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Final Exam Review for Healthy Living Exam Fall 2016 Finals Week Office Hours: Monday 3 – 4:30, Tuesday 1:30 – 3, Thursday 1:30 – 3. My office is in 43A-373 (EXAM DATE: Friday, December 16th at 10:10 a.m.) If you arrive more than 15 minutes late you will not be permitted to take the exam. YOU MUST HAVE A PHOTO I.D. TO SUWe also discuss several other topics like anth 2302
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BMIT YOUR EXAM. There will be 150 questions on the exam made up of multiple choice, case study, matching and true/false responses. Approximately 20% of the questions are from the first exam. The remaining questions are from new material covered after the midterm. Bring two green scantrons with 50 questions on each side. Be sure to bring 1 or 2 sharpened pencils with an eraser. Please arrive a little early if possible to get seated and settled so that the exam can be distributed immediately at 15 minutes after the hour. The exam will have questions from the lecture, lecture powerpoints, and guest speakers, textbook material, on-line assignments and videos. Videos included: “Roots of Addiction”, “Beastly Drunk” and “John’s Heart Attack”. Please review the information on the worksheets that were provided while you were watching the videos. Guest Speakers: HEAT addressing nutrition ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- INTRO TO HEALTH SECTION – Lectures and Chapter 1 ● Definition of Health; Wellness and the Dimensions of Health. ○ Health: the ever changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions ○ Wellness: the achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions ○ Dimensions of Wellness: physical (shape/size of your body), emotional (self esteem, trust, express emotions), spiritual (sense of meaning and purpose in life), intellectual (think clearly, reason objectively), environmental (understanding how health of the environment affects you) and social (relationship with family/friend) ● Be able to describe issues related to health status in the U.S. past and present. For example, leading causes of death and behaviors associated with those causes. ○ Cardiovascular disease cigarette smoking, high blood cholesterol, triglyceride levels, hypertension, lack of exercise, poor diet, diabetes, obesity, emotional stress ○ Cancer smoking, obesity, poor diet, biological factors: inherited genes, age, and gender, environmental factors: asbestos, radiation, preservatives, pesticides, infectious agents: hepatitis B and C, papillomavirus, herpes ○ Current causes of death depending on age. (example: unintentional injury leading cause for teens/young adults) ■ For americans aged 1544, unintentional injuries is the leading cause of death (killing over 42,000 people)■ Age group with the highest percentage of alcohol impaired driving: age 2124 ■ 31% of U.S. drivers between ages 1864 text while drive Models of Behavior Change – Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Model, and Transtheoretical Model. ● Models of behavior change pg. 1219 ○ Increase the chance of successfully changing a healthrelated behavior by viewing change as a process containing several steps ■ Social cognitive model ● Three factors that act in a reciprocal fashion to promote and motivate change: social environment, thoughts/cognition, and our behaviors ■ Health Belief Model Ways in which beliefs affect behavior change ● Perceived seriousness/susceptibility of a health problem ● Perceived benefits and barriers ● Cues to action (a person reminded/alerted about a health problem is more likely to take action) ■ Transtheoretical model our chances of keeping our New Year's resolutions will be greatly enhanced with proper reinforcement ● Six distinct stages in altering behavior patterns ○ Precontemplation (no current intention of changing), Contemplation (recognize they have a problem), Preparation (close to taking action), Action (begin to follow their action plans), Maintenance (work toward making action plan permanent), Termination (behavior is ingrained) ● Be able to identify behavior change techniques: shaping, imagined rehearsal, modeling, changing self talk ○ Shaping: using a series of small steps to gradually achieve a particular goal ○ Modeling: learning and adopting specific behaviors by observing others perform them ○ Imagined Rehearsal: practicing, through mental imagery, to become better able to perform an event in actuality ○ Changing selftalk: customary manner of thinking and talking to yourself which can affect your selfimage PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL HEALTH SECTION – Lectures & Ch. 2 What is psychological health? ○ Psychological health: sum of how we think, feel, relate, exist in our daytoday lives mental, social, emotional, and spiritual aspects Be able to recognize Mental Health, Emotional Health, Social Health, and Spiritual ○ Emotional health: respond appropriately to upsetting events, affects social and intellectual health ○ Social Health: enjoy a widerange of interactions with family, friends, acquaintances and are able to have healthy interactions with an intimate partner ■ Listen, express themselves, form healthy attachments ● Health Understand the terms Selfefficacy and Selfesteem, and Learned Helplessness or Optimism ○ Factors influencing psychosocial health ■ Selfesteem: sense of selfrespect or selfworth ● Results from positive experiences with those who are meaningful to us ■ Selfefficacy: belief in one’s ability to perform tasks ○ Learned helplessness vs. learned optimism ■ Learned helplessness: giving up because of repeated past failure ■ Learned optimism: teaching oneself to be optimistic, positive affirmations ● Review Happiness and Health ○ Happiness: profound affect on the body ○ Laughter can enhance health: stressed people become less depressed with humor ■ Student who use humor as a coping mechanism experience positive mood ■ Jokes increase social cohesion ■ Hopefulness, optimism, contentment reduce risk of chronic diseases ● Be able to recognize Mental illness: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, major depression, dysthymia, bipolar, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and suicide. ○ Anxiety disorder: persistent feelings of threat and worry, largest mental health problem in US, affects 40 million people any given year ○ Panic disorder: acute feeling of anxiety, causing an intense physical reaction ○ Major depression: severe depressive disorder with physical effects such as sleep disturbance and exhaustion, and mental effects such as the inability to concentrate ○ Bipolar: mood swings (manic over talkative to depressed), effects 2.6% of adult population and 11.2% of 1318 yr olds., most likely passed down by family and environmental factors: drug abuse, high stress, trauma ○ Obsessive compulsive disorder: compelled to perform rituals over and over again, fearful of contamination, unnatural concern about order, symmetry, and exactness ○ PTSD: traumatic effects that cause chemical changes in the brain (dissociation, inclusive recollections of event, acute anxiety, insomnia) ○ Schizophrenia: alterations of senses, radical changes in emotions, movements, and behaviors, symptoms include: delusional behavior, hallucinogens, incoherent rambling, inability to think logically ○ Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder): less severe form of chronic depression, lack energy or fatigue easily, shorttempered, overly pessimistic ○ Suicide: ■ Age 1529 are those particularly vulnerable, 805,000 deaths reported each year ■ Risk factors: family history of suicide, previous suicide attempts, excessive drug and alcohol use, prolonged depression, financial difficulties ■ Warning signs: history of depression, change in personality, change in sexual interest, changes in personal appearance ■ Responding: monitoring warning signals, take threats seriously, ask directly, take action, help person think about alternatives, tell someone STRESS AND STRESS RESPONSE – Lectures and Chapter 3 ● General Adaptation Syndrome – Stages and Homeostasis ○ General Adaptation Syndrome – Be able to identify the stages and what happens at each stage. ■ Alarm Stage ● fight or flight (body prepares to combat or escape real or perceived threat) more blood flows to brain/heightened senses; perspiration increases; digestive system slows; bloodclotting increases; immune system activity decreases; pupil dilate; salivation decreases; heart rate & blood pressure increase; urine production decreases; adrenal glands release cortisol; epinephrine is released; sympatheic nervous system energizes for fight or flight; parasympathetic nervous system counteracts sympathetic nervous system ■ Resistance Phase ● Body resources are mobilized to combat stressor, and body maintains a higher level of resistance ● Body tries to return to homeostasis, but does not achieve complete calm or rest due to the perceived stressor still existing ■ Exhaustion Phase ● Body runs out of adaptation energy stored for adjusting to stressor, and resistance drops below normal ● Body returns to balance ● May feel tired or drained, and could lead to allostatic loadexhaustive wear and tear on the body ■ Homeostasis: A balanced physiological state in which all the body’s systems function smoothly ● Physiological changes that occur with the stress response. ○ Mental disabilities and emotional dysfunction ○ Rates of mental disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, are associated with various environmental stressors from childhood through adulthood ● Long term and short term consequences of exposure to stress ○ Cardiovascular disease ○ Weight gain ○ Hair loss ○ Diabetes ○ Digestive problems ○ Impaired immunity ○ Impaired memory and concentration ● Types and sources of stress ○ Distress negative stress ■ Acute stress short term physiological response to an immediate perceived threat■ Episodic acute stress state of regularly reacting with wild, acute stress about one thing or another ■ Chronic stress an ongoing state of physiological arousal in response to ongoing or numerous perceived threats ■ Traumatic stress physiological and mental response for a prolonged period of time after a traumatic event ○ Eustress positive stress; presents the opportunity for personal growth and satisfaction and can improve health ○ There’s a case study with 4 college roommates regarding stress SLEEP – Lecture and Focus on Sleep ● What is the adequate amount of sleep for an adult versus teen/young adult? ○ Adult: 79 hours ○ Teen/young adult 8 ½ 9 ½ hours ● Difference between NREM stages and REM sleep? ○ REM sleep ■ Rapid eye movement, 25% of overall sleep is in REM ■ Dreaming usually takes place here ■ Muscles are paralyzed ○ NREM Sleep ■ 75% of sleep takes place in this ■ Stages 14 ● Stage 1: you are drifting off to sleep ● Stage 2: This stage has slower brain waves than stage 1, and you are in a deeper sleep state ● Stage 3: Slow delta waves are generated; blood pressure and heart rate drop ● Stage 4: This is the deepest stage of sleep, Hormones released to repair carnage to body, Human growth hormone released ● Consequences of Sleep Deprivation ○ 100,000 car crashes each year are caused by drowsy drivers ○ 55% are caused by drivers less than 25 years old ○ Being awake for 19 to 24 hours is equal to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10%, which leaves you at equal risk for a crash ● Benefits of Adequate Sleep ○ Biologically: restores you both physically and mentally, certain reparative chemicals are released, the brain is cleared of daily minutiae, Learning is synthesized, Memories are consolidated, It conserves body energy, Maintain your immune system, Helps reduce your risk for cardiovascular disease, Contributes to a healthy metabolism and helps regulate hunger, Contributes to neurological functioning, Improves motor tasks, Plays a role in stress management and mental health ○ Psychosocially: Some parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, can only rest during sleep, You are more likely to feel stressedout, worried, or sad when you are sleep deprived, Reduced or poorquality sleep can trigger depression and anxiety disorders. ● Napping to stay alert versus napping to “payback” sleep debt. ○ Never nap in the late afternoon. ○ Keep your naps short.○ Naps of more than 30 minutes can leave you in a state of sleep inertia, which is characterized by cognitive impairment, grogginess, and a disoriented feeling. ○ Naps can’t cancel out sleep debt New Material after the Midterm Exam Guest Speaker, Readings and Videos on Alcohol and other Drugs and Effect on Health (Ch. 7 & 8) ● Alcohol as a depressant drug. Why is alcohol a psychoactive drug? ○ Depressants: drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous and muscular systems and cause sleepiness or calmness ○ Psychoactive drugs: drugs that affect brain chemistry and have the potential to alter mood or behavior ○ Affects body’s entire physiological functioning ● How is alcohol absorbed into the system and metabolized? ○ Absorbed into to the blood stream, metabolized by the liver ○ 20% from stomach lining into blood stream, 80% passes through upper third of small intestine ○ converted to acetaldehyde (toxic chemical) ○ oxidized and converted to CO2 and water ○ excreted from the body ● Short term and long term effects of alcohol abuse. ○ Short Term: slowed reaction time, impaired judgment, dulled senses, broken capillaries and sweating, decreased pulse and respiratory rate, low blood pressure, nausea and stomach irritation, increased urination, decreased vaginal lubrication, erectile dysfunction ○ Long Term: memory impairment and damaged/destroyed brain cells, lowered disease resistance, weakened heart muscle and elevated blood pressure, increased risk of liver cancer, chronic irritation of stomach and pancreas, increased risk of osteoporosis, menstrual irregularities and increased risk of birth defects, impotence and testicular atrophy ● Define High risk drinking (Binge Drinking), moderate drinking (low risk drinking) ○ Binge Drinking (HighRisk): consuming 5 or more drinks (men) or 4 or more drinks (women) in 2 hours ○ Moderate Drinking (LowRisk): less than 4 drinks per day (men), less than 3 drinks per day (women) ● Differences between men and women in relation to alcohol metabolism ○ Women have less alcohol dehydrogenase (by half) (enzyme that digests alcohol) ○ If a man and woman drink the same amount, the woman’s BAC will be about 30% higher ● Blood alcohol concentration How long does it take to "burn off a drink" ○ Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC): ratio of alcohol to total blood volume, alcohol breaks down at 0.5 oz per hour ○ Standard Drink: 14 grams of pure alcohol (beer=12oz, malt liquor=8.5oz, wine=5oz, 80 proof=1.5oz) ● Alcohol violations legal implications ○ Alcohol and Drug Laws■ Drunk in Public ● Drunk: unable to care for your safety or the safety of others ● Public: bar, venue, etc but does not include home ● Police cannot enter private party at home unless they have been given consent by owner, there are exudative reasons, or the police have a warrant ■ Misdemeanor Diversion Process ● Open containers fall under this $400 fee ● One time option and will not go under record ■ Aware Awake Alive ● Amnesty program that developed after death of Carson Starkey, will not get in trouble if you call for someone who is too drunk ■ Driving Under the Influence (D.U.I.) ● BAC of > 0.08 (legal limit for ppl 21 and over) ● License Suspension ● $4,000, includes D.U.I. class you have to go to for a year ● Felony is if you hit a car or person while driving under influence and misdemeanor is if you did not ● Have to take blood or breath test ■ Municipal Code Violations ● City laws only for SLO ● Includes drinking in public, urinating in public, unreasonable noise, unruly gathering ● Drinking in Public: results in civil ticket of $350 and the amount grows if you get more of them ● Urinating in Public: $350 ticket ● Unreasonable Noise: Student Neighborhood Assistance Program (SNAP); college students that work for police force and can issue a warning (DAC) for a complaint, $350 ticket ● Unruly Gathering: party, people urinating in public, vandalizing, too many cars parked on street, and leads to landlord getting cited and results in $1,000 night ■ Vehicle Code Violation ● Open container, bicycle, equipment, driving, cell phones/seat belts ● Clergy are only people allowed to drive with open container ● bicycles need front and back headlight and must follow rules of the road like cars ● Our Guest Speaker, Officer Bill Proll addressed Driving under the influence and other alcohol violations – law and penalties. (example: DUI, financial costs, MIP, Drunk in Public, Fake ID’s) Short term and longterm effects of alcohol abuse. ● What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?○ a congenital syndrome caused by excessive consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy, characterized by retardation of mental development and of physical growth, particularly of the skull and face of the infant. ● What is addiction and what are the Signs of Addiction? ○ Addiction: continued involvement with a substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequences ○ 5 Characteristics of addiction: ■ Compulsion obsession ■ Loss of control inability to predict whether occurrence of behavior will be damaging ■ Negative consequences physical damage, academic failure, etc. ■ Denial inability to perceive that behavior is selfdestructive ■ Inability to abstain ■ ALSO tolerance and withdrawal ● What are Process Addictions? ○ Process Addiction: a condition in which a person is dependent on (addicted to) some moodaltering behavior or process, such as gambling, buying or exercise ● Review compulsive gambling ○ Gambling Disorder: a set of behaviors including preoccupation with gambling, unsuccessful efforts to cut back or quit, using gambling to escape problems, and lying to family members to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling ● Drug Use and Abuse ○ OvertheCounter Drugs (OTC): caffeine pills and energy drinks; cold medicines (cough syrups and tablets); diet pills ○ Nonmedical Use or Abuse of Prescription Drugs ○ Stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate): increased alertness, excitation, euphoria, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, insomnia, loss of appetite ○ Cannabis (marijuana, hashish): euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, increased appetite, disorientation ○ Narcotics (heroin, morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, codeine): euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, nausea ○ Depressants (benzodiazepine, etc.): slurred speech, disorientation, drunken behavior without odor of alcohol, impaired memory of events, interacts with alcohol ○ Hallucinogens (LSD, MDMA): heightened senses, hallucinations ○ Inhalants (amyl and butyl nitrite, nitrous oxide): flushing, hypertension, headache, impaired memory, slurred speech, drunken behavior, slow onset vitamin deficiency, organ damage ○ Anabolic Steroids (testosterone, etc.): acne, aggression ○ Neurotransmitter: a chemical that relays messages between nerve cells or from nerve cells to other body cells ● Drug Detox and Rehab ○ an early abstinence period during which an addict adjusts physically and cognitively from being free from addiction's influence. Also 12step programs andvaccines against addictive drugs. Heroin causes extremely difficult withdrawal symptom ● Video on “Roots of Addiction” and “Beastly Drunk”. ○ Case study for beastly drunk (identifying misdemeanors) and case study George's weight loss Reading on Reproductive Health (Ch. 5a) ● Sexual Identity – Sex, Gender, Transgender, Sexual Orientation, Gender Roles, Stereotypes. What influences sexual identity besides biology? ○ Sex Male or female ○ Gender Characteristics associated with being masculine or feminine ○ Transgender Having a gender identity that does not match one’s biological sex ○ Sexual orientation a person’s enduring emotional, romantic, sexual or affectionate attraction to other persons (Straight, gay, etc.) ○ Gender roles Behaviors and activities used to express masculinity or femininity in ways that conform to our society’s expectations ○ Influences of sexual identity ■ Psychological and socioenvironmental explanations ● Parentchild interactions, sex roles, and early sexual interpersonal interactions ● Know the male and female reproductive anatomy and physiology. ○ Female reproductive anatomy and physiology ■ External genitals: ● Collectively known as the vulva ● Mons pubis ● Labia minora and majora ● Clitoris ● Urethral and vaginal openings ● Vestibule of the vagina and its glands ■ Internal female genitals: ● Vagina ● Uterus ● Fallopian tubes ● Ovaries ■ Vulva region that consists of the female’s external genitalia ■ Mons pubis Fatty tissue covering the pubic bone in females; in physically mature women, the mons is covered with coarse hair ■ Labia majora “Outer lips,” or folds of tissue covering the female sexual organs ■ Labia minora “Inner lips,” or folds of tissue just inside the labia majora ■ Clitoris A peasized nodule of tissue located at the top of the labia minora; central to sexual arousal and pleasure in women ■ Hymen Thin tissue covering the vaginal opening in some women ■ Vagina The passage in females leading from the vulva into the uterus■ Uterus (womb) Hollow, muscular, pearshaped organ whose function is to contain the developing fetus ■ Endometrium soft, spongy matter that makes up the uterine lining ■ Cervix Lower end of the uterus that opens into the vagina ■ Ovaries Almondsize organs that house developing eggs and produce hormones ■ Fallopian tubes Tubes that extend from near the ovaries to the uterus; site of fertilization and passageway for fertilized eggs ■ Hypothalamus An area of the brain located near the pituitary gland; works in conjunction with the pituitary gland to control reproductive functions ● In females, begins secreting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) around age 9 ½ to 11 ½ ● Signals the pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) which signal ovaries to start producing estrogens and progesterone ■ Estrogens Hormones secreted by the ovaries, which control the menstrual cycle and assist in the development of female secondary sex characteristics ■ Progesterone Hormone secreted by the ovaries; helps the endometrium develop and helps maintain pregnancy ■ Menarche The first menstrual period ■ Ovarian follicles Areas within the ovary in which individual eggs develop ■ Graafian follicle Mature ovarian follicle that contains a fully developed ovum, or egg ■ Ovum A single mature egg cell ■ Ovulation The point of the menstrual cycle at which a mature egg rupture through the ovarian wall ■ Corpus lutem A body of cells that forms from the remains of the graafian follicle following ovulation; it secretes estrogen and progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle ■ Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Comprises the mood changes and physical symptoms that occur in some women during the 1 or 2 weeks prior to menstruation ■ Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) Collective name for a group of negative symptoms similar to but more severe than PMS. ■ Dysmenorrhea Condition of pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen just before or during menstruation ■ Prostaglandin Hormonelike substance associated with muscle contractions and inflammation; if ovulation prevented, less of these hormones present and fewer symptoms of dysmenorrhea ■ Menopause The permanent cessation of menstruation, generally occurring between the ages of 40 and 60 ■ Hormone replacement therapy (menopausal hormone therapy) Use of synthetic or animal estrogens and progesterone to compensate for decreases in estrogens in a woman’s body during menopause○ Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology ■ Structures of the male reproductive system are divided into external and internal genitals ■ External genitals: ● Penis ● Scrotum ■ Internal male genitals: ● Testes ● Epididymides ● Vasa deferentia ● Ejaculatory ducts ● Urethra ● Accessory glands ○ Seminal vesicles ○ Prostate gland ○ Cowper’s glands ■ Penis Male sexual organ that releases sperm into the vagina ■ Ejaculation The propulsion of semen from the penis ■ Scrotum External sac of tissue that encloses the testes ■ Testes Male sex organs that manufacture sperm and produce hormones ■ Testosterone The male sex hormone manufactured in the testes ■ Sperm Cell manufactured by male sex organs that combines with the female’s ovum in fertilization ■ Epididymis The duct system where sperm mature and are stored ■ Vas deferens A tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct ■ Seminal vesicles Glandular ducts that secrete nutrients for the semen ■ Semen Fluid containing sperm and nutrients that increase sperm viability and neutralize vaginal acid ■ Prostate gland Gland that secretes chemicals that help sperm fertilize an ovum and provides neutralizes any acid remaining in the urethra after urination ■ Glans Head of the penis ■ Vasocongestion The engorgement of the genital organs with blood Reproductive Choices: Posted Lecture Slides on Reproductive Health (Ch. 6) ● Be familiar with the contraceptive methods available in the United States, including how they work and their effectiveness rates (in general) ○ Conditions needed for conception to occur ■ Viable egg: women releases one egg from her ovaries every 28 days, the egg remains viable for 2436 hours■ Viable sperm: a sperm needs to reach the fallopian tube, survive 4872 hours ■ Access to the egg by the sperm: sperm must travel through the cervical opening into the uterus to reach the egg ● Managing your Fertility Contraception ● Different methods of contraceptives (Example: condoms (barrier) versus the Pill (hormonal) ○ Barrier methods: block the egg and sperm from joining ○ Hormonal methods: introduce synthetic hormones into the woman’s system that prevent ovulation ○ Surgical methods: prevent pregnancy permanently ○ Behavioral methods: involve temporary and permanent abstinence ● How contraceptives work and their effectiveness ○ Male condom ■ Latex sheath designed to stop sperm ■ 98% effective ○ Diaphragm ■ Soft, shallow cup that fits in the back of the cervix ■ 94% effective ○ Cervical caps ■ Clear silicone cup that fits around over the entire cervix ■ 86% effective ○ Contraceptive sponge ■ Moistened with water and then folded and inserted into the vagina ■ 91% effective ○ Oral contraceptives ■ Swallowed in pill form ■ 99% effective ○ Nuvaring ■ Soft, flexible plastic hormonal contraceptive ring ■ 99.7% effective ○ Abstinence ■ Avoiding intercourse ■ 100% effective safest option if you want to avoid pregnancy Sexually Transmitted Infections –Lecture Slides on Reproductive Health and Reading (pg. 413425) ● Identify the various sexually transmitted diseases and which are most commonly seen in the United States ○ Chlamydia ■ Most commonly reported STI in the United States ■ Signs of inflammation/prostate gland ● Easily treatable with antibiotics ○ Gonorrhea ■ Infects the linings of the urethra/can spread to other parts of the body, causing burning sensation when urinating ● Can easily spread to different parts of the human body● If detected early, easily treatable. Later stages need separate medications and antibiotics ○ Syphilis ■ Characterized by phases, first signs are bacteriaoozing sore from reproductive organs ● Women with syphilis can experience premature births and miscarriages ○ Herpes ■ Family of infections characterized by sores by the herpes simplex virus ■ Two types of herpes simplex virus: HSV2 and HSV1 ● HSV2: americans have this ⅙ ● HSV1: about ½ adults ■ There is no cure for herpes, but medication can reduce outbreaks/risk ○ HPV (Human Papillomavirus infection) and genital warts ■ 100 different types of HPV, usually appear 68 weeks after contact ■ Series of bumps appear and grow on genitals ■ Can lead to cervical cancer ○ HIV and AIDS ■ HIV causes AIDS ● About 34 million people live with HIV ● Reducing your risk for contracting an STD. Abstinence, Safer Sex, Vaccination. ○ Preventing HIV ■ The only way to 100% prevent it is abstinence ■ Next best option is a condom Healthy Nutrition – HEAT Lecture and Chapter 9 ● Definition of nutrition and calorie ○ Nutrition: the science that investigates the relationship between physiological function and the essential elements of foods eaten ○ Calorie: a unit of measure that indicates the amount of energy obtained from a particular food ● What are the 6 classes of nutrients ○ Six Class of Nutrients: water, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals ● What are the calories per gram for protein/carbohydrate/fat/alcohol? ○ Calories per gram: protein 4; carbohydrates 4; fat 9; alcohol is 7. ● Protein: amino acids, essential, nonessential, complete and incomplete protein, complementary proteins. ○ Proteins: large molecules made up of chains of amino acids; essential constituents of all body cells ○ Amino acids: the nitrogencontaining building blocks of protein ○ Essential amino acids: the nine basics nitrogencontaining building blocks of human proteins that must be obtained from foods ○ Complete Protein: proteins that contains all nine of the essential amino acids○ Incomplete Protein: proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids ○ Complementary proteins: two or more incomplete protein sources that together provide adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids. Examples include grains and legumes or legumes, seeds and nuts. ● Know RDA for protein (g/kg) for most adults, endurance training and strength training ○ RDA Protein: for most adults, .8 grams per kg of body weight ○ Endurance training and Strength Training: ● Carbohydrates: What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides; simple and complex carbs, fiber (soluble and insoluble)? ○ Monosaccharides: a sugar that is not broken down further during digestion, including fructose and glucose ○ Disaccharides: combinations of two monosaccharides, such as lactose, maltose and sucrose ○ Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides): a carbohydrate that can be broken down during digestion into monosaccharides or disaccharides ○ Simple Carbohydrates: Simple carbohydrates are sugars. All simple carbohydrates are made of just one or two sugar molecules. They are the quickest source of energy ○ Fiber (Soluble): attracts water and turns to gel during digestion. This slows digestion. Soluble fiber is found in oat bran, barley, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, peas, and some fruits and vegetables. ○ Fiber (Insoluble): Insoluble Fiber, such as lignins and cellulose, do not dissolve in water and cannot be fermented by bacteria in the colon, found in most fruits, vegetables, and whole grains: brown rice, wheat, bran, whole grain breads and cereals ● What is recommended RDA for fiber? Understand difference between whole grains and refined grains. ○ RDA Fiber: 25 grams per day for women, 38 grams per day for men ○ Whole Grain: grains that are milled in their complete form and thus include the bran, germ and endosperm, with only the husk removed ○ Refined grains: Refined grains have been milled, a process that removes the bran and germ. This is done to give grains a finer texture and improve their shelf life, but it also removes dietary fiber, iron, and many B vitamins. (i.e. white flour, white rice, white bread) ● What is name of stored carbohydrate in liver and muscles? ○ Glycogen ■ Complex carbohydrates that are absorbed by cells and used as energy stored in muscles and liver ■ When the body needs energy it breaks down glycogen into glucose ● Fats: review saturated and unsaturated fats (monounsaturated – MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA), Good fats and bad fats Why are unsaturated fats considered healthier form of fat than saturated or trans fatty acids (transfats)? ○ Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ■ Missing hydrogen atoms from fatty acid chain ■ improves blood cholesterol levels ○ PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids ■ These are good for you (nuts, fish, oil) ○ Trans Fats ■ Fatty acids produced by hydrogenating oils that are converted from liquid to solid ○ Saturated fats ■ Max number of hydrogens ● Vitamins: fat soluble and water soluble; antioxidants, carotenoids, vitamin D and folate; Understand why folic acid intake is important to pregnant women Minerals: sodium, calcium, iron ○ Fat Soluble can be toxic in large amounts because the excess is not excreted in urine and can accumulate in the liver ● What is definition of RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances)? ○ The RDA, the estimated amount of a nutrient (or calories) per day considered necessary for the maintenance of good health by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council/ National Academy of Sciences. ● Understand serving sizes or ounce equivalent (grains, vegetables and fruit, dairy and cheese, meat & alternatives) ○ Grains 68 servings per day ○ Vegetables is 45 servings ○ Fruit 45 servings ○ Dairy 23 servings ○ Lean Meats less than 6 ounces ● Know difference between portions and servings; empty calories (processed foods) vs. nutrient dense (fruit, vegetables more nutrients than calories) calories ○ Portion ■ How much you choose to eat at a sitting ○ Serving ■ Measured, recommended daily amount that one should eat ● Vegetarianism: Benefits to a balanced vegetarian diet ● What is difference between Food Allergies and Food Intolerance? ○ Food allergies ■ Abnormal response triggered by immune system ■ Only 5% of people have food allergies ○ Food intolerance ■ Abnormal response triggered by anything except the immune system Improving Your Fitness– Lecture Chapter 11 ● Physical activity for Health, Fitness and Performance ● Benefits of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise ● Components of Physical Fitness ○ Cardiorespiratory fitness ○ Muscle strength ○ Muscle endurance ○ Flexibility ○ Body composition ● FITT Principle for (Cardiorespiratory Endurance ○ F frequency (how often)○ I intensity (how hard) ○ T time (how long) ○ T type (what kind) ● How to determine exercise intensity: target heart rate zone; Perceived Exertion (RPE); Talk Test; What is Borg Scale? ○ Target heart rate ■ 220 age( __ % target heart rate) ■ 64 to 95 percent of your predicted maximum heart rate ○ Borg Scale ■ Used to determine the intensity of cardiorespiratory exercise intensity ■ Ratings from 6 (nothing) to 20 (maximum), RPE usually is around 1216 for training ● Principles of strength development – overload, specificity, variation and reversibility of training principles; difference between muscular strength and muscular endurance; Core strength Training ● Types of Stretching Exercises – Static technique; Yoga, tai chi and Pilates ● What are Fitness Program Components? ● Preventing Injuries: Exercising in the Heat and Cold; How long does it take to acclimate to exercise in the heat? ○ 1014 days to acclimate to exercise in the heat ● What are the three different heat stress illnesses? ○ Heat cramps heatrelated involuntary and forcible muscle contractions that cannot be relaxed ○ Heat Exhaustion a mild form of shock, in which the blood pools in the arms and legs away from the brain and major organs of the body ○ Heatstroke a lifethreatening emergency condition with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The body’s heat production significantly exceeds its cooling capacity ● Relative to first aid treatment, What is RICE? ○ R rest ○ I ice ○ C compression ○ E elevate HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT – Lecture, Chapter 10 ● Know definition of being Overweight or Obese ○ Overweight body weight more than 10% above healthy levels ○ Obesity body weight more than 20% above healthy levels ● What are healthy ranges of percent body fat for men and women? ○ Men: 820% ○ Women: 2030% ● Body Mass Index and its classifications (Underweight, Normal, Overweight and Obese) ○ Healthy weight: 18.5 to 24.9 ○ Overweight: 25 to 29.9 ○ Obese: Over 30 ○ Morbidly obese: over 40 ○ Super obese: BMI of 50 or higherone increasing in numbers ● When do WaisttoHip ratios for men and women indicate greater health risk? ○ Greater than 40 in for men represents increased risk for disease ○ Greater than 35 in women represents an increased risk for disease● Recognize more accurate techniques for measuring percent body fat ○ Underwater (hydrostatic) weighing: Measures amount of water a person displaces while completely submerged ○ Skinfolds: involves pinching a person’s fold of skin at various locations of the body. The fold is measured using a specifically designed caliper ○ Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): Sending a very low level of electrical current through a person’s body ○ Dualenergy Xray absorptiometry (DEXA): Uses very low level x ray to differentiate between bone tissue, soft (or lean) tissue, and fat (or adipose) tissue ○ Bod Pod: Uses air displacement to measure body composition. Machine is a large, eggshaped chamber made from fiberglass. Person sits in machine wearing a swimsuit and the machine measures how much air is displaced ● Distinguish difference between hunger, appetite and satiety ○ Hunger an inborn physiological response to nutritional needs ○ Appetite a learned response to food that is tied to an emotional or psychological craving ○ Satiety to feel satisfied, or full, when one has satisfied their nutritional needs and the stomach signals “no more” ● Understand the difference between Basal Metabolic Rate and Resting Metabolic Rate ○ Basal Metabolic rate the rate of energy expenditure by a body at complete rest in a neutral environment ○ Resting metabolic rate includes the BMR plus any additional energy expended through daily sedentary activities ● What factors influence BMR? ○ Height, weight, age ● What is adaptive thermogenesis, the set point theory and what are the negative effects of Yoyo diets? ○ Adaptive thermogenesis The body slows metabolic activity and energy expenditure as a form of defensive protection against possible starvation ○ Set point theory Theory that a form of internal thermostat controls our weight and fights to maintain this weight around a narrowly set range ○ Yoyo diets Cycles in which people diet and regain weight ■ Negative effects: These cycles may actually increase the likelihood of getting heavier over time ● Understand endocrine influence ● hunger and satiety: Ghrelin and Leptin ○ Ghrelin”The hunger hormone” ○ Leptin An appetite regulator, reduces appetite ● Know why someone loses weight quickly at the beginning of a very low calorie diet. ○ Cells don’t have enough of the glucose they need for energy, so the body begins to burn fat for energy ● What is difference between restrictive surgeries and malabsorption surgeries? ○ Restrictive surgeries Limit food intake ■ Ex. Gastric banding ○ Malabsorption surgeries Decrease the absorption of food into the body ■ Ex. Gastric bypass ● Strategies for effective weight loss ○ Gradual weight loss exchange of 500 calories per day ○ 150 min of activity per week○ Eat healthy ● Number of calories per gram of Carbohydrate (4 kcal), Protein (4 kcal), Fat (9 kcal) Number of calories in one pound of fat. ○ One gram of carbohydrate 4 calories ○ One gram of protein 4 calories ○ One gram of fat 9 calories ○ One pound of fat 3500 calories Cancer Lecture and Reading Ch. 12 ● What is cancer? Understand the terms Neoplasm, Tumor, Malignant, Benign, Mutant Cells, Carcinogen, Biopsy and Metastasis. ○ Cancer large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells ○ Neoplasm New growth of tissue that serves no physiological function and results from uncontrolled abnormal cellular development ○ Tumor Neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue ○ Malignant cancerous tumor ○ Benign Noncancerous tumor ○ Mutant cells Cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells ○ Carcinogen Cancercausing agents ○ Biopsy Microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present ○ Metastasis Process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body ● Different types of cancer. (example: carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia.); review lung cancer, breast cancer, colon and rectal cancer, skin cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and testicular cancer ○ Carcinoma Epithelial tissues (Most common sites for cancers) that affect the outer layer of the skin and mouth as well as the mucous membranes. Form solid tumors ○ Sarcoma Occur in middle layers of tissue, for example, in bones, muscles, and general connective tissue. Less common but generally more virulent than carcinomas. Form solid tumors. ○ Lymphoma Develop in lymphatic system. Form solid tumors ■ Hodgkin’s disease is an example ○ Leukemia Cancer of the blood forming parts of the body, particularly the bone marrow and spleen. Abnormal increase in number of white blood cells. Forms nonsolid tumors ○ Lung cancer leading cause of cancer deaths for men and women ■ Symptoms: persistent cough, blood streaked sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis ○ Breast Cancer Women have 1 in 8 chance of developing this in their lifetime ■ Symptoms: persistent breast changes, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation, distortion, retraction or scaliness of the nipple, nipple discharge, or tenderness ○ Colon and Rectal Cancers Third most common cancer in both men and women, risk goes up as you age ■ Symptoms occur in late stages: Stool changes, bleeding, cramping or pain in the lower abdomen, and unusual fatigue○ Skin cancer Most common form of cancer in US. Malignant melanoma is virulent skin cancer. ■ Symptoms: Abnormalities of the skin, warty bumps, colored spots, or scaly patches ○ Prostate Cancer Most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males today ■ Symptoms: Weak or interrupted urine flow, difficulty starting or stopping urination, blood in the urine, feeling the urge to urinate frequently, pain upon urination, and pain in lower back, pelvis, or thighs ○ Ovarian Cancer Cancer of women’s reproductive system ■ Symptoms: not obvious, but can include feeling bloated, pain in pelvic area, feeling full quickly, or feeling the need to urinate frequently ○ Cervical Cancer Cancer developed in cervix at the base of the uterus ○ Testicular Cancer Testicular tumors appear of one or both of testis, a lump or thickening in testicular tissue ● What are risk factors for cancers? ○ Lifestyle risks ■ Tobacco use ■ Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity ○ Genetic and physiological risks ■ Reproductive and hormonal factors ■ Inflammation and cancer risks ○ Occupational and environmental risks ■ Radiation ■ Chemicals in the workplace ● ABCD’s of Moles ○ Asymmetry ○ Border irregularity ○ Color ○ Diameter greater than 6 millimeters (the size of a pea) ● Screening and Diagnosing Cancer ○ Breast mammograms ○ Cervix Pap test (pap smear) ○ Colon and rectum Fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy ○ Prostate prostatespecific antigen (PSA) test ● Know what types of cancer are most frequently experienced by men and women and age groups and which are most deadly ○ 78% of cancers are diagnosed at age 55 and above ○ Male most deadly ■ Lung and bronchus 28% of cancer deaths ■ Prostate 9% ■ Colon and rectum 8% ○ Female most deadly ■ Lung and bronchus 26% ■ Breast 15% ■ Colon and rectum 9% ● Skin Cancer Prevention – lecture notes ○ Sun Safety ■ Slip on a shirt ■ Slop on sun block every day■ Slap on a hat ■ Shade ● Your eyes for UV protection ● Seek out shade to protect your skin from UV rays ● Arrange outdoor activities to take place before 10 or after 2 Cardiovascular Disease: Lecture and Reading Chapter 12, video ● Types of cardiovascular disease (CVD): Atherosclerosis and plaque, CHD, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, CHF, Stroke (CVA) ○ Atherosclerosis: Fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin accumulate in inner lining of artery ■ Plaque: Buildup of deposits in arteries ○ Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): A narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart ■ Greatest killer, accounting for 1 in 7 deaths in the US ■ Heart attacks (myocardial infarctions) associated with this ○ Angina pectoris: a symptom of CHD that occurs when there is not enough oxygen to supply the heart muscle, chest pains ○ Arrhythmia: Irregularity in heart rhythm that occurs when electrical impulses in the heart that coordinate the heartbeat don’t work properly ○ Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): An abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping for blood flow; pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues ○ Stroke (CVA): Occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted ● Understand the terms myocardial ischemia, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction ○ Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to your heart is reduced, preventing it from receiving enough oxygen. The reduced blood flow is usually the result of a partial or complete blockage of your heart's arteries ○ Angina Pectoris: (look above) ○ Myocardial infarction (Heart attack) : Blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart ● What is an M.I.(myocardial infarction)? ○ (Look above) ● Types of arrhythmias: bradycardia, tachycardia and fibrillation ○ Bradycardia Abnormally slow heartbeat ○ Tachycardia Racing heart, abnormally fast ○ Fibrillation Heart beats in sporadic, quivering pattern, resulting in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system ● Stroke: TIA, and difference between stroke caused by a clot or an aneurysm Signs and symptoms of stroke ○ Clot stroke ■ Ischemic caused by plaque formation that narrows blood flow or a clot that obstructs a blood vessel ○ Hemorrhagic strokes caused by weakening of a blood vessel that causes it to bulge or rupture ■ Aneurysm widening or bulge in a blood vessel that may become hemorrhagic● Most well known of hemorrhagic strokes ○ Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause only temporary impairment ○ Stroke symptoms: impaired speech, swallowing, memory, or motor control in the long term ● Risk factors for cardiovascular disease: risks you can and cannot control ○ Modifiable risks ■ Avoid tobacco ■ Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol ■ Maintain a healthy weight ■ Exercise regularly ■ Control diabetes ■ Control your blood pressure ■ Manage stress ○ Nonmodifiable risks ■ Race and ethnicity ■ Heredity ■ Age ■ Gender ● Role of cholesterol and high fat diet in CVD HDL, LDL, Total Cholesterol Levels Treating CVD with Balloon Angioplasty, Stent, TPA, Defibrillation, Coronary Artery Bypass (CABG) ○ If cholesterol is too high, CVD risk escalates ○ Diets high in saturated fats and trans fats are known to raise cholesterol levels ○ Two major types of blood cholesterol ■ HDL high density lipoprotein, “good” cholesterol. Removes cholesterol from artery walls, thus serving as a protector ■ LDL low density lipoprotein, “bad” cholesterol. Builds up on artery walls ○ Balloon angioplasty a thin catheter is threaded through blocked heart arteries. Catheter has a balloon at the tip, which is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against the artery walls, allowing blood to flow more freely ○ Stent Meshlike stainless tube that may be inserted to prop open the artery ○ Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) Dissolves clots and restores some blood flow to the heart, reduces the amount of tissue that dies from ischemia ○ Defibrillation A dose of electric current is delivered to the heart to reestablish a normal heart rate ○ Coronary Artery Bypass (CABG) A surgical technique whereby a blood vessel taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery ● Symptoms of heart attack in men compared to women. ○ Men’s symptoms: chest pain, pain in shoulder or arm, indigestion gets worse, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea ○ Women’s symptoms: Trouble sleeping, burning pain, anxiety and fatigue, cold sweat and dizziness, shortness of breath Video on, “John’s Heart Attack ● What risk factors for heart attack do you see in John or his behavior? ○ heavy breathing, foods high in trans fat and cholesterol, smoker, not a lot of exercise, age (45), overweight, race/ ethnicity, stress with no coping● What is the cause of the blockage in John's heart? How did it form? ○ a growth, no bigger than a grain of sand. formed by too much cholesterol, creating a plaque growth, reducing blood flow, a dense heart disease, patch of his heart was starved from oxygen. ● What is the "natural bypass" (collateral circulation) and how long does it take to establish it? ○ when the heart muscle detects a growth, too long to get rid of the growth 72 hours to happen ● What are symptoms that John is having a heart attack ○ faster breathing, feels like indigestion, fast pain, in his left arm ● How is John treated medically for heart attack ○ they give him oxygen in ambulance, ● What is TPA? ○ clot busting drug, must reach clot before it is to big ● What is the purpose of defibrillation ○ stops the heart, so it can reset itself Focus on Your Risk for Diabetes ● What is Diabetes? Type 1, 2, Gestational ○ Type 1 an autoimmune disease in which the individual’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulinmaking cells in the pancreas ■ Destruction of these cells causes a large reduction in insulin production ○ Type 2 either the pancreas does not make sufficient insulin, or body cells are resistant to its effects ■ Accounts for 9095 percent of all cases ○ Gestational State of high blood glucose levels during pregnancy, posing risks for both mother and child ● Symptoms and Complications ○ Symptoms: Thirst, excessive urination, weight loss, fatigue, nerve damage, blurred vision, and poor wound healing and increased infections ○ Complications: Diabetic coma, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, amputations, eye disease and blindness, infectious diseases, tooth and gum diseases, and other complications ● Blood Tests Used to Diagnose DM (FPG, OGTT, HbA1c) ○ Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) requires a patient to fast for 810 hours. Then a small sample of blood is tested for glucose concentration ■ FPG level > 100 indicates prediabetes ■ FPG level > or equal to 126 indicates diabetes ○ Oral glucose tolerance test requires patient to drink concentrated glucose. Sample of blood is drawn for testing 2 hours after drinking ■ Reading > or equal to 140 indicates prediabetes ■ Reading > or equal to 200 indicates diabetes ○ A1C or Glycosylated hemoglobin test gives average value of a patient’s blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months, instead of at one moment in time ■ A1C of 5.7 to 6.4 means high risk for diabetes or prediabetes ■ A1C of 6.5 or higher indicates diabetes ● Know difference between normal, prediabetes and diabetes blood glucose levels ○ FPG■ Normal: 99 and below ■ Prediabetes: 100125 ■ Diabetes: 126 and above ○ OGTT Levels ■ Normal: 139 and below ■ Prediabetes: 140199 ■ Diabetes: 200 and above OTHER IMPORTANT INFO ● SLIPShirt, SLAPhat, SLOPsunscreen, SHADEsunglasses ● What is sexual identity? ● Barrier Methods ● HPV pops up a bunch ○ Group of over 150 viruses ○ Causes genital warts ○ Most common STI ● Case study about components of fitness ● Resistance training ● ACSM recommendations for exercise ○ Adults 150 min/week moderateintensity physical activity and muscle strengthening activities for all the major muscle groups at least 2 days/week ○ Older adults as much as their condition allows ○ Children 60 min or more of moderate or vigorousintensity physical activity daily; should include at least 3 days/week. Also include musclestrengthening activities at least 3 days/week as well as bonestrengthening activities 3 days/week ● 810 questions about trans fats ● HDL and LDL ● Famine response being triggered Adaptive thermogenesis ● Basal metabolic rate the rate of energy expenditure by a body at complete rest in a neutral environment ● Lean Mean fat burning machine ● Body adapting to Very low calorie diet ● Matching section about cancer (leukemia, malignant, blood clots break TPA, cancer found in blood, process of cancer moving around in the body, cancer with highest death rate) ● Nonmodifiable factors vs. modifiable factors ● Metabolic syndrome ○ A combination of heart disease and diabetes risk factors that produces a synergistic risk ○ Women are more likely to have this than men ● Women child has blurred vision, very tired, not hungry check on stroke ● Question on Coronary bypass A surgical technique whereby a blood vessel taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery ● Blood pressure ○ Systolic reading ■ Normal Less than 120 ■ Prehypertension 120139 ○ Diastolic Reading ■ Normal Less than 80■ Prehypertension 8089 ● 6 questions total cholesterol levels and what level would have someone at risk ○ Total cholesterol level ■ Desirable less than 200 mg/dL ■ Borderline high 200239 mg/dL ■ High 240 mg/dL and above ○ HDL Cholesterol (Higher numbers are better) ■ Desirable 60 mg/dL and above ■ Low Less than 40 mg/dL for men, less than 50 mg/dL for women ○ LDL Cholesterol (Lower numbers are better) ■ Optimal Less than 100 mg/dL ■ Near or above optimal 100129 mg/dL ■ Borderline high 130159 mg/dL ■ High 160189 mg/dL ■ Very high 190 mg/dL and above ● Symptoms of Acute Alcohol poisoning ○ Inability to be roused ○ Weak, rapid pulse ○ Unusual or irregular breathing pattern ○ Cool (possibly damp), pale, or bluish skin ● 4 questions on legal implications and drug violations (Somebody buys prescription drugs from someone and is caught, what's his penalty, Somebody is stopped by police randomly and has mom's prescription medicine in front seat without the mom present what’s the penalty? ● What is an M.I.(myocardial infarction)? ○ Blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart ● Number of calories per gram of Carbohydrate (4 kcal), Protein (4 kcal), Fat (9 kcal) Number of calories in one pound of fat. ○ One gram of carbohydrate 4 calories ○ One gram of protein 4 calories ○ One gram of fat 9 calories ○ One pound of fat 3500 calories ● Relative to first aid treatment, What is RICE?q ○ R rest ○ I ice ○ C compression ○ E elevate ● FITT Principle for (Cardiorespiratory Endurance ○ F frequency (how often) ○ I intensity (how hard) ○ T time (how long) ○ T type (what kind) ● Endometrium (females) soft, spongy matter that makes up the uterine lining ● Epididymis (males) The duct system where sperm mature and are stored ● Order of blood flow in heart Veins to right atrium to the Right Ventricle through pulmonary artery to lungs through pulmonary veins to Left Atrium to left ventricle through Aorta into rest of bodyhttps://quizlet.com/125951223/kine250finalflashcards/