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3 Reasons for Recidivism 1. Violent Subculture 2. Lack of Rehabilitation 3. Label of "Criminal" Achieved Status Statuses we attain voluntarily, to a considerable degree, as the result of our own efforts. Affective Action (Weber) Action guided by emotions and feelings. **Lowers Recidivism** Alternatives to Prison 1. Victim to Offender MedIf you want to learn more check out living in the microbial world rutgers
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iation: Property Crimes 2. Plan of Restitution: Pay Back anticipatory socialization a group you are about to become apart of. know a life change is coming up and prepare for it. Eg. Having a baby. Arguments for and against capital punishment (book needed) Pro: Ultimate warning, provides closure, Con: does not dissuade, its hypocritical Ascribed Status Statuses assigned to us from birth, regardless our wishes or abilities. Bourgeoisie (Capital Class) Those who control major capital and own the means of production. Proletariat (Working Class) Those who survive on the wages they earn. Brain Plasticity The ability of the brain to restructure and reorganize itself, especially in response to social experiences and learning. BUREAUCRACY workplace. (company, FAU, workplace) Capital During Industrial economies money to invest in factories, real estate, other businesses. Class mobility The ability to move from one social class to another. Collective Conscience (Durkheim) and Deviance deviance and crime, argued that crime (and deviant behavior in general) could be defined only in relation to the social norms a criminal (or deviant) act violates. People are not offended by an action because it is a crime/deviant act; rather, people define an act as criminal/deviant because it offends some basic social norms. Conformitywhen you feel pressured to follow orders, or to go along with a group. EX: obedience Consequences of Being in Poverty: 1. Death in Childhood 2. Lower Education Control Theory strong social bonds help prevent deviance; weak social bonds may lead to deviance Criticisms of Poverty Line 1. Cost of living varies geographically 2. Ignores differences in health care 3. Formula is outdated 4. Poverty line misses entire group of people homeless, institutionalized, undocumented immigrants 5. Does not adjust for inflation minimum wage is $7.25 wages stay the same def. and examples of hidden prejudice (book needed) Hidden Bias Tests measure unconscious, or automatic, biases. Your willingness to examine your own possible biases is an important step in understanding the roots of stereotypes and prejudice in our society Definition of colorblind racism Colorblindness is the racial ideology that posits the best way to end discrimination is by treating individuals as equally as possible, without regard to race, culture, or ethnicity. definition of stigma (book needed) a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. Deviance Behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms and expectations. Behavior that parts from society's norms. (bad behavior) difference between prejudice and discrimination (book needed) Prejudice has to do with the inflexible and irrational attitudes and opinions held by members of one group about another, while discrimination refers to behaviors directed against another group. Differential Association Theory theory that suggests deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior. Equilibrium Refers to the balance among various structures that maintains a society. External Influences (Sociology) conformity is enforced by agents of social control including the authorities and social institutions that enforce norms and rules, attempt to prevent rule violations, and identify and punish rule violators. External Social Control enforce norms through sanctions (punishment) Facts about welfare1) Block Grant = federal government gives each state money to spend on welfare = $16 billion which is divided to the states. The $16 budget has stayed the same over years since it was implemented. Has not gone up with inflation. 2) Lifetime cap = receive welfare for no more than 5 years total. most people receive welfare for less than 2 years total. 3) Work requirement = have to get a job within 2 years of receiving assistance most people are working more than 1 job 4) Family cap = if you have a child while receiving welfare, the govt will not increase the amount of money you get most people receiving welfare have between 1 and 2 children. = national monthly average for 1 to 2 kids check is $349 per month 5) Proof of citizenship to apply for TANF Family (as an agent of socialization) Most significant agent of early socialization. We learn basic skills by direct and indirect instruction. FBI Uniform Crime Reports Data volunteered by police reports. Feral Child Child who has lived isolated from a very young age, and has no (or little) experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and crucially, of human language. Formula for Poverty Line Government computes the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet multiplied by 3 Functionalist at Macro Level There's an equilibrium between how parts of a society work together and what role the different structures play. Functionalist Theory of class The belief that free competition between individuals for lucrative positions produces a winwin benefit for society. In order to survive wellqualified people must fill important positions. Genes and Socialization Influence of genes is complicated and subtle. Genes are the potential for traits. Expression depends on the physical and social environment. Social conditions can trigger or counter genetically linked effect. Social interaction and culture makes humans different. genocide (book needed) the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Group of 2 Dyad Group of 3 TriadHow Does America View Poverty? 1. Social Darwinism: "Survival of the Fittest" 2. Individualism 3. We blame poor people themselves for being poor how do the Asch experiments demonstrate conformity? (book needed) a series of studies directed by Solomon Asch studying if and how individuals yielded to or defied a majority group and the effect of such influences on beliefs and opinions. How many people in the U.S are in official poverty? 46 Million (15%) "I" (Mead) Part of self that is spontaneous, impulsive, creative, and unpredictable. Inadequate Socialization Failure to internalize social norms leads to deviance. Income money received from sources such as wages and salaries, as well as from the interest, dividends, and rent generated by wealth Individual Mobility This mobility occurs when a person's class position changes without any change in the larger class structure. InGroups group towards which you feel loyalty and respect group. A group that you are in. ex. guru group or church group In regards to conformity in organizations what are Weber's Five Characteristics of Bureaucracy 1. Hierarchy of Authority: Not Everyone is Equal 2. Full Time & Salaried: Higher Up Better Off 3. Seperation Between Work & Home 4. Do NOT Own Resources: With Which They Work 5. Rules Govern Behavior of Workers Internal Influences (Sociology) We learn norms, develop a moral framework for determining right and wrong, and acquire an understanding of the range of attitudes, aspirations and behaviors expected from us during childhood. (we police ourselves) Internal Social Control internalize norms (generalized other/ conscience/ guilt) Labeling Theory Deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior, and individuals who are labeled deviant often internalize this judgment as part of their selfidentity. It can have longlasting negative effects (stigma and secondary deviance) on a person. ((Primary deviance is rulebreaking behavior that is carried out by people who see themselves and are seen by others as basically conformist. Secondary are labeled)) Loner Deviance The activities of individuals who commit deviant acts without the social support of other participants. Lookingglass self (Cooley) Idea that our sense of self develops as a reflection of the way we think others see us. 1. We imagine our image in the eyes of others. 2. We imagine others making judgements about us. 3. We experience a feeling as result of that judgement. Marx's Theory of class Sociologist that based his analysis of class on the idea that if people are to survive, they must meet their basic material needs for food, clothing, and shelter. He observed that for most of human history societies had little economic inequality because they produced few surplus goods. McDonaldization of Society Ritzer thesis was about the fast food industry now effecting all areas of life. We are becoming more rationalized = becoming less human. Mcdonaldization = rationalization McDonaldization of Society All areas of life are becoming more rationalized Media (as an agent of socialization) Agent that exposes children to consumerism and ready access to adult ideas, situations, and global impact. Some sociologists argue that media provides information that helps get values such as honesty. "Me" (Mead) Part of self that has been learned from interaction with others. Middle Class A group that contributes specialized knowledge and expertise to the economy. MILGRAM'S OBEDIENCE We do what we are told we follow orders or we go along with the group ex. Zimbardo – prison Nature of deviance Socially constructed What is considered deviant changes over time and most people are deviant at one point in their lives. Nature (Sociology aka biological determinism) position that contends biology, specifically our genetic makeup, almost completely shapes human behavior. Neurosociology An emerging study that integrates findings from neuroscience with sociological analysis of social behavior. Numbers on the Prisons1 in every 100 adults is in jail or prison. Us is the world's incarceration leader = 1 in every 32 adults is in our prison system over half = nonviolent drug offenses $32,000 per year per inmate Nurture (Sociology aka Social Determinism) position that contends culture and the social environment almost completely shape human behavior OutGroup groups which you feel contempt or exclusion. a group that you are outside of eg. My big greek fat wedding Overconformity Following cultural expectations to an excessive degree Positive deviance Overconformity that gets a positive response. Positive deviance (PD) definition (book needed) an approach to behavioral and social change based on the observation that in any community there are people whose uncommon but successful behaviors or strategies enable them to find better solutions to a problem than their peers, despite facing similar challenges and having no extra resources Poverty Line Annual Income below which the government officially classifies you as poor Power and Deviance Power is connected to our basic assumptions about what's normal and what's deviant. ii. Power determines whether and how authorities enforce norms and punish deviance. iii. Access to power enables some privileged groups to engage in distinct forms of deviant behavior. iv. Power allows some people to escape being branded or punished as deviant. Power (Foucault) Power shapes our daily life and sense of self. Modern power is embodied in knowledge and expertise connected to social sites. The terms and concepts we use to think about ourselves are produced and promoted through various regimes of power. PRIMARY GROUPS Small; face to face interaction; intimacy and a sense of commitment. purpose or reason = emotional connection. Eg. family Primary Socialization (Phase 1) Phase that takes place during infancy and early childhood. The main agent is the child's family. Prison 1 in every 100 adults is in jail or prisonProletariat (Working Class) Those who survive on the wages they earn. Rational Action (Weber) Action motivated by calculations of efficiency. Rational Choice This behavior occurs when the reward outweigh the costs. Rationalization Rules for everything to maximize efficiency Rationalization Inconvenience (eg. Chris paper with margin being the error so she had to redo it) Rationalization Life or Death eg. Katrina Responses at all levels Federal Fema would not allow people to rescue. Water was not allowed to disseminate. Power generators not allowed in. Fema trailers still vacant after 3 years because Fema was "backlogged" making sure they were authentic survivors of Hurricane Katrina. Reasons for Recidivism 1. Violent Subculture 2. Lack of Rehabilitation 3. Label of "Criminal" Recidivism Released from prison, rearrested sent back to prison. Current Rate: 3/4 REFERENCE GROUPS Group that provides a standard for your own behavior "refer" to people on how they should behave eg. Friends, celebrity culture. Role Set of expected behavior associated with a particular status. School (as an agent of socialization) Agent of socialization that is focused on teaching cultural knowledge and prepare children for later roles in society through academic curriculum, hidden curriculum (implicit lessons about how children should behave) Secondary Deviance Deviant behavior that is a response to the negative consequences of labeling. SECONDARY GROUPS Bigger; involve little emotional attachment purpose = achieve a goal eg. Forming a big study group. Secondary Socialization (Phase 2) Phase takes place later in childhood and maturity.During this phase the child acquires values, norms beliefs, of their own culture. Agents in this phase include schools, peers, organizations, the media, workplace, religion Social aggregate People who happen to be in the same place at the same time ex. waiting in line to buy a movie ticket. Waiting at a bus stop Social category People who share a common characteristic ex. college instructors share the teaching of college. Men all identify as men. SOCIAL CLASS segment of the population whose members hold a similar share of resources and who may share values, norms, and lifestyle (irony is that u.s. is the leading nation in the world but still we have homeless and poverty) Social Control The incentives and punishments that promote conformity in social life. External when we enforce norms through sanctions. Ex. threat of punishment. Internal internalize norms. Ex. generalized other and conscience. Social Integration (Functionalists) Process by which values and social structures bind people together within a society. Socialization Process through which people learn their culture's basic norms, values, beliefs, and appropriate behaviors. Socially Constructed what is defined as deviant varies across time and place Social structure Patterns and behaviors in social life. It shapes behavior, expectations, and beliefs but does not fully determine them. Status Position that an individual occupies in society. stereotypes definition (book needed) A stereotype is a an exaggerated or distorted generalization about an entire category of people that does not acknowledge individual variation Strain Theory Deviance exists when there is a conflict between goals and needs/ means EX: Drug dealer who sells but doesn't use Strain Theory Pressure on those who lack the means to achieve culturally defined goals leads them to pursue deviant routes to success Stratification Structured Systems of social inequality Structural mobility This mobility occurs because a shift in available occupations changing the class system as a whole.Thomas Theorem (book needed) " If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. " In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action. Traditional Action (Weber) Action motivated by custom. Underclass Chronically unemployed people who have no ongoing relationship to the mainstream economy. Wealth the value of financial assets such as savings, real estate, stocks, and bonds, minus any outstanding debts. Weber's Theory of class Sociologist that emphasized the interaction of three dimensions of inequality (class, social status, and political power). He saw class in terms of life chances (likelihood that a person has of obtaining valued economic and cultural resources) and also include the idea of a middleclass. What causes changes in social structures? Society's action help make changes to the social structure. What is corporate welfare and what are the downsides to give to large companies? Govt gives money to large rich corporations (eg. tax break, tax incentive, bailout) = issue is that it does not trickle down. Does not benefit the overall economy What is found in FBI crime reports? Street Crimes: crime committed against a person or property (murder, rape, robbery,etc) ***** both are much more costly than street crime** What is missing from FBI crime reports? White Collar Crime: crime committed by people of higher class (usually related to business: insider trade, tax, embezzelment) Corporate Crimes: crimes committed by buisnesses (selling faulty products, workplace discrimination, hazardous work conditions) Who is more likely to be poor? A racial minority, female single parent (ethnic)