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"}.lst-kix_9k7jdn4zcyj9-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xo5thcj0tef8-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xo5thcj0tef8-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xo5thcj0tef8-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xo5thcj0tef8-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_9k7jdn4zcyj9-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_xo5thcj0tef8-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xo5thcj0tef8-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_9k7jdn4zcyj9-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_7gxyynucvknf-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_i09lxpgitiz3-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xo5thcj0tef8-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_7gxyynucvknf-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_9k7jdn4zcyj9-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_9k7jdn4zcyj9-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xo5thcj0tef8-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_i09lxpgitiz3-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_i09lxpgitiz3-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_9k7jdn4zcyj9-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_i09lxpgitiz3-1 > li:before{content:"- 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Ch.5We also discuss several other topics like What are some specialized type of sentence?
Language is the primary means of communication
- part of enculturation
- Written form is 6,000 years old
- Language originates thousand of years ago
If you want to learn more check out What does economies of scale mean?
If you want to learn more check out Who introduced the cartesian system?
If you want to learn more check out Why do you need to use price control?
Nonhuman Primate Communication
Call system: communication system of wild animals
Sign Language
Cultural transmission through learning is fundamental attribute to language
Productivity: combining signs to create new expressionsDon't forget about the age old question of What are the differences between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
Displacement: ability to talk about things that aren't present
Nonverbal communication If you want to learn more check out What was shown in darwin's finches?
Kinesics: communication through body, stances, gestures facial expressions
Culture influences how people communicate
Structure of Language
Phonology: study of speech sounds
Morphology: words/meanings
Syntax: words in phrases / sentences
Lexicon: dictionary
Language, Thought, and Culture
Universal Grammar:
- what Chromsay called the common structural basis that all languages have
Supir Whorf Hypothesis
- Different languages produce different ways of thinking
Focal Vocabulary
- specialized set of terms / distinctions important to certain group
Sociolinguistics
- investigates relationships between social/linguistic variation or language in its social context
- focuses on what people actually say / gender, class, stratification, ethnicity
African American vernacular English
Ch. 6
Ethnicity and Race
Ethnicity: based on cultural differences / similarities
Ethnic group: members share certain beliefs, values, habits customs / norms
- ethnicity is the identification with/feeling part of an ethnic group
Ethnic Groups and Race
Status: position people occupy in society
Ascribed Status: no choice in the status occupied (received at birth)
Achieved status: through choices, efforts talents, accomplished
- In USA ascribed status is associated with position in socio political hierarchy (minorities to subordinates of stratification)
Human Biological Diversity/ Race Concept
Scientists study human biological diversity in two ways:
Racial classification
Explanatory Approach
Races are Not Biologically distinct
- no Single trait can be used as a basis for racial classification
- color based racial labels aren't accurate
Traditional racial Classification: assumed that biological characteristics are determined by heredity were stable
Role of natural selection in producing, variation in skin, color, offers explanatory approach for human biological diversity
Explaining Skin Color
Natural Selection: process by which the forms most fit to survive / reproduce in given
environment
Skin color is a biological trait (complex) influenced by genes
Melanin: primary determinant of human skin color
Race and Ethnicity
Race is a cultural category
- only cultural constructions of race are possible
Rule of decent: assigns social identity on basis of ancestry
Hypodescent: automatically places children of mixed marriages in group of their minority parent
- Divides U.S. society into groups unequal in their access to wealth, power, prestige
Ethnic Groups, Nations, Nationalities.
Nation: Society Sharing common language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, kinship
State: Stratified society with formal central government
Nation State: Autonomous political entity,
Assimilation - when minority adopts to culture that is dominant
Multiculturalism: viewing cultural diversity as good/desirable in a country
Plural Society: society that combines ethnic constructs and economic interdependence of ethnic groups.
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice: devaluing of a group because of assumed behaviors, values, capabilities, attributes
Stereotypes: ideas about what members of a group are line
Discrimination: policies/practices that harm group/members
Aftermath of Oppression
Genocide - deliberate elimination of group
Ethnocide - destruction of culture of certain ethnic groups
