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Sociology: https://quizlet.com/32422863/sociology101ch13flashcards/ ● Sociology: ○ The systematic study of the ways in which people are affected by, and affect, the social structures and social processes that are associated with the groups, organizations, cultures, societies, and world in which they exist ● Sociology imagination: ○ the ability to look at thDon't forget about the age old question of math 1314 uh
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e social world from a unique sociological perspective ● MicroMacro Level: ○ Macro is large scale, describes social phenomena such as groups, cultures, etc. ○ Micro is small scale and used to describe individuals and their thoughts ● Social Processes ○ Dynamic and changing aspects of the social world ● Social Imagination ○ C. Wright Mills (19161962) ○ Ability to see the impact of cultural and historical processes on our private lives ● Emile Durkheim (18581917) ○ Classical sociologists, study society using scientific methods, democratic, and practical ○ Core ideas: society is an objective reality that is irreducible to the individuals that compose it and amenable to scientific investigation ○ Comte coined the term sociology in 1839 ○ Social Facts: conditions and circumstances external to the individual that nevertheless determine one course of action ○ Social Solidarity: cohesion of social groups, social integration is rooted in a shared moral code ● Collective conscience Durkheim means the “totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society” that “forms a determinate system which has its own life” ○ Durkheim on crime ■ Crime can help society work better because crime defines moral boundaries of society ○ Durkheim's Rules of the sociological method ■ Sociology is a distinct field of study ■ Although the social sciences are distinct from the natural sciences, the methods of the latter can be applied to the former (sociologists usually do not believe this) ■ Social field is also distinct from the psychological realm ● Two main characteristics of modern, industrial, society: ○ Egoism: lack of integration of the individual social group ○ Anomie lack of moral regulation ● Modern societies our belief in individualism itself provides a basis for social cohesion ● What causes anomie? ○ Pathological consequences of an overly specialized division of labor ○ Mechanical solidarity is typified by feelings of likeness. It is rooted in everyone doing/feeling the same thing. Type of solidarity is characteristic of small, traditional societies ○ Organic solidarity refers to a type of solidarity in which each person is interdependent with others forming a complex web of cooperative association. Comes from cultivating individual differences and knowing that each is doing her part for the good of the whole ● Suicide ○ The lack of moral regulation in modern societies is especially prevalent in times of intense social and personal change ○ Fatalistic ■ Conditions seem unbearable ■ Believe that conditions will not improve ■ hopelessness ○ Anomic ■ Lives are suddenly disrupted by major social events, economic, war, famine ○ Egoistic ■ Occurs when people’s social ties are weak, alienation from others ○ Altruistic ■ Suicide bomber, falling on a grenade CLASS NOTES ● Suicide ○ The lack of moral regulation in modern societies is especially prevalent in times of intense social and personal change ○ Fatalistic ■ Conditions seem unbearable ■ Believe that conditions will not improve■ hopelessness ○ Anomic ■ Lives are suddenly disrupted by major social events, economic, war, famine ○ Egoistic ■ Occurs when people’s social ties are weak, alienation from others ○ Altruistic Suicide Rates Among Young African Americans ● Individual Factors ○ Growing sense of hopelessness ○ Reluctance to open up about mental health issues ● Broader Social Forces ○ More black families are moving into middle class ○ Increased pressure to succeed in white dominated professions Introduction to the Elementary forms of Religious Life ● Durkheim was interested in the moral realm focused on religion ● Durkheim saw religious ceremonies not merely as a celebration of supernatural deities, but worshiping of social life itself ● Durkheim on social life Religious force is nothing other than the collective and anonymous force of society ● Religion is functional for society ● A ritual is a highly routinized act such as taking communion ● A symbol is something that stands for something else (collective ideas and meanings) ● The sacred refers to the extraordinary that which is set apart from the “above and beyond” ● Profane is the realm of the everyday world of the mundane or routine ● Auguste Comte all societies contain both forces for stability social statics and forces for change social dynamics Quiz Study Guide Chapter 2 ● Achieved Status: social position acquired through own efforts and accomplishments ● Ascribed Status: social position acquired at birth or taken● Coalition: subgroup or triad, formed when two members unite against the third member ● Conflict perspective: theoretical perspective that views the structure of society as a source of inequality that always benefits some groups at the expense of others ● Culture: language, values, beliefs, roles, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a society ● Dyad: group consisting of two people ● Feminist perspective: theoretical perspective that focuses on gender as the most important source of conflict and inequality in social life ● Globalization: process through which people’s lives all around the world become economically, politically, environmentally, and culturally interconnected ● Group: a set of people who interact more or less regularly and who are conscious of their identity as a unit ● In groups: groups to which we belong and toward which we feel a sense of loyalty ● Latent functions: unintended, unrecognized, consequences of activities designed to help some part of the social system ● Manifest function: intended and recognized consequences of activities designed to help social system ● Norm: culturally defined standard or rule of conduct ● Organization: large, complex network of positions, created for a specific purpose and characterized by a hierarchical division of labor ● Outgroups: groups which we don’t belong ● Primary group: collection of individuals who are together for a relatively long period whose members have direct contact with and feel emotional attachment to one another ● Role conflict: frustration people feel when the demands of one role they are expected to fulfill clash with the demands of another role ● Role strain: situations in which people lack the necessary resources to fulfill the demands of a particular role ● Role: set of expectation rights, obligations, behaviors, duties associated with a particular status ● Secondary group: relatively impersonal collection of individuals that is established to perform a specific task ● Social institution: stable set of roles, statuses, groups, and organizations such as the institutions of education, family, politics, religion, health care that provide a foundation for behavior in some major area of social life ● Society: a population of people living in the same geographic area who share a culture and a common identity and whose members are subject to the same political authority● Status: any named social position that people can occupy ● Structuralfunctionalist perspective: theoretical perspective that posits that social institutions are structured to maintain stability and order in society ● Symbol: something used to represent or stand for something else ● Symbolic interactionism: theoretical perspective that explains society and social structure through an examination of the micro level, personal, daytoday exchanges of people as individuals, pairs, or groups ● Triad: group consisting of three people ● Value: standard of judgement by which people decide on desirable goals and outcomes Posted Slides ● January 13th lecture ○ Read over powerpoint on polylearn ● January 17th lecture ○ Read over powerpoint on polylearn ● January 19th lecture ○ Marx said it was the material means of production that shapes culture ○ Max Weber ○ Rationalization the process by which social structures are increasingly characterized by the most direct and efficient means to their ends ○ Dahrendorf ■ There is always the possibility of change ■ Authority resides in positions & associations of people My lecture notes are posted for your review, and many of the questions will be drawn from this material. However, I encourage you to read the text carefully and pay attention to the key words and definitions noted. Importantly, please take time to consider examples of the key words/concepts, as the quizzes often require that you understand how to apply them. Chapter 5 Socialization ● Socialization ○ Lifelong process of social learning, needs of the society becomes the needs of the individual ○ Agents of socialization: peers, family, education, religion, mass media, workplace ● Analyses of socialization and interaction are fundamental to understanding how we construct our social worlds from the micro level of friendships and families to the macrolevel of culture and social institution ○ The “nature” argument suggests that being human is a natural instinct. ○ The “nurture” argument suggests that humanness is based on the way we are socialized by others, it is taught so learning is the key to being human. ○ The reality is that both are critically important. ● Human development relies heavily on interaction and is a process of learning how to use symbols and meaning to effectively communicate and transmit culture ● Charles Horton Cooley ○ Looking Glassself: our selfimage reflects how others respond to us, we only develop a selfconcept by interacting with others ● Mead ○ The self is the ability that develops over time to take oneself as an object through a process called taking the role of the other ■ The I the part of the self that is unconscious and creative (source of social change) ■ The Me organized set of others’ attitudes assumed by the individual ● Mead theory of how the self develops play stage and game stage ○ Play Stage: take on the attitudes of specific others toward our self ○ Game stage: children develop a sense of the group more as a whole and how the group functions ● The individual as a performer ○ Erving Goffman ■ Dramaturgy: social life is a series of dramatic performancs ■ Impression Management: when people interact with others they use a variety of techniques to control the image that they want to protect ■ Front Stage: in public ■ Backstage: expressing themselves in a way as if not in public ● Socialization ○ Process of learning and effectively integrating ourselves into a group or society ● Childhood Socialization ○ Parents are called primary agents of socialization because children acquire their first knowledge of language, norms, and values from them ○ Parents also engage in anticipatory socialization with their children, teaching them what will be expected of them in the future● Peers ○ Peer socialization is increasingly likely to conflict with what is being taught at home in the schools ● Gender Socialization ○ Is the transmission of norms and values about what boys and girls can and should do ○ Gender differences are reinforced by clothes and toys ● Mass Media and the New Media ○ New emerging technologies ● The workplace ○ Resocialization: process of unlearning old behaviors and norms (the old job or career) and learning new behaviors and norms (the new job or career) ● Total Institution ○ A total institution is a closed, all encompassing place of residence that is set off from the rest of society ● Interaction Order ○ Social domain that is organized and orderly, but created informally and governed by those involved in the interaction (norms in a clique, norms in participating for Black Friday, standing in a line, celebrating holidays and birthdays Terms ● Agents of Socialization: various individuals, groups, and organizations that influence the socialization process ● Anticipatory socialization: process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future ● Collectivist culture: culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than group membership ● Eugenics: control of mating to ensure that defective genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed onto future generations ● Game stage: stage in the development of self during which a child acquires the ability to take the role of a group or community (the generalized other) and to conform his or her behavior to broad societal expectations ● Gender: psychological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness ● Generalized other: perspective of the larger society and its constituent values and attitudes ● Identity: essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity and religion ● Individualist culture: culture in which personal accomplishments are a more important component of one’s selfconcept than group membership ● Lookingglass self: sense of who we are that is defined by incorporating the reflected appraisals of others ● Play Stage: stage in the development of self during which a child develops the ability to take another’s role, but only from the perspective of one person at a time ● Reflexive Behavior: behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person toward whom the action is directed ● Resocialization: process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one ● Role taking: ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in formulating one’s own behavior ● Self: unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguishes one person from the next; the active source and passive object or behavior ● Sex: biological maleness or femaleness ● Socialization: process through which one learns how to act according to the rules and expectations of a particular culture ● Total institution: place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period and where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life ● Tracking: grouping of students into different curricular programs, or tracks, based on an assessment of their academic abilities Chapter 7 Notes and Terms Notes ● What is the most common household? childfree or postchild rearing married couples ● Polygyny wherein a man has multiple simultaneous wives ● Polyandry wherein a woman has a multiple simultaneous husbands ● Group Marriage (Polyamory) wherein the family unit consists of multiple husbands and multiple wives ● Cohabitation is not as strongly associated with risk of divorce as it was in the past, serial (several) cohabitation is associated to higher divorce ● About 19% of women reach their forties without bearing a child Terms ● Building Social Relationships ● Endogamy: marriage within one’s social group ● Exogamy: marriage outside one’s social group● Extended family: family unit consisting of the parentchild nuclear family and other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins ● Family: two or more persons, including the householder, who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and who live together as one household ● Household: living arrangement composed of one or more people who occupy a housing unit ● Monogamy: the practice of being married to only one person at a time ● Nuclear family: family unit consisting at least one parent and one child ● Polygamy: marriage of one person to more than one spouse at the same time Families and Dating Slides What dilemmas are young people facing? many young people are looking for a serious relationship ● 27% of males and 20% of females reported having oral, vaginal, or anal sex outside a partnerperceived monogamous relationship ● It is not moral relativism, does not require moral indifference Quiz on 2/9/2017 Lecture Slides on Hookup Culture (Please note key trends, rather than specific statistics) ● A symbolic interactionist perspective on human sexuality hold that women and men are influenced by sexual scripts that they learn from their culture ○ This perspective views the family as a setting for a variety of interactions that occur over time. Family is viewed as a system that negotiates ○ Role ambiguity refers to instances where members of a family are unsure of their role and what they are to do ● Exchange theorists analyze the family from the perspective of choices made on the basis of rewards and costs (i.e. marriage is perceived to be equal, when men are said to benefit more) ● 20% of college students remain abstinent. ● Sex and love are decoupled ● What dilemmas are young people facing? many young people are looking for a serious relationship ● 27% of males and 20% of females reported having oral, vaginal, or anal sex outside a partnerperceived monogamous relationship (more couples are cheating) ● It is not moral relativism, does not require moral indifference ● The older you get, the more you cheat (marital infidelity increased) ● Abstinence intercourse outside of marriage is always wrong● Permissiveness without affection intercourse outside of marriage is permitted in stable, affectionate relationships ● Double standard women’s sexual behavior must be more conservative than men’s Lecture Slides and Chapter on Deviance ● Lecture Slides ○ XXX? ● Terms ○ Absolutism: approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad ○ Criminalization: official definition of an act of deviance as a crime ○ Deterrence theory: theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in a deviant act if they judge the costs of such an act to outweigh its benefits ○ Deviance: behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive ○ Labeling theory: theory stating that deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender; a deviant is an individual to whom the identity deviant has been successfully applied ○ Medicalization: definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it ○ Relativism: approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgements and ideas Online Quiz Questions Chapter 8 According to this theoretical tradition, deviance may contribute to the maintenance and continuation of a society: ● Structural functionalism This orientation to deviance views all human action as inherently “right” or “wrong”: ● Absolutist This way of considering deviance maintains that actions are neither inherently “good” nor “bad”; “right” and “wrong” are socially constructed: ● Relativist A way of identifying cases of deviance that could be used by both absolutists and relativists consists of these three components: ● Expectation, violation, response According to this theory of deviance, formulated by Robert Merton, the likelihood of deviance increases when people are aware of society’s standards for success but do not have access to the socially prescribed means for achieving success: ● Strain How does Edwin Sutherland explain deviance? ● People learn deviant activities, motivations, and values from others, such as family members or friends Deterrence theories of deviance begin with the assumption that: ● Individuals are rational and will weigh the potential costs and benefits before engaging in an activity According to labeling theory, deviants are “different” from nondeviants because _____. ● They’ve had a deviant label affixed to them This perspective emphasizes the importance of power and in shaping social understandings of what is “right” and what is “wrong”: ● Conflict In a _______ culture, selfrestraint, hard work, and productivity are considered good and honorable. ● Temperance _________ refers to the processes through which actions and ways of thinking deemed “wrong” or troublesome come to be defined as “illnesses” requiring medical intervention. ● Medicalization The expression “the criminalization of deviance” refers to: ● The processes through which some activities are made illegal Both absolutist and relativist orientations to deviance maintain that some acts—murder, for example—are inherently wrong. ● False According to many sociologists, when offensive or disruptive actions are viewed as psychiatric ailments, it becomes easy to overlook the social and political contexts in which these actions occur. ● True According to a structuralfunctionalist perspective, deviance can help to bring about changes that will benefit the society. ● True Chapter 9 Socialization ● Social Structure ○ Includes organizations, groups, statuses, roles, cultural beliefs Remedies for tragedy Command and control Cultural norms Creating property rights. ● Authority is attached to the position, not to the individual within the position ● Traditional authority ○ Based in long standing traditions, in the divine or Godgiven right to hold power ○ Patriarchal society Chapter 10 Quiz on March 2nd, 2017 To prepare for our walk & talk and quiz please read Chapter 10 on social inequality, and review these two talks which I showed in class yesterday (about 50 minutes total): Chapter 10 terms: ● Absolute poverty: inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably healthy existence● Authority: possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey one’s directives or commands ● Caste System: stratification system based on heredity, with little movement allowed across strata ● Colonization: process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing control over a weaker country and its people ● Competitive individualization: cultural belief that those who succeed in society are those who work the hardest and have the best abilities and those who suffer don’t work hard enough ● Contradictory class locations: individuals such as middle managers and supervisors whose positions place them between two major classes, making it difficult to identify with one side or the other ● Estate system (feudal system): stratification system in which highstatus groups own land and have power based on noble birth ● False consciousness: situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them (the primary means by which powerful classes prevent protest and revolution) ● Means of production: land, commercial enterprises, factories, and wealth that form the economic basis of class societies ● Middle class: in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have an intermediate level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as managers, supervisors, executives, small business owners, and professionals ● Nearpoor: individuals or families whose earnings are between 100% and 125% of poverty line ● Poor: in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who work for minimum wage or are chronically unemployed ● Poverty line: amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government ● Poverty rate: percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line ● Power: ability to affect decisions in ways that benefit a person or protect his or her interests ● Prestige: respect and honor given to some people in society ● Relative poverty: individual's economic position compared with the living standards of the majority in the society ● Slavery: economic form of inequality in which some people are legally the property of others ● Social class: group of people who share a similar economic position in a society based on their wealth and income ● Social mobility: movement of people or groups from one class to another● Socioeconomic status: prestige, honor, respect, and lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society ● Stratification: ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society ● Upperclass: in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth (owners of large corporations, top financiers, rich celebrities and politicians, and members of prestigious families) ● Working class: in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have a low level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual laborers ● Working poor: employed people who consistently earn wages but do not make enough to survive How economic inequality harms societies: https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_wilkinson The “working poor” are people who spent 27 weeks or more in a year in the labor force either working or looking for work whose incomes fall below the poverty level Richest fifth are 8 times richer than the poorest fifth in the U.S. ● Income gap in U.S. is much more significant other countries ● Bigger income gaps lead to deteriorations in: ● Social Relations ○ Child conflict ○ Homicide ○ Imprisonment ○ Social Capital ○ Trust ● Human Capital ○ Child wellbeing ○ High school dropouts ○ Math & Literacy scores ○ Social mobility ○ Teenage births ● Health ○ Drug abuse ○ Infant mortality ○ Life expectancy ○ Mental Illness○ Obesity ● Infant mortality rates are higher in both societies ● Nick Hanauer: Beware, fellow plutocrats, the pitchforks are coming: https://www.ted.com/talks/nick_hanauer_beware_fellow_plutocrats_the_pitchforks_are_ coming ○ Plutocrat: a person whose power derives from their wealth (millionaire, billionaire, etc.) ○ Nick’s success is consequence of spectacular luck: birth, circumstance, timing ■ Good at: High tolerance for risk, good sense of what will happen in future ○ Angry mobs with pitchforks are coming because 99% of citizens are falling farther behind ■ In 1980, top 1% shared about 8% of national wealth while the bottom 50% shared 18% ■ 30 years later, top 1% shares a little over 20% while the bottom 50% share 12 or 13% ■ If trend continues, top 1% will share 30% while bottom will share 6% ■ Some inequality is necessary for capitalist society, but now inequality is at historic highs ○ Rising inequality is terrible for business ■ Ford introduces $5 a day converted auto workers who were poor to a thriving middle class who can buy the products made ■ Ford intuited that an Economy is best understood as an ecosystem and characterized by a feedback loop (between customers and businesses) ● Increasing wages increases demand which increases hiring which in turn increases wages and demand and profits ● This cycle of increasing prosperity is missing in today’s economic recovery ○ Middleout economics ■ Embraces the 21st idea that economies are complex, systematic, not efficient, but effective if well managed ■ Capitalism doesn’t work by effectively allocating existing resources ■ It works by creating solutions to human problems■ Capitalism rewards people for solving other people’s problems ○ All highly Prosperous capitalist democracies are characterized by massive investments in the middle class and infrastructures they depend on ○ Workers have more money, business have more customers and need more employees ○ If plutocrats born somewhere else, highly likely to be standing on the side of the road selling fruit ○ More people include as entrepreneurs and as customers, the better off economy will be ○ Inclusive, Fairer, more competitive, more able to generate solutions to human problems that are drivers of growth and prosperity