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State and Local Government Review Sheet – Exam 1 1. Know which level of government is responsible for which different policies ∙ Immigration policy is a responsibility of the national government ∙ State legislature: makes laws ∙ Bureaucracy/executive: enforce laws ∙ Judiciary: decides if its constitutional or not 2. Know the different types of government systems (federalisWe also discuss several other topics like rafat fazeli
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m, unitary, confederation) ∙ Federalism a system of government in which power is divided between national and sub national governments ∙ Unitary constitutional arrangement whereby authority rests with the national government; subnational governments have only those powers given to them by the national government ∙ Confederation Constitutional arrangement whereby the national government is created by and relies on subnational governments for its authority. 3. Know the different types of federalism (dual, cooperative, coercive) ∙ Dual Federalism layer cake, separate responsibilities ∙ Cooperative federalism marble cake, all the responsibilities all mixed together, joint programs, money is corner program of this federalism, money is key o We were dual before great depression now cooperative ∙ Coercive federalism federal government pressures the states to change their policies by using regulations, mandates, and conditions (often involving threats to withdraw federal funding) 4. What are redistributive policies? ∙ provide funds raised from tax revenue to those who need financial assistance. Examples include housing assistance, the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families and food stamps 5. When do people become more political active? ∙ When their rights are in jeopardy or they start paying taxes, owning property, etc. 6. What is social stratification? ∙ society's categorization of people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power (social and political). 7. What is nullification? ∙ The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in states opinion, violates the constitution; never been upheld by federal govt. 8. What are enumerated powers? ∙ expressed enumerated powers are specifically written in the constitution (to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, to raise and maintain armed forces, to declare war, and whatever is necessary and proper 9. What are implied powers? ∙ Those “necessary and proper” to carry out the expressed power 10. Know the 10th Amendment ∙ any power that is not given to the federal government is given to the people or the states.11. Know the following cases: ∙ Marbury v. Madison (1803): judicial review (the power of federal courts to void acts of congress in confiding the constitution) established by John Marshall, not actually in the constitution ∙ McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): the state of Maryland tried to tax the bank of the United states and they won’t pay so Maryland sues them (necessary and proper being used). State of Maryland can’t tax the bank “power to tax is the power to destroy” federal government power expansion and established that constitution grants congress implied powers for implementing. State cannot tax national entity. 12. Why are federal grantsinaid important? ∙ When the federal government grants money and resources to the states so that the states can continue on with their daily functions like specific projects or program. Ex: Texas A&M. 13. What are mandates? ∙ Requirements imposed by the national govt. on state and local govts to comply with federal rules and regulation, part of cooperative federalism, different types of mandates funded (paid for by feds), unrefunded (feds pay some but not all), unfunded (federal govt. doesn’t pay at all), unfunded example ADA wheelchair ramps and etc. Medicaid, no child left behind act 14. **What is preemption? ∙ The right of a national law or regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation 15. **What is devolution? ∙ Giving back of power to the state or local govt. Ex: Great Britain gave Wales, Scotland, N. Ireland their govt. back. 16. What is constitutionalism? ∙ LIMITED GOVERNMENT A government of laws, not people, operating on the principle that governmental power must be limited, that government officials should be restrained in their exercise of power over individuals. 17. Why are state constitutions long? ∙ They are more detailed regarding the daytoday relationships between government and the people. Because unlike the U.S. constitution, state constitutions contain many policy mandates on topics as diverse as tax rates, utility regulation, educational funding and more. US const. 8,700 words, average state const. 26,000 18. From where do local governments derive their power? ∙ From the state constitutions that delegate responsibilities to local gov, get powers from the states 19. How do most states amend their constitution? ∙ By legislative proposal, which amendments are passed by the state legislature and then submitted to the voters for approval in a referendum 20. What do counties do?∙ Administrative arms of the state, perform all the admin duties for the state, county governments elected, ex registering your car, register to vote, tax appraisal board (values your property) have same government structure: a governing body, separately elected officials, a large number of special boards or commissions, an appointed county bureaucracy 21. Know the different forms of city (municipal) government (mayorcouncil, council manager, etc.) ∙ Council Manager: Mayor chosen from council on rotating basis (can be fired). Council and mayor appoint city manager to carry out daytoday operations of the city. o MOST COMMON; what Bryan & College Station both have ∙ MayorCouncil: mayor elected separately from council. Council is elected & maintains legislative powers o Houston is the only city in Texas to have this strong mayorcouncil o Mayor implements policies & carries them out, a lot like the presidents duties. ∙ Commission: Started 1900 in Galveston (with the hurricane). No true chief executive. Voters elect individual commissioners each responsible for a specific aspect such as fire, police, public works, finance, etc. No one held responsible. OLDEST form of govt. 22. What is the political culture of Texas? ∙ Traditionalistic gives govt. jobs to business leaders, perseverance and people with rough beginnings ex: Texas and oil and natural gas **TEXAS HAS THIS 23. What is the philosophy behind the current Texas Constitution? ∙ Easy to amend, difficult to overhaul, outdated, over amended and overly restrictive, poor document, micromanages opposite of narrow policies 24. Know the historical development of the Texas Constitution ∙ Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas, 1827 (state within Mexico, paired with Coahuila to write constitution) first state constitution ∙ Republic of Texas, 1836 (Texas separates from Mexico. Slavery is allowed, couldn’t join the U.S. as a slave state. “Manifest Destiny”) ∙ Texas State Constitution of 1845(TX IS A STATE, articles of annexation TX has control of own public land but have to pay off own $10 mil debt, leasing land and has mineral rights and land grants; would allow TX to break into 4 states, but it didn’t) ∙ Confederate Constitution of 1861 (secede from the union in 1861, had to write new constitution, pledge allegiance to the confederacy, institution of slavery (illegal to free your slaves.) ∙ Constitution of 1866 (north wins civil war, wants south to apologize for civil war radical republicans/reconstructions, group impeaches Andrew Johnson) ∙ Reconstruction Constitution of 1869 (shoved down Texas throats, strong central government, governor who can control executive and judicial branch, no limitation on debt, lots of spending) 25. Know the climate of the Constitutional Convention of 1875. ∙ Resulted from legislation passed in March, give power back to the people, major reform 26. What are the differences between the Bill of Rights in the Texas and U.S constitutions? ∙ Goes further in depth than the United States constitution 27. What were the conditions of the annexation agreement for Texas to join the United States in 1845? ∙ Articles of annexation Texas has control of own public land but has to pay off own $10 million debt, but got to lease their own land and keep mineral rights 28. Who were the Radical Republicans? ∙ Thaddeus Stevens in the house and Charles Summer in the senate; believed blacks were entitled to same political rights and opportunities as whites 29. What is a city charter? ∙ a legal document (charter) establishing a municipality such as a city or town. 30. **What is eminent domain? ∙ the right of a government to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation. 31. What does home rule mean? ∙ 5,000 residents in the city. Vote is to establish a city charter; get to choose which form of government: mayor council, council manager, commission. 32. What is the Dillon Rule? ∙ Used in interpreting law when there is a question of whether or not a local govt. has a certain power. If there is a question about a local govt’s power or authority, then the local govt. does NOT receive the benefit of the doubt. Under Dillon's Rule, one must assume the local govt. does NOT have the power in question. 33. What do interest groups do at lower level? ∙ Lobbying & convince citizens to apply pressure on the govt. representatives to support their particular cause ∙ Ex: rallies & marches, petitions, letterwriting campaigns, etc. 34. What is pluralism? ∙ multiple groups (nearly open to almost everyone) compete to get their policies passed good policies will win out ∙ the view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government, but that many nongovernmental groups use their resources to exert influence. The central question for classical pluralism is how power and influence are distributed in a political process. ∙ Hyperpluralism groups so strong that govt. is weakened by this