likely than not” o criminal law: beyond a reasonable doubt
Crime requirements
- Legality: Criminal statute must be very specific
- Punishment: characteristics of criminal law: 1) they are a deterrent 2) they remove dangerous criminals from population 3) it includes rehab
Criminal Liability: concerns both the physical part (act) and a mental part (state of mind) - Actus reas: guilty act
o Must be voluntary
o Conspiracy can count/ attempted
o Also failure to act
- Mens rea: guilty mind
o Intentional
o Certain situations such as manslaughter issues
Heat of passion, temporary insanity
So reckless they can consider it intentional
Defenses:
- Selfdefense
- Mental incapacity
- Also duress and intoxication
Types of crimes
- Felonies: anything punishable by a year or more
- Misdemeanor: up to one year
- Public order crimes: disorderly conduct in public; zoning violations, speeding, parking tickets
White collar crime: criminal violations by corporations/individuals; includes fraud, bribery, theft, conspiracy, etc.
- Fraud: An intentional act, intentional misrepresentation of a material fact that someone relied on to their detriment
- Ponzi Scheme: fraudulent investment operation that pays invested money to investors rather than making any profit
- Conspiracy: Conspire to commit a crime; requires more than one person; can be a crime in and of itself
o Must be some move forward
o Until you actually do something towards the goal its not conspiracy
o i.e. robbing a bank–Call bank to see what hours are
- (RICO) Racketeering Influence and Corrupt Organizations Act
o Created to prevent gangs/mafias from interfering with legitimate businesses o Racketeering: organized conspiracy to commit crimes that include:
Money laundering
Narcotics
Insider training
Prostitution
o To have a claim you must show there is an ongoing criminal enterprise
o Cannot commit by yourself
o Show members of the organization committed two acts of racketeering within a 10year period
o If you can prove there is an organization and you can catch anyone in the organization doing something wrong, you can bring down the whole group
o Penalties include forfeiture: seizing defendants’ personal assets if the assets were obtained using profits from criminal activity
- Bribery scheme to pay a government official money in order to obtain favorable treatment o Usually a public official, an authority–someone who has power, authority, influence o If you offer a bribe but its not accepted, it can still be charged as bribery
o Does not have to include cash, can be services, favors, etc.
- Obstruction of justice: Can be anything from lying (not cooperating), not telling them something
o Martha Stewart went to jail for this
o Ex: Lying to the police officers, destroying documents, not turning over information - Embezzlement: an unauthorized use of something you have control over
o People are usually book keepers, accountants
o Doesn’t have to just be money
o Ex: taking company care on a trip to Florida, using the corporate card for personal stuff
o If you give the money back its no longer embezzled