Chapter 11: Liquids, Solids, And Intermolecular Forces

States of matter We also discuss several other topics like sugar sink

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   Solid                                Liquid                              Gas

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Density                 High                 High                 Low                 Physical state =

Shape                         Definite         Indefinite         Indefinite         Strength of forces If you want to learn more check out What is the meaning of heat engine?
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Volume                Indefinite         Definite        Definite         between particles

Strength of IMF        Strong                Moderate         Weak

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Freedom of Motion

Solid         → vibrate, still locked in place

→ not enough Kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces (potential E)

Liquid        → limited freedom, move around

→ Enough KE to overcome some PE attractive forces

Gas         → complete freedom

→ KE overcomes PE between the molecules

Phase Change

→ occurs by changing temperature which alters KE of particles, or pressure which alters PE, or both.

Kinetic-Molecular

Potential energy → attraction between particles

     → chemical forces

Kinetic E → movement of particles

→ temperature

Chemical Forces

Intramolecular forces →  strong : ionic and covalent

                → gives rise to chemical properties

→ bonding between atoms in a molecule

Intermolecular forces → attraction between molecules holding them close

→ weak

→ gives rise to physical properties

Bond polarity

Intermolecular Forces 

🞻 Strength of imf affects energy needed for phase change

1. lon-Dipole.

2. Hydrogen bonds

3. Dipole - Dipole

4. Dispersion (London)

5. Dipole -Induced dipole

6. Induced dipole - Induced dipole

ex) relationship of strength                                         stronger

dipole-dipole                                            ↑

dipole-induced dipole                                    ↕

induced dipole-induced dipole                    ↓

weaker

1. lon-dipole

→ attractive force between an ion and polar module

ex)

                Ion                        Polar

2. Hydrogen Bonding

→ type of dipole-dipole

→ attraction between an H bonded to a N,O,F on one polar molecule to a hydrogen on another polar molecule.

ex)

3. Dipole-dipole 

→ attractive force between polar cules.

ex)

Polar                         Polar

4. Dispersion (London)

→ caused by momentary oscillations of e-

→ exists beneun all atoms and molecules 

5. Dipole - induced dipole

→ attractive force between polar alle and non-polar molecule.

                Polar                                Nonpolar

6. Induced dipole-induced dipole

→ attractive force between now-polar and non-polar        

ex)