Description
HY 104 Midterm Study Guide
There will be one essay worth 100 points on the test There will also be 3 picture IDs worth 30 points (10 each)
If a word or phrase is underlined, it is an important term
Page 2: Potential Essay Topics
Page 3: Potential Picture IDs
Page 4: Picture ID Class Notes
Pages 5 17: Class Notes
Pages 18 21: Timeline of Events
Potential Essay Topics
(From professor’s study guide)
∙ The Civil War ended in 1865or did it? How dramatic were the differencesand tensionsbetween North and South from 1865 to 1945? You might consider race relations, politics, economics, labor, culture, and/or other issues as you craft an argument about the nature and degree of sectional differences after 1865. To what extent were the North and South two separate, distinctive societies in these decades? Use assigned books, films, and lectures for support, using multiple, specific examples to make your case.
∙ The role and reach of the federal government expanded greatly between 1865 and 1945. What was the specific nature of that expansion, and how significantly did it affect Americans? What areas of American lifepolitical, economic, social, cultural, labor conditions, and so onwere most affected by new government roles and responsibilities? Use assigned book, films, and lectures for support, using multiple, specific examples of government actions and their consequences for ordinary people. If you want to learn more check out Paleo diet means what?
Potential Picture IDs (#1 #16)
(From professor’s study guide)
Picture ID Notes from Class
We also discuss several other topics like o Why do young males masturbate more often versus young girls?
∙ Lecture 01/11/17
o Freedmen voting across class #1
o Republican legislators in South Carolina
∙ Lecture 01/18/17
o Redemption in 1874 #2
Retaking of the southern government
o 1,700 blacks lynched in the South #5
∙ Lecture 01/23/17
o Triangle Shirtwaist fire in NYC in 1911 #6
o Ford Motor Company had a skit with its workers #8
They came out in their home country outfits and then changed into American outfits
Taught to be strictly American as immigrants
∙ Lecture 01/25/17
o Railroad reform #7
New York Graphic, 1873
∙ Lecture 01/30/17
o Child laborer #10
o 18th Amendment #9
19191933
Prohibit the sale, manufacture, and distribution of alcohol
∙ Lecture 02/01/17
o Spain was blamed for the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine #11
o Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders #12
∙ Lecture 02/06/17
o Enlist Advertisement for WWI #3
“Help Crush the Menace of the Seas”
∙ Lecture 02/08/17
o John Meintz #4
Tarred and feathered in Minnesota for not supporting war bond drives
1917
∙ Lecture 02/13/17
o Babe Ruth #13
Advertisement for Bedrock Cola
∙ Lecture 02/15/17
o Female KKK members in Washington, D.C. #14
∙ Lecture 02/20/17 Don't forget about the age old question of poking fun at a respected subject is a
o Soup kitchen #15
Opened in Chicago by Al Capone
1931
∙ Lecture 02/27/17
o Life Magazine #16
1943, woman writing soldier back while looking at German skull Class Notes
∙ 01/11/17 The Reconstruction Era
o Andrew Johnson’s Plans for Reconstruction
Reconstruction plans before Johnson
∙ Lincoln’s plan was to offer a general amnesty to white
southerners who should pledge an oath of loyalty to the
government and accept slavery abolition (1865)
∙ Once ten percent of the state’s voters took the oath, they
could set up their state government and only three southern
states reestablished their governments (Louisiana,
Arkansas, and Tennessee)
∙ Radical republicans opposed and formed the WadeDavis
Bill which called for the president to appoint governor for
each state
∙ The WadeDavis Bill would abolish slavery but it left the
black’s political rights up to the states so eventually
Lincoln pocket vetoed it
Lincoln’s Death
∙ Killed by John Wilkes Booth in Ford Theater on April 14,
1865
∙ Andrew Johnson then became President
Andrew Johnson’s Restoration Plans (1867)
∙ Offered amnesty to southerners who took the oath
∙ Mostly resembled WadeDavis Bill
o President appointed governors Don't forget about the age old question of fshn uiuc
o Abolish slavery and ratify 13th Amendment
Black Codes
∙ State legislatures passed these laws in 18651866
∙ They detained African Americans who did not have jobs,
fined them for it, and then sent them to private employers
so they could pay for the fines
∙ Congress responded by extending the Freedmen’s Bureau
to nullify the work agreements
∙ Congress then passed the Civil Rights Act in April of 1866
to appoint African Americans as full citizens, which gave
them power in the state
o Radical Reconstruction
Johnson v. Thaddeus Stevens (Rep. of Penn.) and Charles Sumner (Senator of Mass.)
14th Amendment
∙ Congress approved in early summer of 1866
∙ It defined American citizenship
o Everyone born in the U.S.
o Everyone naturalized
o Entitled to all privileges of the Constitution
∙ If southern states accepted this amendment, they would be readmitted (only TN accepted) If you want to learn more check out marx on imperialism
The Congressional Plan
∙ Tennessee was readmitted
∙ 1st Reconstruction Act Don't forget about the age old question of vapirin
o All of the other confederate states were conjoined
into 5 military districts
o Kept confederate leaders from voting
o Each district had a military commander who
registered voters to elect state constitutions and then
elect state governments
o Gave freedmen the right to vote
o Required southern states to ratify the 14th
Amendment
o By 1870, all states were readmitted
∙ 15th Amendment forbade states and federal government to deny suffrage to citizens
∙ Tenure of Office Act (1867) prohibited the president, without Senate consent, to remove civil officials
∙ Command of the Army Act prohibited the president,
except through commanding general, U.S. Grant, to issue
military orders
o The South in Reconstruction
Reconstruction Governments
∙ Scalawags former Whigs or farmers in remote areas
∙ Carpetbaggers white men from the North
∙ African Americans started holding public offices
∙ Democratic redeemers political coalition in the south
during reconstruction who wanted to overthrow radical
republican coalition of freedmen
Landownership
∙ Southern plantation owners in 1865 started wanting their land back that now belonged to exslaves and President
Johnson helped return their land
∙ Sharecropping tenants of white landowners who had their own plots and paid the landlords in either rent or a share of crops
Croplien system
∙ Blacks and poor white suffered through this system
∙ Credit system centered in local stores
∙ They had no competition so they had interest rates up to
60%
∙ Farmers become imprisoned in debt
Furnishing merchants the hub of the new system of agriculture Ku Klux Klan
∙ Frightened African Americans from voting
∙ Made of the Knights of the White Camellia and others
∙ Worked to form a larger democratic party
∙ 01/18/17 The South After Reconstruction
o The New South
Railroads
∙ Expansion 18701890
∙ Towns were isolated so when traveling by railroad became
popular, it changed people’s character
Southern population loss from 18801901
∙ Whites 1,243,000
∙ Blacks 537,000
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
∙ Louisiana law case for segregated seating on railroads
∙ In 1892, a black man named Plessy refused to sit in a Jim
Crow car which broke the law
o Jim Crow Laws state and local laws that enforced segregation (settling someone apart from other people) in the south
Disfranchisement the state of being deprived of a right or
privilege
Segregation of Accommodations
∙ Justice John Marshall
In the 1890s there were an average of 187 lynchings every year of African Americans
Redeemers political coalition in the south who pursued
redemption (wanting to rid of the radical republicans)
∙ 01/23/17 Industry, Immigrants, and Urban America
o Growth in the City
Transportation
∙ Walking cities where everything you needed was in
walking distance
∙ Cable car created a cause for suburbs
o Electric trolley track mileage
1890 1,300
1902 22,000
People moving to the city
∙ Urban populations:
o 1880: 26%
o 1900: 40%
o 1920: 51%
∙ Mostly Whites and African Americans coming out of
slavery
Immigration
∙ Made up 76% of New York City in 1920
∙ Made up 72% in Cleveland, Boston, and Chicago
∙ Made up 64% in Detroit, San Fran., and Minneapolis
∙ From 1870 to 1920, 26 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis Island, NY
o 18801889: 2/3 came from England, Ireland, and
Germany (old immigration)
o 19001910: 2/3 came from Italy, AustriaHungary,
and Russia (new immigration)
o Sources of Industrial Growth
Steel and iron production soared as railroad production increased Gasoline and engine inventions made way for the automobile ∙ Henry Ford
o Made first famous car in 1895
o Also created the assembly line
The wright brothers flew the first airplane
o Capitalist Conservatism
Social Darwinism theory that individuals either succeeded or fell due to their fitness and virtues
Gospel of wealth theory that wealthy people were most powerful ∙ Horatio Alger wrote many novels about rags to riches
The American Socialist Party was formed in 1901 when a group of people from De Leon’s party strove after organized labor
o Ordeal of the Worker
Immigrants coming to America extended the industrial workforce Child Labor
∙ Factory work
∙ Coal mines
∙ Working at home
Knights of Labor run by Terence Powderly to form a power structure where workers get betters wages but more ownership The American Federation of Labor run by Samuel Gompers for shorter work days and better wages
o Living in the City
Immigrants were forced to learn to language and lose the accent Majority of people lived in dumbbell tenements
∙ 01/25/17 Dissent and Depression in the 1890s
o Politics
Democrats in the late 1900s were more conservative
∙ Consisted of mostly southern small government whites and
northern white workers
∙ A lot of Jews and Catholics were democratic
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
∙ Created commission from interstate commerce
∙ Had weak enforcement provisions
∙ Prohibited rebates, pools, and race discrimination
∙ Weakened by the Supreme Court in 1897
o Agricultural Issues
Farmer’s Alliances in 1889
∙ Plains Alliance (2 million members)
∙ Southern Alliance (2 million members)
∙ Colored Farmers’ National Alliance (1 million members)
Populist Concerns
∙ Work to change nature of ownership and economic
exchange
∙ Persuade federal government to have bigger role in
economy
∙ Proposals:
o Abolish private banks
o Federal ownership of railroads and telegraph
o Direct election of U.S. senators
o Federal control over currency (expand money
supply)
o Shorter work days
o Election of 1896
McKinley vs. Bryan
∙ William McKinley was the governor of Ohio and won with
61% in the electoral vote (Republican)
∙ William Jennings Bryan Congressman from Nebraska
(Democrat)
o “Cross of Gold” speech he supported free silver
and thought it would help bring the nation
prosperity
∙ 01/30/17 Progressivism I: The Search for Order
o Four Pillars of Progression
End abuses of power
Reform social institutions
Bring scientific principles and efficiency to a chaotic world
Make industrialization humane
o Reform
Muckrakers reformminded journalists
Government:
∙ Recall allow voters to remove officials and judges from
office
∙ Initiative allow voters to propose laws themselves
∙ Referendum enables voters to accept or reject laws
Labor child labor was a problem
Prohibition of alcohol called for 18th Amendment
∙ 19191933
∙ Prohibited the sale, manufacture, and distribution of
alcohol
Eugenics distribution of European Races
∙ Madison Grant
∙ The higher up you were in Europe geographically, the
better you were
o Race and Gender Reform
Booker T. Washington
∙ Tuskegee Institute school in Alabama for blacks to teach
them about jobs and industry
∙ Studied social problems and created institutions to help
Du Bois
∙ “The way for a people to gain their reasonable rights is not
by voluntarily throwing them away.”
New Feminism
∙ Jane Addams set up Hull House in Chicago to help
mothers and teach people
∙ 19th Amendment (Jan. of 1920)
o Equality ended woman suffrage
o Gave women the right to vote
∙ 02/01/17 Progressivism II: Politics and Foreign Policy
o Imperialism
SpanishAmerican War
∙ McKinley’s reasons for war:
o “Cause of humanity”
o “Very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and
business of our people”
o “Constant menace to our peace”
∙ Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine (Feb. 15, 1898)
o Teddy Roosevelt President from 19011909
Roosevelt Corollary (1904) addition to Monroe Doctrine to exercise military force in Latin America
o 1912 Election
Taft was inaugurated in 1909
Roosevelt’s New Nationalism
∙ “The effort at prohibiting all combinations has substantially
failed. The way out lies… in completely controlling them.”
∙ Heavily tax big business and the wealthy
∙ Create a modern welfare state
Wilson’s New Freedom
∙ Claims individual freedom is threatened by trusts
∙ Proposes to break up trusts aggressively
o Underwood Tariff (1913)
Lowers tariff on incoming goods
Establishes graduated federal income tax
For regulating business costs
∙ 02/06/17 American Entrance into World War I
o European Conflict in 1914
American was concerned about the GermanAmericans in the U.S. Bosnian terrorists killed Ferdinand with the help of Serbia
Serbia looked to Russia from threats of Germany and Austria Hungary
Germany declares war on Russia and France
Triple Alliance Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
Triple Entente Russia, France, and UK
o American Entrance
Uboat Warfare
∙ Undersea boats (submarines)
∙ Surrounded British isles so British could torpedo them
∙ Lusitania sunk by submarine which resulted in 1,260 dead
Wilson’s Reasons for War
∙ Freedom to travel the seas
∙ Economic repercussions of maritime rights
∙ Germany’s reckless antagonism
∙ Desire for seat at the peace table
Drafting into the War
∙ Selective Service Act (1917) to raise army for American
entry into WWI
∙ 48 million served in military
∙ 2 million served in France
∙ Women worked for Red Cross or served coffee to
doughboys
o War Experiences
Poison Gas Attacks
∙ Used by both sides
∙ Now not allowed
Captured several German troops
Germans asked for peace in November of 1918
WWI Casualties:
∙ U.S.
o 112,000 killed
o 50,000 in combat and other half from disease
∙ Europe
o 10 million soldiers
o 6.6 million civilians
o 21.3 million people wounded
∙ 02/08/17 Mobilizing the Home Front in World War I
o Nation at War
Business and Government Cooperation
∙ Food propaganda one day they would go without a certain
food
∙ War Bonds buying a $25 investment to help fund the war
Labor during War Times
∙ Work had a patriotic meaning
∙ Strike was not tolerated
∙ Women had to fill in for men at war and do manual labor
Great Migration
∙ 1910 to 1920: 500,000 blacks moved up north
∙ Black populations that increased:
o Cleveland 300%
o Detroit 600%
o Chicago 150%
o Fight on Civil Liberty
WWI propaganda determined to demonize enemy (George Creel) Espionage Act (1917) forbade “false statements” meant to
impede the draft or subvert the military; banned “treasonous” mail Sedition Act (1918) forbade obstructing the sale of war bonds and using “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive” language to describe the government
Frank Little
∙ Murdered in Butte, MT in August of 1917
∙ A leader for Industrial Workers of the World
∙ Murdered for belonging to radical union
Red Scare of 1919
∙ A. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover
∙ Seizure of Communist Party literature in Cambridge, Mass.
of November 1919
o Uncertain Peace
Big Four
∙ David Lloyd George England
∙ Vittorio Orlando Italy
∙ Georges Clemenceau France
∙ Woodrow Wilson United States
League of Nations
∙ Article 10 obligates members of the League to come to
the defense of each other in the case of “external
aggression”
Significance of WWI
∙ Foreshadows expansion of the modern state
∙ U.S. emerges as world power
∙ Ends progressivism; big business dominates 1920s
∙ 02/13/17 Society, Politics, and Culture in the 1920s
o Big Business
Big business and government formed partnership in 1920s
Oligopolies small set of companies that dominate certain
industries
Presidents of 1920s:
∙ Warren Harding
∙ Calvin Coolidge
∙ Herbert Hoover
“New lobbying” influencing actions or policies in daily life Welfare Capitalism practice of businesses providing welfare to employees
Gross National Product total value of goods produced and the services provided during a year
o Agricultural Problems
Boom and bust cycle
Urbanization:
∙ 6 million Americans left farms for cities in the 1920s
∙ 1.5 million of them were African American
o Consumerism and Wealth
John Dos Passos wrote The Big Money in 1936 about buying things on credit
Automobile in 1923: 3.5 million sold and 80% bought on credit Advertisements and Radio
∙ People’s wealth and popularity depended upon types of
things they would buy
∙ Most people had a radio by the 1920s
o Entertainment
Sports
∙ Babe Ruth baseball player
∙ Jack Dempsey boxer
Movies
∙ 1922 40 million viewers per week
∙ 1930 100 million viewers per week (total population of
120 million)
∙ Chicago Theatre opened in 1921
∙ Charlie Chaplin filmmaker and actor
Night Life
∙ Al Capone “Prohibition is a business. All I do is supply a
public demand.”
∙ Flappers short skirts, no corsets, no censorship of movies,
attractive clothes, good times, etc.
∙ Feminine beauty ads in the 1920s image of mass culture
∙ 02/15/17 Race, Religion, and Nativism in the 1920s
o Harlem Renaissance
Shuffle Along play on Broadway (1921) started it
∙ One of the first major productions written and preformed
by African Americans
Writers during the time:
∙ Langston Hughes
∙ Claude McKay
∙ Zora Neale Hurston
o Jazz Age
Louis Armstrong
Kid Ory
Bessie Smith
o Black Nationalism
Universal Negro Improvement Association run by Marcus
Garvey, fraternal organization founded in 1914
o Ku Klux Klan
William J. Simmons
1920s KKK
∙ Native, white, Protestant supremacy
∙ Northern and urban and not just southern and rural
∙ Women seen as guardians of national morality
o Nativism
1880 1889
∙ 2/3 of immigrants come from England, Ireland, and
Germany
∙ “Old immigration”
1900 1910
∙ 2/3 of immigrants come from Italy, AustriaHungary, and
Russia
∙ “New immigration”
National Origins Act (1924)
∙ Limited all European immigration to 150,000 per year
∙ Each nation’s yearly quota was determined by figuring 2%
of that country’s representation in the US in 1890 (before
the “new immigration”
∙ No limits on immigration from Western Hemisphere
(Canada, Mexico, Latin America)
∙ Asians barred completely
∙ 02/20/17 The Crash and Great Depression
o Election of 1928
Herbert Hoover
∙ President from 19291933
∙ Republican
∙ He was apart of the government as it was going good, so he
had it going for him to win
∙ American individualism pull themselves up by “their boot
straps” and not depend on the government
Al Smith
∙ Democratic
∙ First Catholic to run for president
Election Results
∙ Hoover won electoral at 33.5% with Smith had 16.5%
∙ Hoover won popular at 58% while Smith had 41%
∙ Smith won southern states only
o Causes of the Great Depression
Stock market in 1929 there was a serious decline in the index of common stock prices and the volume of sales on the New York
Stock Exchange
International Economy flow: American Banks [Postwar Loans] Germany [WWI Reparations] Allies (France, England) [War debts]
Partnership of big business and government in the 1920s
o The Great Depression
First three years (19291932)
∙ GNP falls from $104 billion to $59 billion
∙ Farm prices, already low, drop 60%
∙ 5,500 banks close
∙ 25% of workers are unemployed by 1933; approximately
11 million workers jobless
Farmers and Workers Decline
∙ Walked the roads looking for jobs
∙ Sharecroppers were starved and very poor
∙ Dust Bowl there was no rain in the Great Plains and “dust
fell like snow”
∙ 02/22/17 The New Deals
o First New Deal Strategies relief, economic planning and recovery, and longterm security
o Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1931 Election v. Hoover
Rode around in wheelchair but did not want to be seen in it due to “demasculinization”
Fireside Chats (1933) his way of communicating with the country o NRA (National Recovery Administration) sharecroppers were evicted o Second New Deal
Workers progress administration government money raised through taxation redistributed for people to do work
Labor relations Wagner Act (1935) guarantees workers the right to organize and bargain collectively
Social Security Act of 1935
∙ Establishes federal pension system workers pay monthly
tax, matched by employers, to fund retirement benefits
∙ Creates cooperative federalstate unemployment insurance
∙ Created aid to dependent children, welfare system for
children without fathers present
∙ 02/27/17 Isolationism and the Coming of War
o Isolationism
Benito Mussolini (Italy)
Adolf Hitler (Germany)
American Isolationism (1930s) wanted to stay out of war
Franklin Roosevelt hated war
o American Entrance
Axis Germany, Italy, and Japan
Allies U.S., Britain, Soviet Union
War in Europe
∙ June 6, 1944 Beach of Normandy Fight (DDay)
∙ May 7, 1945 Hitler kills himself
American Casualties
∙ Dead or missing 405,400
∙ Wounded 607,800
∙ Captured 139,700
∙ Psychological disorders 1,300,00
∙ 03/01/17 Home Front USA
o Censorship
Ernie Pyle said “These are the things that you at home do not even try to understand. To you at home they are columns or figures, or he is a near one who went away and just didn’t come back. You didn’t see him lying so grotesque and pasty beside the gravel road in France. We saw him, saw him by the multiple thousands. That’s the difference”
1943 Bataan by Robert Taylor
o Propaganda
1944 war time bonds
Life Magazine (September 1945) amputee from war
Four Freedoms: speech, worship, want, and fear
o Women during war times
Rosie the Riveter “We Can Do It!”
1940 14 million women workers
1944 19 million women workers
72% of increase was married women
o Racial Tensions
Zoot Suit (1943)
∙ Government told factories that lapels needed to be thinner
∙ Zoot suit riots in LA where people were getting beaten up
and arrested over these suits
Americans feared Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor so they were sent into concentration camps in Manzanar, CA
442nd
Regimental Combat Team all Japanese troop to fight Nazis
78% of African Americans served with service and not in combat o When soldiers come home
Worried about crime wave coming after the war
GI Bill (1944) new deal for veterans that provided housing, education, and health care
The New Yorker (1945) “He’s Not Celebrating”
Timeline of Events from Ch. 15 Ch. 26
Chapter 15:
1863 Lincoln announces Reconstruction plan
1864 Lincoln vetoes WadeDavis Bill
1865 Confederacy surrenders, Lincoln’s assassination, Johnson becomes President, Freedmen’s Bureau, and Joint Committee on Reconstruction
1866 Republicans gain in congressional elections
1867 Congressional Reconstruction begins
1868 Johnson impeached and acquitted, 14th Amendment ratified, and Grant is elected President
1869 Congress passes 15th Amendment
1872 Grant is reelected
1873 Panic and Depression
1877 Hayes win disputed election and Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction 1883 Supreme Court upholds segregation
1890’s Jim Crow laws in South
1895 Atlanta Compromise
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
Chapter 17:
1859 First oil well drilled
1866 National Labor Union founded and First transatlantic cable
1870 Rockefeller founds Standard Oil
1873 Carnegie Steel founded Economic panic
1876 Bell invents telephone
1877 Nationwide railroad strike
1879 Edison invents electric light bulb
1881 American Federation of Labor founded
1886 Haymarket bombing
1888 Bellamy’s Looking Backward
1892 Homestead steel strike
1893 Depression begins
1894 Pullman strike
1901 Carnegie publishes The Gospel of Wealth
1903 Wright brothers’ airplane flight
1914 Ford introduces factory assembly lines
Chapter 18:
1869 First intercollegiate football game
1870 NYC opens first elevated railroads
1871 Boston and Chicago fires
1872 Boss Tweed convicted
1876 Baseball’s National League founded
1882 Congress restricts Chinese immigration
1884 First “skyscraper” in Chicago
1890 Riis’s How the Other Half Lives
1891 Basketball invented
1894 Immigration Restriction
1897 Boston opens first subway in America
1899 Chopin’s The Awakening
1901 Baseball’s American League founded
1903 First World Series
Chapter 19:
1867 National Grange founded
1876 Hayes elected president
1880 Garfield elected president
1881 Garfield assassinated and Arthur becomes president
1884 Cleveland elected president
1887 Interstate Commerce Act and U.S. gains base at Pearl Harbor 1888 Benjamin Harrison elected president
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, Sherman Silver Purchase Act, and McKinley Tariff 1892 Cleveland elected president again and People’s Party formed 1893 Revolution in Hawaii, Economic depression begins, Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed
1894 Coxey’s Army marches on Washington, D.C.
1896 McKinley elected president
1898 War with Spain, Treaty of Paris, and U.S. annexed Hawaii and Puerto Rico and Philippines
18911902 Philippines revolt
1899 Open Door notes
1900 Boxer Rebellion and McKinley reelected
1901 Platt Amendment
Chapter 20:
1873 Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) founded
1889 Jane Addams open Hull House in Chicago
1893 AntiSaloon League founded
1900 Galveston, Texas establishes commission government
1901 McKinley assassinated and Theodore Roosevelt becomes president 1902 Northern Securities antitrust case
1906 Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act and Meat Inspection Act
1907 Financial panic and recession
1908 Taft elected president
1909 NAACP formed and PinchotBallinger dispute
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire
1912 Roosevelt forms Progressive Party and Woodrow Wilson elected president 1913 16th Amendment (income tax), 17th Amendment (direct popular election of U.S. senators), and Federal Reserve Act
1914 Federal Trade Commission Act and Clayton Antitrust Act
1919 18th Amendment (prohibition)
1920 19th Amendment (woman suffrage)
Chapter 21:
1914 World War I begins and the Panama Canal is opened
1915 U.S. troops in Haiti, Lusitania torpedoed, and Wilson supports preparedness 1916 Wilson reelected and U.S. troops in Mexico
1917 German unrestricted submarine warfare, U.S. enters World War I, Selective Service Act, and War Industries Board created
1918 Sedition Act, Wilson’s fourteen Points, Armistice ends war, and Paris Peace Conference
1919 Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles, Race riots in Chicago and other cities, and Steel strike and other labor actions
1920 Palmer raids and Red Scare and Harding is elected president 1927 Sacco and Vanzetti executed
Chapter 22:
19141920 Great Migration of blacks to the North
1920 Prohibition begins and Harding elected president
1922 Lewis’s Bobbitt
1923 Harding dies; Coolidge becomes president and Harding administration scandals revealed
1924 National Origins Act passed, Coolidge elected president, and KKK membership peaks
1925 Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Scopes trial
1927 First sound motion picture, The Jazz Singer
1928 Hoover elected president
Chapter 23:
Chapter 24:
Chapter 25:
1924 Dawes Plan
1928 KelloggBriand Pact
1931 Japan invades Manchuria
1933 U.S. recognizes Soviet Union, Good Neighbor Policy
1937 Roosevelt’s “quarantine” speech
1938 Munich Conference
1939 NaziSoviet nonaggression pact, Germany invades Poland
1940 Tripartite Pact, America First Committee founded, Roosevelt reelected, Destroyersforbases deal
1941 Lendlease plan, Atlantic Charter, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, U.S. enters WWII Chapter 26:
1942 Battle of Midway, Campaign in North Africa, Japanese Americans interned, Manhattan Project begins, CORE founded
1943 Americans capture Guadalcanal, Allied invasion of Italy, Soviet victory at Stalingrad
1944 Allies invade Normandy, Roosevelt reelected, Americans capture Philippines 1945 Roosevelt dies; Truman becomes president, Germany surrenders, U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders
HY 104 Midterm Study Guide
There will be one essay worth 100 points on the test There will also be 3 picture IDs worth 30 points (10 each)
If a word or phrase is underlined, it is an important term
Page 2: Potential Essay Topics
Page 3: Potential Picture IDs
Page 4: Picture ID Class Notes
Pages 5 17: Class Notes
Pages 18 21: Timeline of Events
Potential Essay Topics
(From professor’s study guide)
∙ The Civil War ended in 1865or did it? How dramatic were the differencesand tensionsbetween North and South from 1865 to 1945? You might consider race relations, politics, economics, labor, culture, and/or other issues as you craft an argument about the nature and degree of sectional differences after 1865. To what extent were the North and South two separate, distinctive societies in these decades? Use assigned books, films, and lectures for support, using multiple, specific examples to make your case.
∙ The role and reach of the federal government expanded greatly between 1865 and 1945. What was the specific nature of that expansion, and how significantly did it affect Americans? What areas of American lifepolitical, economic, social, cultural, labor conditions, and so onwere most affected by new government roles and responsibilities? Use assigned book, films, and lectures for support, using multiple, specific examples of government actions and their consequences for ordinary people.
Potential Picture IDs (#1 #16)
(From professor’s study guide)
Picture ID Notes from Class
∙ Lecture 01/11/17
o Freedmen voting across class #1
o Republican legislators in South Carolina
∙ Lecture 01/18/17
o Redemption in 1874 #2
Retaking of the southern government
o 1,700 blacks lynched in the South #5
∙ Lecture 01/23/17
o Triangle Shirtwaist fire in NYC in 1911 #6
o Ford Motor Company had a skit with its workers #8
They came out in their home country outfits and then changed into American outfits
Taught to be strictly American as immigrants
∙ Lecture 01/25/17
o Railroad reform #7
New York Graphic, 1873
∙ Lecture 01/30/17
o Child laborer #10
o 18th Amendment #9
19191933
Prohibit the sale, manufacture, and distribution of alcohol
∙ Lecture 02/01/17
o Spain was blamed for the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine #11
o Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders #12
∙ Lecture 02/06/17
o Enlist Advertisement for WWI #3
“Help Crush the Menace of the Seas”
∙ Lecture 02/08/17
o John Meintz #4
Tarred and feathered in Minnesota for not supporting war bond drives
1917
∙ Lecture 02/13/17
o Babe Ruth #13
Advertisement for Bedrock Cola
∙ Lecture 02/15/17
o Female KKK members in Washington, D.C. #14
∙ Lecture 02/20/17
o Soup kitchen #15
Opened in Chicago by Al Capone
1931
∙ Lecture 02/27/17
o Life Magazine #16
1943, woman writing soldier back while looking at German skull Class Notes
∙ 01/11/17 The Reconstruction Era
o Andrew Johnson’s Plans for Reconstruction
Reconstruction plans before Johnson
∙ Lincoln’s plan was to offer a general amnesty to white
southerners who should pledge an oath of loyalty to the
government and accept slavery abolition (1865)
∙ Once ten percent of the state’s voters took the oath, they
could set up their state government and only three southern
states reestablished their governments (Louisiana,
Arkansas, and Tennessee)
∙ Radical republicans opposed and formed the WadeDavis
Bill which called for the president to appoint governor for
each state
∙ The WadeDavis Bill would abolish slavery but it left the
black’s political rights up to the states so eventually
Lincoln pocket vetoed it
Lincoln’s Death
∙ Killed by John Wilkes Booth in Ford Theater on April 14,
1865
∙ Andrew Johnson then became President
Andrew Johnson’s Restoration Plans (1867)
∙ Offered amnesty to southerners who took the oath
∙ Mostly resembled WadeDavis Bill
o President appointed governors
o Abolish slavery and ratify 13th Amendment
Black Codes
∙ State legislatures passed these laws in 18651866
∙ They detained African Americans who did not have jobs,
fined them for it, and then sent them to private employers
so they could pay for the fines
∙ Congress responded by extending the Freedmen’s Bureau
to nullify the work agreements
∙ Congress then passed the Civil Rights Act in April of 1866
to appoint African Americans as full citizens, which gave
them power in the state
o Radical Reconstruction
Johnson v. Thaddeus Stevens (Rep. of Penn.) and Charles Sumner (Senator of Mass.)
14th Amendment
∙ Congress approved in early summer of 1866
∙ It defined American citizenship
o Everyone born in the U.S.
o Everyone naturalized
o Entitled to all privileges of the Constitution
∙ If southern states accepted this amendment, they would be readmitted (only TN accepted)
The Congressional Plan
∙ Tennessee was readmitted
∙ 1st Reconstruction Act
o All of the other confederate states were conjoined
into 5 military districts
o Kept confederate leaders from voting
o Each district had a military commander who
registered voters to elect state constitutions and then
elect state governments
o Gave freedmen the right to vote
o Required southern states to ratify the 14th
Amendment
o By 1870, all states were readmitted
∙ 15th Amendment forbade states and federal government to deny suffrage to citizens
∙ Tenure of Office Act (1867) prohibited the president, without Senate consent, to remove civil officials
∙ Command of the Army Act prohibited the president,
except through commanding general, U.S. Grant, to issue
military orders
o The South in Reconstruction
Reconstruction Governments
∙ Scalawags former Whigs or farmers in remote areas
∙ Carpetbaggers white men from the North
∙ African Americans started holding public offices
∙ Democratic redeemers political coalition in the south
during reconstruction who wanted to overthrow radical
republican coalition of freedmen
Landownership
∙ Southern plantation owners in 1865 started wanting their land back that now belonged to exslaves and President
Johnson helped return their land
∙ Sharecropping tenants of white landowners who had their own plots and paid the landlords in either rent or a share of crops
Croplien system
∙ Blacks and poor white suffered through this system
∙ Credit system centered in local stores
∙ They had no competition so they had interest rates up to
60%
∙ Farmers become imprisoned in debt
Furnishing merchants the hub of the new system of agriculture Ku Klux Klan
∙ Frightened African Americans from voting
∙ Made of the Knights of the White Camellia and others
∙ Worked to form a larger democratic party
∙ 01/18/17 The South After Reconstruction
o The New South
Railroads
∙ Expansion 18701890
∙ Towns were isolated so when traveling by railroad became
popular, it changed people’s character
Southern population loss from 18801901
∙ Whites 1,243,000
∙ Blacks 537,000
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
∙ Louisiana law case for segregated seating on railroads
∙ In 1892, a black man named Plessy refused to sit in a Jim
Crow car which broke the law
o Jim Crow Laws state and local laws that enforced segregation (settling someone apart from other people) in the south
Disfranchisement the state of being deprived of a right or
privilege
Segregation of Accommodations
∙ Justice John Marshall
In the 1890s there were an average of 187 lynchings every year of African Americans
Redeemers political coalition in the south who pursued
redemption (wanting to rid of the radical republicans)
∙ 01/23/17 Industry, Immigrants, and Urban America
o Growth in the City
Transportation
∙ Walking cities where everything you needed was in
walking distance
∙ Cable car created a cause for suburbs
o Electric trolley track mileage
1890 1,300
1902 22,000
People moving to the city
∙ Urban populations:
o 1880: 26%
o 1900: 40%
o 1920: 51%
∙ Mostly Whites and African Americans coming out of
slavery
Immigration
∙ Made up 76% of New York City in 1920
∙ Made up 72% in Cleveland, Boston, and Chicago
∙ Made up 64% in Detroit, San Fran., and Minneapolis
∙ From 1870 to 1920, 26 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis Island, NY
o 18801889: 2/3 came from England, Ireland, and
Germany (old immigration)
o 19001910: 2/3 came from Italy, AustriaHungary,
and Russia (new immigration)
o Sources of Industrial Growth
Steel and iron production soared as railroad production increased Gasoline and engine inventions made way for the automobile ∙ Henry Ford
o Made first famous car in 1895
o Also created the assembly line
The wright brothers flew the first airplane
o Capitalist Conservatism
Social Darwinism theory that individuals either succeeded or fell due to their fitness and virtues
Gospel of wealth theory that wealthy people were most powerful ∙ Horatio Alger wrote many novels about rags to riches
The American Socialist Party was formed in 1901 when a group of people from De Leon’s party strove after organized labor
o Ordeal of the Worker
Immigrants coming to America extended the industrial workforce Child Labor
∙ Factory work
∙ Coal mines
∙ Working at home
Knights of Labor run by Terence Powderly to form a power structure where workers get betters wages but more ownership The American Federation of Labor run by Samuel Gompers for shorter work days and better wages
o Living in the City
Immigrants were forced to learn to language and lose the accent Majority of people lived in dumbbell tenements
∙ 01/25/17 Dissent and Depression in the 1890s
o Politics
Democrats in the late 1900s were more conservative
∙ Consisted of mostly southern small government whites and
northern white workers
∙ A lot of Jews and Catholics were democratic
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
∙ Created commission from interstate commerce
∙ Had weak enforcement provisions
∙ Prohibited rebates, pools, and race discrimination
∙ Weakened by the Supreme Court in 1897
o Agricultural Issues
Farmer’s Alliances in 1889
∙ Plains Alliance (2 million members)
∙ Southern Alliance (2 million members)
∙ Colored Farmers’ National Alliance (1 million members)
Populist Concerns
∙ Work to change nature of ownership and economic
exchange
∙ Persuade federal government to have bigger role in
economy
∙ Proposals:
o Abolish private banks
o Federal ownership of railroads and telegraph
o Direct election of U.S. senators
o Federal control over currency (expand money
supply)
o Shorter work days
o Election of 1896
McKinley vs. Bryan
∙ William McKinley was the governor of Ohio and won with
61% in the electoral vote (Republican)
∙ William Jennings Bryan Congressman from Nebraska
(Democrat)
o “Cross of Gold” speech he supported free silver
and thought it would help bring the nation
prosperity
∙ 01/30/17 Progressivism I: The Search for Order
o Four Pillars of Progression
End abuses of power
Reform social institutions
Bring scientific principles and efficiency to a chaotic world
Make industrialization humane
o Reform
Muckrakers reformminded journalists
Government:
∙ Recall allow voters to remove officials and judges from
office
∙ Initiative allow voters to propose laws themselves
∙ Referendum enables voters to accept or reject laws
Labor child labor was a problem
Prohibition of alcohol called for 18th Amendment
∙ 19191933
∙ Prohibited the sale, manufacture, and distribution of
alcohol
Eugenics distribution of European Races
∙ Madison Grant
∙ The higher up you were in Europe geographically, the
better you were
o Race and Gender Reform
Booker T. Washington
∙ Tuskegee Institute school in Alabama for blacks to teach
them about jobs and industry
∙ Studied social problems and created institutions to help
Du Bois
∙ “The way for a people to gain their reasonable rights is not
by voluntarily throwing them away.”
New Feminism
∙ Jane Addams set up Hull House in Chicago to help
mothers and teach people
∙ 19th Amendment (Jan. of 1920)
o Equality ended woman suffrage
o Gave women the right to vote
∙ 02/01/17 Progressivism II: Politics and Foreign Policy
o Imperialism
SpanishAmerican War
∙ McKinley’s reasons for war:
o “Cause of humanity”
o “Very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and
business of our people”
o “Constant menace to our peace”
∙ Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine (Feb. 15, 1898)
o Teddy Roosevelt President from 19011909
Roosevelt Corollary (1904) addition to Monroe Doctrine to exercise military force in Latin America
o 1912 Election
Taft was inaugurated in 1909
Roosevelt’s New Nationalism
∙ “The effort at prohibiting all combinations has substantially
failed. The way out lies… in completely controlling them.”
∙ Heavily tax big business and the wealthy
∙ Create a modern welfare state
Wilson’s New Freedom
∙ Claims individual freedom is threatened by trusts
∙ Proposes to break up trusts aggressively
o Underwood Tariff (1913)
Lowers tariff on incoming goods
Establishes graduated federal income tax
For regulating business costs
∙ 02/06/17 American Entrance into World War I
o European Conflict in 1914
American was concerned about the GermanAmericans in the U.S. Bosnian terrorists killed Ferdinand with the help of Serbia
Serbia looked to Russia from threats of Germany and Austria Hungary
Germany declares war on Russia and France
Triple Alliance Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
Triple Entente Russia, France, and UK
o American Entrance
Uboat Warfare
∙ Undersea boats (submarines)
∙ Surrounded British isles so British could torpedo them
∙ Lusitania sunk by submarine which resulted in 1,260 dead
Wilson’s Reasons for War
∙ Freedom to travel the seas
∙ Economic repercussions of maritime rights
∙ Germany’s reckless antagonism
∙ Desire for seat at the peace table
Drafting into the War
∙ Selective Service Act (1917) to raise army for American
entry into WWI
∙ 48 million served in military
∙ 2 million served in France
∙ Women worked for Red Cross or served coffee to
doughboys
o War Experiences
Poison Gas Attacks
∙ Used by both sides
∙ Now not allowed
Captured several German troops
Germans asked for peace in November of 1918
WWI Casualties:
∙ U.S.
o 112,000 killed
o 50,000 in combat and other half from disease
∙ Europe
o 10 million soldiers
o 6.6 million civilians
o 21.3 million people wounded
∙ 02/08/17 Mobilizing the Home Front in World War I
o Nation at War
Business and Government Cooperation
∙ Food propaganda one day they would go without a certain
food
∙ War Bonds buying a $25 investment to help fund the war
Labor during War Times
∙ Work had a patriotic meaning
∙ Strike was not tolerated
∙ Women had to fill in for men at war and do manual labor
Great Migration
∙ 1910 to 1920: 500,000 blacks moved up north
∙ Black populations that increased:
o Cleveland 300%
o Detroit 600%
o Chicago 150%
o Fight on Civil Liberty
WWI propaganda determined to demonize enemy (George Creel) Espionage Act (1917) forbade “false statements” meant to
impede the draft or subvert the military; banned “treasonous” mail Sedition Act (1918) forbade obstructing the sale of war bonds and using “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive” language to describe the government
Frank Little
∙ Murdered in Butte, MT in August of 1917
∙ A leader for Industrial Workers of the World
∙ Murdered for belonging to radical union
Red Scare of 1919
∙ A. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover
∙ Seizure of Communist Party literature in Cambridge, Mass.
of November 1919
o Uncertain Peace
Big Four
∙ David Lloyd George England
∙ Vittorio Orlando Italy
∙ Georges Clemenceau France
∙ Woodrow Wilson United States
League of Nations
∙ Article 10 obligates members of the League to come to
the defense of each other in the case of “external
aggression”
Significance of WWI
∙ Foreshadows expansion of the modern state
∙ U.S. emerges as world power
∙ Ends progressivism; big business dominates 1920s
∙ 02/13/17 Society, Politics, and Culture in the 1920s
o Big Business
Big business and government formed partnership in 1920s
Oligopolies small set of companies that dominate certain
industries
Presidents of 1920s:
∙ Warren Harding
∙ Calvin Coolidge
∙ Herbert Hoover
“New lobbying” influencing actions or policies in daily life Welfare Capitalism practice of businesses providing welfare to employees
Gross National Product total value of goods produced and the services provided during a year
o Agricultural Problems
Boom and bust cycle
Urbanization:
∙ 6 million Americans left farms for cities in the 1920s
∙ 1.5 million of them were African American
o Consumerism and Wealth
John Dos Passos wrote The Big Money in 1936 about buying things on credit
Automobile in 1923: 3.5 million sold and 80% bought on credit Advertisements and Radio
∙ People’s wealth and popularity depended upon types of
things they would buy
∙ Most people had a radio by the 1920s
o Entertainment
Sports
∙ Babe Ruth baseball player
∙ Jack Dempsey boxer
Movies
∙ 1922 40 million viewers per week
∙ 1930 100 million viewers per week (total population of
120 million)
∙ Chicago Theatre opened in 1921
∙ Charlie Chaplin filmmaker and actor
Night Life
∙ Al Capone “Prohibition is a business. All I do is supply a
public demand.”
∙ Flappers short skirts, no corsets, no censorship of movies,
attractive clothes, good times, etc.
∙ Feminine beauty ads in the 1920s image of mass culture
∙ 02/15/17 Race, Religion, and Nativism in the 1920s
o Harlem Renaissance
Shuffle Along play on Broadway (1921) started it
∙ One of the first major productions written and preformed
by African Americans
Writers during the time:
∙ Langston Hughes
∙ Claude McKay
∙ Zora Neale Hurston
o Jazz Age
Louis Armstrong
Kid Ory
Bessie Smith
o Black Nationalism
Universal Negro Improvement Association run by Marcus
Garvey, fraternal organization founded in 1914
o Ku Klux Klan
William J. Simmons
1920s KKK
∙ Native, white, Protestant supremacy
∙ Northern and urban and not just southern and rural
∙ Women seen as guardians of national morality
o Nativism
1880 1889
∙ 2/3 of immigrants come from England, Ireland, and
Germany
∙ “Old immigration”
1900 1910
∙ 2/3 of immigrants come from Italy, AustriaHungary, and
Russia
∙ “New immigration”
National Origins Act (1924)
∙ Limited all European immigration to 150,000 per year
∙ Each nation’s yearly quota was determined by figuring 2%
of that country’s representation in the US in 1890 (before
the “new immigration”
∙ No limits on immigration from Western Hemisphere
(Canada, Mexico, Latin America)
∙ Asians barred completely
∙ 02/20/17 The Crash and Great Depression
o Election of 1928
Herbert Hoover
∙ President from 19291933
∙ Republican
∙ He was apart of the government as it was going good, so he
had it going for him to win
∙ American individualism pull themselves up by “their boot
straps” and not depend on the government
Al Smith
∙ Democratic
∙ First Catholic to run for president
Election Results
∙ Hoover won electoral at 33.5% with Smith had 16.5%
∙ Hoover won popular at 58% while Smith had 41%
∙ Smith won southern states only
o Causes of the Great Depression
Stock market in 1929 there was a serious decline in the index of common stock prices and the volume of sales on the New York
Stock Exchange
International Economy flow: American Banks [Postwar Loans] Germany [WWI Reparations] Allies (France, England) [War debts]
Partnership of big business and government in the 1920s
o The Great Depression
First three years (19291932)
∙ GNP falls from $104 billion to $59 billion
∙ Farm prices, already low, drop 60%
∙ 5,500 banks close
∙ 25% of workers are unemployed by 1933; approximately
11 million workers jobless
Farmers and Workers Decline
∙ Walked the roads looking for jobs
∙ Sharecroppers were starved and very poor
∙ Dust Bowl there was no rain in the Great Plains and “dust
fell like snow”
∙ 02/22/17 The New Deals
o First New Deal Strategies relief, economic planning and recovery, and longterm security
o Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1931 Election v. Hoover
Rode around in wheelchair but did not want to be seen in it due to “demasculinization”
Fireside Chats (1933) his way of communicating with the country o NRA (National Recovery Administration) sharecroppers were evicted o Second New Deal
Workers progress administration government money raised through taxation redistributed for people to do work
Labor relations Wagner Act (1935) guarantees workers the right to organize and bargain collectively
Social Security Act of 1935
∙ Establishes federal pension system workers pay monthly
tax, matched by employers, to fund retirement benefits
∙ Creates cooperative federalstate unemployment insurance
∙ Created aid to dependent children, welfare system for
children without fathers present
∙ 02/27/17 Isolationism and the Coming of War
o Isolationism
Benito Mussolini (Italy)
Adolf Hitler (Germany)
American Isolationism (1930s) wanted to stay out of war
Franklin Roosevelt hated war
o American Entrance
Axis Germany, Italy, and Japan
Allies U.S., Britain, Soviet Union
War in Europe
∙ June 6, 1944 Beach of Normandy Fight (DDay)
∙ May 7, 1945 Hitler kills himself
American Casualties
∙ Dead or missing 405,400
∙ Wounded 607,800
∙ Captured 139,700
∙ Psychological disorders 1,300,00
∙ 03/01/17 Home Front USA
o Censorship
Ernie Pyle said “These are the things that you at home do not even try to understand. To you at home they are columns or figures, or he is a near one who went away and just didn’t come back. You didn’t see him lying so grotesque and pasty beside the gravel road in France. We saw him, saw him by the multiple thousands. That’s the difference”
1943 Bataan by Robert Taylor
o Propaganda
1944 war time bonds
Life Magazine (September 1945) amputee from war
Four Freedoms: speech, worship, want, and fear
o Women during war times
Rosie the Riveter “We Can Do It!”
1940 14 million women workers
1944 19 million women workers
72% of increase was married women
o Racial Tensions
Zoot Suit (1943)
∙ Government told factories that lapels needed to be thinner
∙ Zoot suit riots in LA where people were getting beaten up
and arrested over these suits
Americans feared Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor so they were sent into concentration camps in Manzanar, CA
442nd
Regimental Combat Team all Japanese troop to fight Nazis
78% of African Americans served with service and not in combat o When soldiers come home
Worried about crime wave coming after the war
GI Bill (1944) new deal for veterans that provided housing, education, and health care
The New Yorker (1945) “He’s Not Celebrating”
Timeline of Events from Ch. 15 Ch. 26
Chapter 15:
1863 Lincoln announces Reconstruction plan
1864 Lincoln vetoes WadeDavis Bill
1865 Confederacy surrenders, Lincoln’s assassination, Johnson becomes President, Freedmen’s Bureau, and Joint Committee on Reconstruction
1866 Republicans gain in congressional elections
1867 Congressional Reconstruction begins
1868 Johnson impeached and acquitted, 14th Amendment ratified, and Grant is elected President
1869 Congress passes 15th Amendment
1872 Grant is reelected
1873 Panic and Depression
1877 Hayes win disputed election and Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction 1883 Supreme Court upholds segregation
1890’s Jim Crow laws in South
1895 Atlanta Compromise
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
Chapter 17:
1859 First oil well drilled
1866 National Labor Union founded and First transatlantic cable
1870 Rockefeller founds Standard Oil
1873 Carnegie Steel founded Economic panic
1876 Bell invents telephone
1877 Nationwide railroad strike
1879 Edison invents electric light bulb
1881 American Federation of Labor founded
1886 Haymarket bombing
1888 Bellamy’s Looking Backward
1892 Homestead steel strike
1893 Depression begins
1894 Pullman strike
1901 Carnegie publishes The Gospel of Wealth
1903 Wright brothers’ airplane flight
1914 Ford introduces factory assembly lines
Chapter 18:
1869 First intercollegiate football game
1870 NYC opens first elevated railroads
1871 Boston and Chicago fires
1872 Boss Tweed convicted
1876 Baseball’s National League founded
1882 Congress restricts Chinese immigration
1884 First “skyscraper” in Chicago
1890 Riis’s How the Other Half Lives
1891 Basketball invented
1894 Immigration Restriction
1897 Boston opens first subway in America
1899 Chopin’s The Awakening
1901 Baseball’s American League founded
1903 First World Series
Chapter 19:
1867 National Grange founded
1876 Hayes elected president
1880 Garfield elected president
1881 Garfield assassinated and Arthur becomes president
1884 Cleveland elected president
1887 Interstate Commerce Act and U.S. gains base at Pearl Harbor 1888 Benjamin Harrison elected president
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, Sherman Silver Purchase Act, and McKinley Tariff 1892 Cleveland elected president again and People’s Party formed 1893 Revolution in Hawaii, Economic depression begins, Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed
1894 Coxey’s Army marches on Washington, D.C.
1896 McKinley elected president
1898 War with Spain, Treaty of Paris, and U.S. annexed Hawaii and Puerto Rico and Philippines
18911902 Philippines revolt
1899 Open Door notes
1900 Boxer Rebellion and McKinley reelected
1901 Platt Amendment
Chapter 20:
1873 Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) founded
1889 Jane Addams open Hull House in Chicago
1893 AntiSaloon League founded
1900 Galveston, Texas establishes commission government
1901 McKinley assassinated and Theodore Roosevelt becomes president 1902 Northern Securities antitrust case
1906 Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act and Meat Inspection Act
1907 Financial panic and recession
1908 Taft elected president
1909 NAACP formed and PinchotBallinger dispute
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire
1912 Roosevelt forms Progressive Party and Woodrow Wilson elected president 1913 16th Amendment (income tax), 17th Amendment (direct popular election of U.S. senators), and Federal Reserve Act
1914 Federal Trade Commission Act and Clayton Antitrust Act
1919 18th Amendment (prohibition)
1920 19th Amendment (woman suffrage)
Chapter 21:
1914 World War I begins and the Panama Canal is opened
1915 U.S. troops in Haiti, Lusitania torpedoed, and Wilson supports preparedness 1916 Wilson reelected and U.S. troops in Mexico
1917 German unrestricted submarine warfare, U.S. enters World War I, Selective Service Act, and War Industries Board created
1918 Sedition Act, Wilson’s fourteen Points, Armistice ends war, and Paris Peace Conference
1919 Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles, Race riots in Chicago and other cities, and Steel strike and other labor actions
1920 Palmer raids and Red Scare and Harding is elected president 1927 Sacco and Vanzetti executed
Chapter 22:
19141920 Great Migration of blacks to the North
1920 Prohibition begins and Harding elected president
1922 Lewis’s Bobbitt
1923 Harding dies; Coolidge becomes president and Harding administration scandals revealed
1924 National Origins Act passed, Coolidge elected president, and KKK membership peaks
1925 Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Scopes trial
1927 First sound motion picture, The Jazz Singer
1928 Hoover elected president
Chapter 23:
Chapter 24:
Chapter 25:
1924 Dawes Plan
1928 KelloggBriand Pact
1931 Japan invades Manchuria
1933 U.S. recognizes Soviet Union, Good Neighbor Policy
1937 Roosevelt’s “quarantine” speech
1938 Munich Conference
1939 NaziSoviet nonaggression pact, Germany invades Poland
1940 Tripartite Pact, America First Committee founded, Roosevelt reelected, Destroyersforbases deal
1941 Lendlease plan, Atlantic Charter, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, U.S. enters WWII Chapter 26:
1942 Battle of Midway, Campaign in North Africa, Japanese Americans interned, Manhattan Project begins, CORE founded
1943 Americans capture Guadalcanal, Allied invasion of Italy, Soviet victory at Stalingrad
1944 Allies invade Normandy, Roosevelt reelected, Americans capture Philippines 1945 Roosevelt dies; Truman becomes president, Germany surrenders, U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders