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ACC 200 Exam 2 Study Guide CHAPTER 4. Cash and Internal control 1. Internal control: Improve accuracy and reliability of information 2. Control activities (1) Preventive activities: Separation, Authorization, Physical coIf you want to learn more check out amino bio decorations
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ntrols etc. (2) Detective activities: Reconciliation, Performance reviews, audits 3. Separation of duties: Authorizing transactions, recording, maintaining control of the assets should be separated 4. Cash and cash equivalent: Currency, Coins, Savings, Checking accounts, Checks received from customers, Money market funds, Treasury Bills, Certificates of Deposit 5. Bank reconciliation: the process of matching the balances in an entity's accounting records for a cash account to the corresponding information on a bank statement. 6. Petty cash fund: small amount of cash kept on hand to pay for minor purchases <Adjusting journal entry>
(EX1) Company’s cash account balance is $10,000 before bank reconciliation Checks outstanding $2,000 Deposits outstanding 1,500 NSF Check 500 Service Fee 100 Interest earned 300 Notes collected 500 What is the amount of cash that should be reported in the company’s balance sheet? Ans) $10, 200 (EX2) Bank balance is $8,000 Checks outstanding $5,000 Notes collected by bank $1,500 Service fee $100 Deposits outstanding $3,000 NSF Check $500 What is the correct cash balance that should be reported in the company’s balance sheet? Ans) $6,000 CHAPTER 5. Receivables and Sales 1. Net revenues = Sales – Sales discount – Sales returns and allowances 2. Trade discount: Reduced from the list price of a product or service to provide incentives to larger customers (specific customers), not contra account 3. Sales returns. Allowances: Contra account of revenue Dr) Sales allowance (Returns) XXX Cr) Accounts receivable XXX
4. Sales discount: Intended to provide incentive for quick paymentEx) 2/10, n/30 =>2% discount if payment is made within 10 days or full payment is due 30 days
(EX) On July 8, Ray, Inc. sold 100 printers to Office Rental company at $500 each and offered a 2% discount for payment within 10 days. On July 15, Office Rental Company paid the full amount in cash. What should Ray Inc. record on July 15? Debit: Cash 49,000 Sales Discount 1,000 Credit: Accounts Receivable 50,000 5. Allowance method (1) Estimating uncollectible accounts (Aging method, % of receivable etc.) Dr) Bad debt expense XXX Cr) Allowance for uncollectible accounts XXX (2) Writeoff of accounts receivable : Dr) Allowance for uncollectable accounts XXX Cr) Accounts receivable XXX (3) Collection of accounts previously written off
(4) Estimating uncollectible accounts in the following year
(EX) At December 31, Gail Co. reported accounts receivable of $200,000 and an allowance for uncollectible accounts of $1,000 (credit). An analysis of accounts receivable suggests that the allowance for uncollectible accounts should be 2% of accounts receivable. The amount of the adjustment for uncollectible accounts would be? $3,000 (EX) At December 31, Amy Co. had account balances in Accounts Receivable of $300,000 and $1,000 (credit) in Allowance for Uncollectible accounts. An analysis of accounts receivable suggests that the allowance for uncollectible accounts should be 2% of accounts receivable. Bad debt expense for the year should be? $5,000 6. Notes receivable (1) Recording notes receivable
(2) Collection of Notes receivable and accrued interest
(EX1) On February 1, 2015, Middle Corp. lends cash and accepts a $2,000 note receivable that offers 12% interest and is due in 8 months. How much interest revenue will Middle Corp report during 2015? (Same year collection) $160 (EX2) On September 1, 2016. Middle Corp. lends cash and accepts a $2,000 note receivable that offers 12% interest and is due in 8 months. How much interest revenue will Middle Corp report during 2016? (Next year collection) $80 CHAPTER 6. Inventory and cost of goods sold 1. Inventory equation ($, units): Beginning inventory + Purchase = Cost of goods (Units) available for sales = Cost of goods sold + Ending Inventory 2. Gross profit = Net sales – Cost of goods sold = Sales – Sales discounts –Sales returns &Allowances – Cost of goods sold 3. Operating income= Gross profit – Selling, general and administrative expenses – other operating expenses 4. Inventory cost methods: Specific identification, FIFO, LIFO, Weighted average method (EX)
(Q1) Using FIFO, calculate (a) Cost of goods sold (b) Ending inventory A) $7,800 b) $2,200 (Q2) Using LIFO, calculate (a) Cost of goods sold (b) Ending inventory A) $8,400 b) $1,600 (Q3) Using weighted –average cost, calculate (a) Weighted average cost (b) Cost of goods sold (c) Ending inventory. A) $10 b) $8,000 c) $2,000 5. When cost is rising: (1) Ending inventory : FIFO >Weighted Average (WA) > LIFO (2) Cost of goods sold : LIFO >WA>FIFO (3) Gross profit : FIFO > WA >LIFO 6. When cost is falling: (1) Ending inventory : LIFO >Weighted Average (WA) > FIFO (2) Cost of goods sold : FIFO >WA>LIFO (3) Gross profit : LIFO > WA > FIFO 7. FIFO => Balance sheet focus, LIFO =>Income statement focus 8. LIFO conformity rule: requires companies that use LIFO for tax reporting to also use LIFO for financial reporting9. Purchase discounts and Purchase returns
10. LowerofCostor Net Realizable Value (NRV) (1) Reports inventory in the balance sheet at the lower of cost or NRVe
(EX1) Under the principle of lowerofcostorNRV, when a company has 10 units of inventory A with market value of $50 and a cost of $60, what is the adjustment? Debit: Cost of Goods Sold $100 Credit: Inventory $100 (EX2) Using the information below, determine the ending inventory value applying the lower ofcostorNRV. Inventory Item Quantity Cost NRV Cutlets 200 $12 $14 Chops 400 $16 $14 Shanks 300 $15 $12 $11,600 CHAPTER 7. Longterm assets 1. Longterm assets= Tangible assets + Intangible assets (Examples) 2. Acquisition cost of Property, plant and equipment (ex: Land) 3. Intangible assets and R&D costs (Expense) 4. Goodwill = Purchase price – Fair value of net assets acquired *Net assets= Asset – Liabilities 5. Expenditure after acquisition (1) Capitalize => If it increases future benefits (ex: service life) (2) Expense => If it benefits only the current period (EX) The replacement of a major component increased the productive capacity of equipment from 10 units per hour to 18 units per hour. The expenditure for the replacement component should be debited to: Equipment (Capatalize) 6. Depreciation method: Straight line, Declining balance (Double declining) , Activity based => Depreciation expense, Accumulated depreciation, Book value • Accumulated Depreciation: contra asset account to record the total depreciation taken to date Book value = Original cost – Current balance in Accumulated Depreciation Straight Line method
Declining balance method (Double declining) Depreciation rate = 1/Service Life x 2 Depreciation expense = Beginning Book value of asset x Depreciation Rate Activity Based method
(EX)
Calculate annual depreciation and book value for the first two years using each of the following methods. Round all amounts to the nearest dollar. (1) Straight line method (a) Year1: Depreciation expense= 7,000 Book value= 33,000 (b) Year 2: Depreciation expense= 7,000 Book value= 26,000 (2) Declining balance (Double declining) method (a) Depreciation Rate = 40% (b) Year1: Depreciation expense= 16,000 Book value= 24,000 (c) Year2: Depreciation expense= 9,600 Book value= 14,400 (3) Activity based method: Miles driven Year1 = 30,000 miles, Year2= 22,000 miles (a) Depreciation rate= Depreciable cost/ Total units expected to be produced= $0.35/mile (b) Year1: Depreciation expense= 10,500 Book value= 29,500 (c) Year2: Depreciation expense= 7,700 Book value= 21,800 7. Intangible assets and amortization 8. Gain/ Loss on sale of longterm assets 9. +: Sales amount – Book value of the asset (EX1) Equipment originally costing $5,000 has accumulated depreciation of $2,000. If it sells the equipment for $4,000, the company should record: Gain $1,000 (EX2) Equipment originally costing $5,000 has accumulated depreciation of $2,000. If it sells the equipment for $2,000, the company should record: Loss $1,000