Description
Kines 321: 1/19/17 Quiz answers: Academic journal either google scholar or journal database at psu sport discus or psych one False personality between men and women aWe also discuss several other topics like www. youtube.com/watch v=iyhcn0jf46u
If you want to learn more check out wgss 1104 uconn
If you want to learn more check out miami french class
If you want to learn more check out nu_hi
If you want to learn more check out acc 406 midterm 1
We also discuss several other topics like tara trask clemson
thletes have few differences Interactional approaches are most common When referring to the iceberg profile, which characteristic is higher in elite athletes before competitions than the normal population? Vigor Perfectionism can have both adaptive and maladaptive aspects for athletes and exercisers True ∙ Future of Personality in sort o Selecting personnel (e.g homogeneity vs heterogeneity of personnel) o Educating existing group members about one another o Understand self and others, so that activities/interventions may be adapted ∙ Ethical considerations o Inform athletes of test nature and use of results o Ensure confidentiality o Administered by qualified persons o How to deal with information if something negative is uncovered about ab athlete, client or patient o Still, how can we ensure that personality research and practice will be used as intended? ∙ Lecture 4: confidence and peak performance o Confidence is ‘part’ of sport performance o Mental toughness Ability to cope with demands of training and competition, increased determination, confidence, and maintaining control under pressure o Positive youth development Has the goal of fostering positive and healthy development, and perceptions of competence, confidence o Sport confidence A general term reflecting the belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport o Relationship with sport performance direct relationship The link btwn confidence directly to performance in studies is about 16% out of 100% Indirect relationship ∙ Assumption that confidence leads to positive emotion, concentration, types of goals set, increased effort, and game strategies in sport performance A negative relationship: selfdoubt benefits performance? ∙ Expert jumpropers performed better when confidence was experimentally decreased o 72 vs 85 skips per minute o Don’t need to know this study for test o Selfefficacy more state specific: ones judgement about capability to successfully perform a specific task Collective efficacy applies to team as well ability to overcome certain things o Sport confidence more trait generalized: the general belief individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport Associated with narcissism arrogance selfesteem swagger mental toughness Where does that selfefficacy come from? ∙ Building selfconfidence o Self –efficacy theory (bandura) Performance accomplishments Vicarious experiences (modeling) Verbal persuasion Imaginal experiences Physiological states o Past mastery experiences Consistency, recency, and quality of success ∙ Goal settingbeing able to demonstrate it’s a type of game you’ve done before, if you’ve been doing it for a while it draws attention to your achievements with little gains others might overlook ∙ Early success ie easier rivals in beginning season ∙ Personal hall of fame and highlight videos showing highlights of an individual’s season but also other athletes doing the same o Vicarious experience Helping athletes experience success indirectly ∙ Modeling: credible & similar to the athlete(connect with models as mentor) ∙ Imagery o Verbal persuasion Hearing positive competencerelated information ∙ From others: positive feedback from respected, credible, and sincere individuals o Relationinferred selfefficacy (both verbal and nonverbal) how confident you think others are in your ability ∙ From self: selftalk o Physiological/emotional state Being in a state that generates confidence ∙ Controlling precompetitive appraisals ∙ Controlling precompetitive arousal ∙ Interpreting arousal symptoms as facilitative o Summary of applied approach Choosing an approach involves considering several aspects of the athlete and the situation. Ie experience, models, time, ability ∙ Application to exercise o Selfefficacy and outcome expectations lead to exercise behavior The research: time and time again, selfefficacy is identified as one of the most important determinants of physical activity involvement o Influencing SE: Find ways to help people feel capable Teach time management strategies Prescribe small behavioral changes Rewards Show similar others who have been successful Goal setting Social support Identify times where they overcame barriers o Case 1: Show similar others who have been successful: groups through vicarious learning Remove barriers o Case 2: Setting small initial goals: past mastery Social support if she does an activity right give them reinforcement o Case 3: Social support Show similar others who have been successful Small goal setting ∙ Question of the day: List four of the strategies identified in class to help exercisers feel capable using bandura’s theory o Social support o Rewards o Goal setting o Showing others who have been successful ∙ Motivation: 1/24/17 o Theoretical approaches to motivation “Any theory of motivation attempts to explain how behavior gets started, is energized, is sustained, is directed, is stopped, and what kind of subjective reaction is present in the organism while all this is going on” o Selfdetermination theory: Autonomy: choices and controlling own behavior Competence: handling challenges and achieving desired outcomes Relatedness: socially connecting and feeling involved ∙ Usually intrinsic but can sometimes be extrinsic o External regulation Behavior is performed ONLY to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment Not internalized Extrinsic motivation o Introjected regulation Behavior is partially internalized but is still reinforced by an external source ∙ E.g. an exerciser who goes to the gym because she feels like being overweight reflects poolrly on her character or because she would feel guilty if she didn’t ∙ Extrinsic motivation ∙ Not internalized o Identified regulation Behavior is valued, deemed important, and is done out of choice but it is still for extrinsic reasons. E.eg. a soccer player Internalized o Integrated regulation Activity is personally important and directed toward a valued outcomebehavior is viewed as part of ones self ∙ E.g. an athlete who stays home on Thursday night rather than going out with friends because its part of who he his ∙ Internalized ∙ Extrinsic motivation o BREQ3 1: 4 2: 0 3: 3 4: 3 5: 2 6: 0 7: 4 8:0 9: 2 10: 3 11: 3 12: 0 13: 3 14: 0 15:2 16; 2 17:2 18:2 o Totals A: 0 amotivation B: 8 introjected C: 7 intrinsic D: 11 identified E: 7 integrated F: 2 external o Question of the day: Identity and integrated motives are extrinsic but still vital for exercise motivation. Why? ∙ Therye still autonomous motives for behavior—meaning ∙ Still use examples for motivated behavior ∙ Not everything related to exercise is intrinsic ∙ Achievementrelated theories o Choice of activity o Effort to pursue goals o Intensity of effort o Persistence in the face of failure o In sport Need achievement theory: what factors generate approach or avoidance motives? ON EXAM Attribution theory: what do performers blame failure on, or attribute success to? ∙ When people succeed or fail, they question how the result was generated. ∙ Causality and stability ∙ Internal and external o Internal and stable: ability o External and unstable: luck o Internal and unstable: effort o External and stable: task difficulty Achievement goal theory: Achievement situations provide us with the opportunity to demonstrate ability, so how does an athletedefine ability? Competence motivation theory: we like what makes us feel “good” about our ability. ∙ Attributions: 3d dimension o Controllabilityimportant dimension A frequent recommendation is that failures should be attributed to internal and controllable causes Can attributing to the self (ie internal) be a problem? ∙ Ie you cant control genetics. Might’ve lost game because of how tall you are. Example: could say teams were so good and older, ref was unfair kid wont do much at home bc they cant control that ∙ Or the kid could say if he wanted goals in hockey to be on the top shelf so he could go home and practice aiming for that (internal) ∙ Achievement Goal Theory o Task goal orientationfocus on in coaching Referencing past performances as origin of competence feelings Opportunities for personal growth and mastery Coaches might set individual goals for each person ie shooting another basket in a row than you did last time instead of everyone having to shoot a set number ∙ Spending more time giving individuals feedback ∙ After a match or loss find constructive criticism **should be most oriented as a goal** o Ego goal orientation Comparing with others to gain social status Success comes from outperforming others To make environment ego oriented coaches might compare players openly ∙ Emphasize top 5 people on team—reward them and spend more time with them ∙ Put them in better positions ie how they select captains or being put in the better routine Motivational climate? ∙ What about rewards o Participation trophies: You have to work for what you want Learn how to be a good loser—you cant always win Keeping kids in sport and making them feel good Encouraging them to try new things and test out the waters of sport Looking at reward as a whole you have to think about how each person thinks about it. Ie every time you come in from working out your partner says yeah that’s awesome you look so good ∙ Cognitive Evaluation Theory o Additive Informative outcomes Influences competence perceptions Individual motivated to produce maximum performance Produces approach o Undermining Controlling outcomes Influences autonomy perceptions Individual motivated to produce minimum performance necessary Produces avoidanceo ***critical factor is not the reward but the persons interpretation of the reward*** o Important questions to address How does competence impact it? Autonomy? Attributions? Standards? Reward and praise depend on the individuals perception o Comparison theories pose good and bad Motivation to avoid failure vs success Extrinsic vs intrinsic Ego vs task Uncontrollable attributions vs controllable Controlling rewards vs informational rewards ∙ What are the characteristics of emotion? o Quick onset and short duration—moods that last longer where emotions happen like that o Specific emotions have.. Distinct cognitive appraisals ∙ Own set of beliefs about what’s going on in situation Distinct physiological patterns Distinctive subjective feelings o Emotion terminology: not quite emotions Stress: generalized state perceived imbalance between demands and personal capabilities Affect: A general term for a valanced feeling response which may include emotion/mood Arousal (intensity) o Model of stress: cognitive motivational relational model Cognitive appraisal is key in determining emotional responses and includes ∙ assessing the significance of the event how important is it, how is it going to go, is it a big deal ∙ resources and options for dealing with the situation: can I manage this do I have social support, places I can get help As a demonstration: appraising teambased competitions o Question of the day: Describe the two main parts of a cognitive appraisal of stressors. What combination of these two = anxiety? The two main parts of a cognitive appraisal are assessing the significance of the event & resources and options for dealing with event. ∙ Anxiety generated when they don’t have the resources to cope with it and its really important to them o Selfconscious emotions in exercise Shame I feel inadequate when I think about my fitness Guilt I feel guilty that I do not do enough to improve my fitness Authentic pride I feel proud about the effort I place on my fitness Hubristic pride I am proud that I am more fit than others ∙ Arousal and anxiety: and impact on performance o Anxiety: negative emotion characterized by feelings of worry nervousness and apprehension(state vs trait) Cognitive: athletes concerns or worries that reduce ability to focus ∙ How much worry someone has Somatic: perceptions of physiological and affective elements ∙ How you’re feeling in perceptions of what’s going on For exam don’t need to know types of knowledge applied stuff in intro to field (basic and applied)∙ Overview of midterm pic on phone all multiple choice exam review sessions around 7:20 Monday and 5 on Tuesdayoffice hours for ta and instructor to go over quiz?—pick one review they’ll be the same ∙ Cognitive appraisal o Think about assessing the situation their emotions and how they feel before a big competition o At that point in time your assessing significance of event and the resources they have to cope with that Based on those two decisions we come up with emotions such as precompetitive situations and anxiety ∙ Goodness of fit model o Question of day: use the goodness of fit model to describe a situation when problem focused coping approaches may be ideal and provide and example. Also describe a situation where emotion focused coping approaches are ideal and provide an example. 4 marks ∙ Psychological skills training o The golf pro 4 a day effect o But we often neglect PST PST: systematic and consistent practice of psychological skills for purpose of enhancing performance, increasing enjoyment, and/or achieving greater satisfaction Psychological skills training: ∙ The PST approach is based on a model of excellence centered on helping clients reach their full potential ∙ Abnormal behavior, normal behavior, supernormal behavior o Foundation(basic) skills for success Self awareness, productive thinking, confidence o Performance skills Energy management, attention focus o Developmental skills Identity, social confidence, social skills, moral development o Team skills Leadership, cohesion, cooperating with others, adopting a role ∙ Selfregulation o Ability to work toward short and long term goals by managing ones thoughts, feelings, and behaviors o Stage 1: problem identification deermine change is possible, take responsibility o Stage 2: commitment deal with obstacles, persistence in face of adversity o Stage 3: execution selfevaluate, selfmonitor, develop appropriate expectancies, self reinforce coping strategies o Stage 4: Environmental management o Stage 5: ∙ Cognitive behavioral therapy o Psychotherapy o Therapist works alongside client to identify problem behaviors/cognitions and develop strategies to shape behaviors and thoughts ∙ PST program o Phase 1: who is the client? o Phase 2: initial meeting o Phase 2: Education of the sport Psychologist relative to activity o Phase 4: development of needs assessment plano Phase 5: PST plan o Phase 6: teaching psychological methods and skills o Phase 7: evaluation o Athlete? Coach? Administration? Confidentiality, clinical and strategies are different o Rapport one of the strongest indicators of how well a program is working o E.g. learning the sport culture Vital for Credibility o E.g. performance profiling, meeting with individuals… o Ideally this process would start during the offseason or preseason (e.g. not as a bang aid approach) Periodization of PSTdesigning program to maximize the effects of training through planned variation in key training variables (e.g. intensity and volume) over predetermined training cycles ∙ For example endurance sport o 3 key stages: Education why its good famous ppl who have used it, research, when to/when not to use it Acquisitionimagery with developing skills and strategy through a video or something Practicehours before game or something o Evaluation enhances Compliance and adherence Performance enhancement Credibility o What is your experience with a sport/performance psychologist? If you don’t have any create impression Qyiz answers ∙ Three phases ∙ Working toward short and long term goals: self regulation ∙ Execution: self monitoring self reinforcement ∙ Performance profile ∙ Performance psych skills ∙ Awareness of athletes psychological states particularly those related to peak and poor performances Lecture 2/7/17 ∙ Coping skills can be learned o Greater use of relaxation, imagery, emotions control, and selftalk = higher perceptions of performance o First key is developing awareness o Three prominent interventions: read into them Stress inoculation training Stress management training COPE: more directly related to sport o Mental tools for energy management(somatic) Relaxation: a skill to decrease unwanted muscular tension, reduce activation of the sympathetic nervous system, progressive muscle relaxation; breath control, biofeedback; music; imagery o Acquisition & implementation: Energy management model Total relaxation & energization ∙ Mechanism to teach full response Cued relaxation & energization ∙ Generate within a minute or two for example things like music, keywords or statements, self talk/statements Rapid relaxation & energization ∙ Keywords or mantras for example free throw shooters taking a deep breath before a shoot o Progressive relaxation Series of exercises involving contracting specific skeletal muscle o What is energization Involves he activation of the body to help prepare for optimal performance A tool to help the athlete speed up heart rate and respiration, stimulate greater blood flow to the muscles, and enhance brain activity ∙ Mindfulness: o How might you work on somebodies ability to be mindful 5 sense approach—seeing feeling hearing smelling etc Meditation Keywords to generate power to stop anxiety ∙ Application questions on exam o Something someone is experiencing—identify theory it relates Task orientationersonal development Ego orientation compartison with others rivalries ∙ Ie john finishes practice made 7/10 but his other teammates got 9 or 10 his 7 was better than the past few weeks, hes happy with his performance o Task orientation ∙ Which of he following best relates to task orientation o History section o Format: completelty multiple choice 60 questions ∙ Uses for imagery o Improve concentration and motivation o Build confidence o Control emotional responses o Acquire and practice sport skills and strategy o Prepare for competition o Preexperience the achievement of goals o Practice when you are injured or sick or when facilities or equipment are not available ∙ Imagery perspectiveinternal/external ∙ 5 functions of images o Cognitive specific: the athlete images correctly executing a specific skill Goal image how to conduct o Cognitive general: the athlete images strategies, plans, routines, for example imagining a tem shifting the defensive formation o Motivational specific: the athlete images a specific motivating setting For example the athlete might imagine making the winning basket in an upcoming basketball game∙ Goal how you approach or manage yourself during competition for motivation o Motivational general arousal (MGA) and Mastery (MGM) The athlete imagines experiencing general emotions and or feelings….or being able to remain focused ∙ Bottom line: anyone can and does use mental practice BUT few do it well o Effective mental images are vivid and controllable o Vividness a sharp, clear imageenhanced by incorporating more than one sense o Controllability the personal control an individual has to manipulate images ∙ When Emily cook was using imagery, she was likely swinging her arms around to o Generate a more vivid image ∙ Emily cook was generally using imagery that involved visualizing exactly how her routine may go, and to perfect her physical movements that she will run through while in the air. Although several imagery functions may suit this need, which is perhaps the most likely function she used o Cognitive specificimaging exactly how routine will go. Cognitive general might be how people jumping before her might go, event as a whole ∙ Michael Phelps was lauded by his coach for demonstrating his ability to ___ his images o Control ∙ Why does imagery work o Programming the motor response: imagined events often have a similar effect on the nervous system and mental processes as actual events Psychoneuromuscular theory: triggering same response as welllearned skills Symbolic learning theory: mental blueprint to aquire new skills Triple code model meaningful images Bioinformational theory preparing a set of stimuli and responses o Indirect/psychological explanations Mental skills hypothesis o Psychoneuromuscular theory and symbolic learning theory are most common o Research in focus: effects of mental imagery on muscular strength in healthy and patient opulations Review article: imagey impact on strength and strength loss/recovery in hand/acl injury Mental imagery and motor performance share behavioral physiological neural and anatomical mechanisms—when doing imagery shares a lot of things that may happen when completing that task Take home messages ∙ Imagery and strength training at least as goodYou cant take the place of strength training but imagery and strength training is as effective as strength alone ∙ Internal imagerylittle better ∙ Strength gains lager on distal muscles ∙ Preventing strength losses during immobility ∙ EMG data limited ∙ Question of the day: describe three of the key messages from the review of mental imagery and strength gain/retention, conducted by slimani et al, 2016 o Imagery and strength training at least as goodYou cant take the place of strength training but imagery and strength training is as effective as strength alone o Internal imagerylittle better—internal perspective imaging youre the one lifting weights instead of videoing yourself or being in the stands watching yourself (external) o Strength gains lager on distal muscles o Preventing strength losses during immobilityo EMG data limited ∙ Developing an imagery training program o Phase 1 education and assessment: how people do it and where people are at Imagery skill assessment ∙ Movement imagery questionnaire revised Vividness of movement imagery questionnaire o Phase 2: Acquisition PETTLEP model Physical physical stat is dependent on task Environmentalimage should be as REAL as possible Taskimagery approach will vary depending on task Timingshould be equal to actual experience Learningconsider stage of learning Emotion effective images have emotional context Perspective consider internal and external perspectives ∙ Exercise imagery o What do people image, related to exercise? Appearance (before activity) Technique (before activity) Selfefficacy enhancing (before activity) Overcome pain or negative feelings (during activity) ∙ Goalwhat an individual is trying to accomplish o Research strongly confirms that goal setting enhances performance enjoyment, and feelings about self. General psych increased performance from 8.416% and sport psych performance increased slightly lower than general psych o Lock and latham proposed the mechanistic theory; goals influence performance in 4 ways: Direct attention to important task elements Mobilize effort Increase persistence Foster new learning strategies o Types of goals Outcome goals standards that focus on the result of a contest relative to others (ie beating another team) Performance goals focus on improvements relative to one’s own performance (ie improving time in marathon) might involve increasing free throw % number of rebounds Process goals specify actions the individual must engage in during performance in order to perform well (ie shift weight on forward swing, or studying every week) Things we need to do to perform well that we have control over. o Question of the day: List compare and contrast the three key types of goals Outcome Performance Process Compare: outcome goals are competitive they involve competing at a higher standard, process: all things we can control that make those things happen, performance: your own self goals Contrast: achieving process goals depends on time and effort, achieving performance goals depends on time, effort and ability, achieving outcome goals depends on your time, effort, and ability and the time, effort and ability of the opposition. Outcome goals can lead to disappointment because it can be out of your control o Types of goals Use combination of all three types Process/performance are vital because they are ∙ Controllable athletes should control as much of their own success or goal attainment as possible ∙ Flexible goals should be easy to raise and lower to endure optimal goal difficulty in every situation o Goal characteristics: Specificity: specific goals emphasize the quality of a performance Proximity: benefits of breaking down a long term goal to the near future short term goals Difficulty: preference for moderately difficult goals (+515%) ∙ Dream goals: if everything goes perfectly ∙ Realistic goals: possible if the athlete performs well ∙ Growth goals: lowest level of performance to feel successful o Team vs individual Team focus on boosting cohesion and performance ∙ Incorporate all members and foster group efficacy Individual goals rolespecific within group Team goals and the goals of the individuals are sometimes in conflict which undermines performance if it motivates incompatible actions o Example prof goal: Run ½ marathon in under an hour thirty by may ∙ Sign up for race this week ∙ Exercise 5/6 times/weekbroad—what type of exercise ∙ Run 5k by April Realistic: run ½ marathon under 1 hour 45 minutes Growth as long as I am sore the next day ill feel like I achieved something o Common problems in goal setting Convincing students, athletes, and exercisers to set goals Failing to set specific goals Setting too many goals too soon Failing to adjust goals Failure to recognize individual differences Not providing goal followup and evaluation o Goal setting process Goal setting is best understood and most effective when understood as a process Most coaches and athletes do a great job of setting goals and then forget or ignore the rest of the process Athletes participate in setting goals Records should be in a form that is highly visible ∙ Cue cards ∙ Log books ∙ Mirrors ∙ Lockers Identify skill and knowledge barriers to goal attainment Develop a systematic plan for how you’ll overcome barriers and attain goals Evaluation and feedback are often overlooked Schedule times daily and weekly to monitor goals Reinforce goal attainment: find new ways to support and reinforce goal development