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CH 9. Vitamins Learning Outcomes
1. List the general functions of vitamins and minerals.
● involved in metabolic processes and assist in providing energy
2. Identify vitamins that are fat soluble and water soluble.
●fat soluble vitamins
● Are stored in liver and fat cells
● Stored for longer periods of time
● stored in larger amounts
● increase the likelihood of adverse effects or toxicity
●water soluble vitamins
● Stored for a short period of time
● Not generally stored in large quantities
● Decrease the likelihood of toxicity
● There’s a greater risk of deficiency
3. Vitamin A:
a.List the functions of vitamin A.
● integrity of epithelial cells
bone growth
reproduction, cell membrane stability
gene regulation
vision
immune function
b.Discuss the differences between preformed vitamin A and provitamin A.
● Preformed vitamin A:
○ Ready to use
○ Is found in animalbased or fortified foods
● Provitamin A
○ Converted to active form as needed
○ Ex: betacarotene
○ Found in plantbased foods:
c.Identify dietary sources of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A.
● Dietary sources of Preformed vitamin A:
○ fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, eggs, and liver
● Dietary sources of Provitamin A:
○ Green leafy vegetables
○ Orange and red produce
■ Apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, sweet
potatoes, and pumpkins We also discuss several other topics like math 461 textbook notes
d.Describe the deficiency and toxicity conditions associated with vitamin A.
● Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity include: If you want to learn more check out psy1020
Don't forget about the age old question of define multifinality
○ liver damage
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○ birth defects
● Early stages of deficiency:
○ Night blindness
○ Reversible
● Short term deficiency:
○ Cornea becomes dry and damaged
● Long term vitamin A deficiency We also discuss several other topics like hera gives birth to typhaon
○ •Xerophthalmia
○ •Permanent loss of vision
4.Vitamin D:
a.Discuss the role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism.
● regulation of calcium metabolism
○ stimulates cells of small intestine to produce
calbindin: a calcium binding protein, to increase calcium absorption
○ stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium and
decrease urinary calcium excretion
○ stimulated calcium release from bone to increase
blood levels
b.Identify reasons for increased requirements in elderly.
● there is a decreased ability to convert vitamin D into its active form
● there is a decreased likelihood of adequate exposure to sunlight
c.List dietary and nondietary sources of vitamin D.
● Cod liver oil
Sardines, salmon, shrimp
Liver
Mushrooms exposed to UV light
● Milk or margarine
cereals
juices
d.Outline synthesis and activation of vitamin D in body. We also discuss several other topics like robert perez ucr
● Cholesterol in skin combines with ultraviolet rays
Converted into precursor of vitamin D We also discuss several other topics like a mutation in yeast makes it unable to convert pyruvate to ethanol. how will this mutation affect these yeast cells?
Eventually makes it way to the kidneys
○ Converted to active form D3
e.Identify individuals at risk for inadequate stores.
● children
○ rickets
○ a disease characterized by softening and deformity
of long bone
inability to deposit calcium in newly formed bone
■ Malformation of skull, rib cage, and
ends of long bones
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● Adults
○ Osteomalacia
■ Softening of bone caused by
decalcification
f.Identify chronic conditions associated with insufficiency.
● Heart disease
● Respiratory infections
● Diabetes
● Hypertension
5.Vitamin E:
a.List the primary functions of vitamin E.
● Antioxidant
● Enhances immune function
● Required for nerve cell development
b.Identify population(s) at greatest risk for vitamin E deficiency.
● Premature infants
● Insufficient stores
6.Vitamin K:
a.List the primary function(s) of vitamin K.
● Blood clotting
○ Activates proteins required to make fibrin which
forms blood clots
● Synthesis of bone protein osteocalcin
b.Identify the population(s) at greatest risk for K deficiency and discuss why they are at risk.
● Newborns because
○ They have a relatively sterile GI tract at birth
○ Breast milk is a poor source of vitamin k
7.Vitamin C:
a.List and describe the functions of vitamin C.
● Antioxidant: immune system health
● Synthesis of collagen: protein that forms connective tissue; wound
healing, maintenance of blood vessel structure
● Facilitates iron absorption in GI
b.Define scurvy and identify symptoms of scurvy.
● Disease caused by vitamin c deficiency
○ Symptoms:
■ Bleeding gums
■ Tooth loss
■ Poor wound healing
■ Small hemorrhages on skin
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c.Identify individuals who have an increased requirement for vitamin C. ● Smokers
d.List dietary sources of vitamin C.
● Orange juice
● other citrus fruits – limes, lemons
● kiwis
● Strawberries
● sweet potatoes
● brussels sprout
8.B Vitamins:
a.Discuss the deficiency and toxicity conditions associated with the individual B vitamins
● Thiamin B1
○ Severe thiamin deficiency in alcoholics (wernicke
korsakoff syndrome)
● Riboflavin B2
○ Frequently occurs in conjunction other water
soluble vitamin deficiencies
○ Results in:
■ Inflammation of membranes
● sore throat
● cracks in the corner
of the mouth
● swollen, glossy
tongue
● skin rashes
● hypersensitivity to
light
● Niacin B3
○ Deficiency leads to condition called Pellegra
■ Symptoms (four D’s): diarrhea,
dermatitis, dementia and death
○ Toxicity:
■ Liver injury
■ Over Consumption of supplements
or fortified foods “niacin flush”
● Vitamin B6
○ Deficiency can lead to anemia
○ Depression
○ Dermatitis
○ Convulsions
○ Weakened immune response
toxicity symptoms:
● Numb feet
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● Loss of sensation in the hands
● Nerve damage that progresses to inability to walk
● Many symptoms are not reversible
● Folate:
○ Inability to synthesize DNA during folate deficiency
○ Results in large, immature red blood cells that are
fewer in number: Macrocytic anemia
○ Deficiency during pregnancy
■ Failure of spinal cord to close
completely Spina bifida
■ Lack of or incomplete development
of brain and skull Anencephaly
■ Together, these are known as
Neural tube defects
● Vitamin B12
○ Deficiency can result in macrocytic anemia
○ If due to lack of intrinsic factor: pernicious anemia
● Pantothenic acid
● Biotin:
○ Deficiency rarely occurs
○ Symptoms of deficiency:
■ Neurological impairment, hair loss,
and skin rashes
b.List the functions of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate.
● vitamin B6: synthesis of nonessential amino acids (transamination)
○ Synthesis of glucose and some types of lipids
○ Production of the neurotransmitter serotonin
○ Hemoglobin synthesis
● vitamin B12:Essential in converting folate into active form
○ Maintains the insulating lining that covers nerve
fibers known as: myelin sheath
● Folate: Cell division
○ DNA replication requires folate during cell division
c.List unique sources of vitamin B12, folate, folic acid and biotin.
● Folate:
○ Orange juice
○ Green leafy vegetables
○ Legumes
● Folic acid: supplements and enriched grains
● biotin:Good food sources:
○ Liver
○ soy beans
○ Fish
○ whole grains
Nonfood source:
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○ Gut bacteria
d.Discuss the process of vitamin B12 absorption.
● B12 must be released from dietary protein before it can be
absorbed:
○ Occurs in the stomach
○ Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
● After release, vitamin B12 is bound by protein secreted in
stomach:
○ Intrinsic factor
■ Protects B12 from degradation until
absorption
● Absorption occurs in lower ileum
e.Identify individuals at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency and describe why individuals are at risk.
● Adults older than 50 years old because decreased intrinsic
factors, decreased hydrochloric acid which means decreased ability to release vit. B12 from dietary protein
f.List the B vitamins that are added back to processed grains with enrichment. ● Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
Ch. 10 Minerals Learning Objectives
1. Describe the differences between macrominerals and microminerals. ● Macrominerals:
○ Present in greater amounts in the body
○ Recommended intake > or equal to 100 mg per day
○ Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride,
magnesium
● Microminerals:
○ Recommended intake <100 mg per day
○ Iron, copper, manganese, iodine
2.Calcium:
A. Discuss how blood calcium levels are regulated in the body. ● Vitamin D
● Parathyroid hormone
B. List the functions of calcium in the body.
● building and maintenance of bone
● Bone composition
C. List dietary sources of calcium.
● Canned sardines and salmon with bones
● Turnip greens
● broccoli
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● Other green leafy veggies
○ Spinach is an exception
3. List the roles/functions of magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur in the body.
● Magnesium function:
○ Component of hydroxyapetite crystals in bone
■ Bone serves as a store of magnesium
○ Maintenance of DNA and RNA integrity
■ Works with phosphorus
○ ATP stabilization
○ Facilitates muscle contraction:
■ Calcium contraction
■ Magnesium relaxation
● In the cell, magnesium is cofactor for almost 300 different
enzymes
● Phosphorus function:
○ Part of bones and teeth
○ Facilitates enzyme function
■ Can also turn off function of enzymes
○ Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) component
■ “usable” form of energy
○ DNA and RNA component
○ Phospholipid component
■ Part of cell membranes
■ Lipoproteins
● Acid base balance
○ Phosphorous ions act as buffer in blood
● Sulfur function:
○ Primary storage site for sulfur in the body:
■ In amino acids methionine and cysteine
● Sulfur in cysteine can bond to
another cysteine to form a bridge or link
○ Sulfur is also a key element in glutathione
■ A strong antioxidant in the body
○ No deficiency conditions associated with sulfur in humans at
present
4. Identify good dietary sources of magnesium.
● Green leafy veggies (spinach, collards and turnip greens)
● Unpolished grains
● nuts
● legumes
● Whole grain cereals and breads
● chocolate
5. Identify the primary storage form of sulfur in the body.
● In amino acids methionine and cysteine
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○ Sulfur in cysteine can bond to another cysteine to form a bridge or
link
6. List the minerals involved with bone health.
● Calcium and vitamin D
7. List the risk factors for osteoporosis.
● Nonmodifiable
○ Female gender
○ Older age
○ Small frame
○ Caucasian or asian
○ Family history of osteoporosis or broken bones
○ Estrogen deficiency in women (amenorrhea or menopause)
● modifiable
○ Sedentary lifestyle
○ Diet
○ Cigarretes
○ Excess alcohol
○ Low body weight
○ Use of certain medications
8. Identify the symptoms of preeclampsia.
● Headache
● Fatigue
● protein in urine
● high blood pressure
9. List the risk factors for preeclampsia.
● Women who are overweight
● Teenagers who are pregnant
● Women who have low calcium status
10. List dietary and nondietary factors that affect absorption of minerals. ● Phytates (plant based)
○ Bind certain minerals making them unavailable to cells:
■ calcium
■ zinc
■ Iron
● Oxalate (binds to minerals with positive charges)
○ Tea, chocolate
● Other factors can increase calcium absorption
● Frequency and quantity of calcium consumed
● Presence of milk sugar, lactose, in gut
● Increased physiological need for calcium
○ Periods of growth
○ pregnancy
○ lactation
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11. Iron:
A. Identify the role of iron in the body.
● Iron is found in hemoglobin of red blood cells (oxygen delivery)
○ Delivers oxygen to tissues and cells in the body
■ Release co2
B. List dietary sources of heme and nonheme iron.
● Heme iron dietary sources:
■ Form found in hemoglobin
■ Only found in meats, fish and poultry
■ More readily absorbed in body
● Nonheme iron dietary sources:
■ Elemental form of iron
■ Found in plantbased and enriched foods
■ Less readily absorbed in body
C. Discuss absorption of iron in the body, including ways to enhance absorption. ● Iron absorption when body stores are low
● Factors that enhance nonheme iron absorption:
○ Vitamin c
○ Presence of meat, poultry, and fish in the diet
■ Phenomenon referred to as meat,
fish, and poultry factor (MFP)
● Factors that reduce iron absorption
○ Tannins (coffee, tea)
○ Phytates (whole grains, seeds, nuts, legumes)
D. Identify individuals with increased iron requirements.
● Menstruating women 19 50 years old
● Pregnant women
● Males and females over age 50
E. Discuss the effect of iron toxicity.
● Hemochromatosis: genetic disorder
● Symptoms: Abdominal pain, fatigue, depression (in early stages)
● May advance to liver damage if iron build up is not treated
12. Zinc:
A. List the functions of zinc in the body
● Development of sexual organs and bone growth
● Alcohol metabolism
● Antioxidant enzyme function
● Blood pressure regulation
● Insulin release and function
● DNA replication
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● Protein synthesis, growth and development
● Immune function
● Hemoglobin synthesis
B. Discuss factors that hinder and factors that facilitate zinc absorption.
● Factors that hinder zinc absorption:
○ Decrease absorption due to phytates
● Factors that facilitate absorption
○ Zinc absorption increases when meat , fish and
poultry present in diet
C. List unique symptoms of zinc toxicity and deficiency.
● Dwarfism in young teens, particularly males
● Poor sexual development (underdeveloped testes in males)
● Deformed bones
● Abnormal hair and nails; loss of hair
● Poor wound healing
● Hypogeusia
● Gastrointestinal disturbances
● Impaired folate and vitamin A absorption
13. Copper:
A. Identify the roles of copper in the body
● Exerts physiological effects as a cofactor for enzymes
● Needed for absorption, storage, and metabolism of iron
B. List what other mineral may hinder copper absorption
● zinc
14. Iodine:
A. Discuss the role of iodine in the body.
● Facilitates production of a hormone in thyroid gland
○ Thyroid hormone, also called thyroxine
■ Controls basal metabolic rate
■ Made from tyrosine and iodine
B. Discuss the effects of iodine deficiency.
● Lack of iodine in diet results in thyroid gland cells enlarging in
attempt to absorb more iodine from blood
○ An enlarged thyroid is referred to as: goiter
● Iodine deficiency in pregnant women may cause:
○ Offspring to be born with cretinism
■ Stunted height
■ Developmental delays
C. List dietary sources of iodine.
● seafood
● Iodized salt
● Plants grown in areas with sufficient iodine in the soil are also
good sources of iodine
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15. Identify the primary role of selenium in the body.
● Supports body's antioxidant defense system
● Part of the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase
○ Activity of enzyme depends on level of selenium present
● Supports production of active thyroid hormone
● May mediate HIV and AIDS progression
16. List the function of fluoride in the body.
● Healthy teeth
● Results in hardening of tooth enamel
● Increases resistance of teeth to tooth decay
● Bone and teeth are composed of hydroxyapetite crystals
○ Crystals composed primarily of calcium and phosphorus
○ Fluoride strengthens crystals
17. Discuss the relationship between chromium and blood glucose levels. ● Facilitates glucose uptake by improving the function of the hormone insulin
18. Identify the leading nutrient deficiency worldwide.
● Iron deficiency
19. Identify potential causes of anemia
● Inadequate iron intake
● Inadequate iron absorption
● Copper deficiency
● Blood loss
● A deficiency of vitamin B6, B12, folate or chronic disease
CH 11. Intro to Supplements Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the piece of legislation under which dietary supplements are regulated.’ ● Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
2. List the two federal agencies involved in regulating supplements and supplement claims and labeling.
● Monitoring accuracy of advertising and labeling of supplements is responsibility of:
○ The Federal Trade Commission
● Modifies FDA’s role in regulating dietary supplements
○ Dietary supplement health and education act
3. Describe potential risks and benefits of dietary supplements.
● Risks:
○ Efficacy and safety not guaranteed
○ Harmful interactions with some drugs
○ Possibility of contamination and/or adulteration
● Benefits:
○ Omega 3 fatty acids and fish oil
○ Glucosamine Chondroitin
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○ Protein and amino acids supplements:
■ Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)
■ Whey protein
■ Arginine and glutamine
○
4. Identify populations who use dietary supplements.
● Women
● Caucasians
● Those with higher education level
● Adults age 60 or older
● Athletes
● College students
5. Describe steps involved in making a decision about taking dietary supplements. ● Evaluate your diet.
● Check with your health care practitioner.
● Ask yourself, does it sound too good to be true?
● Learn to recognize a fraudulent claim.
● Be skeptical.
CH.12 Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Infant Feeding Learning Outcomes 1. Identify nutrient needs and recommendations during pregnancy for: energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, folate, vitamin B12, iron, calcium, zinc, and fluid. ● Protein: needs increase by ~ 25 g per/day
○ Sources: Lean meats, poultry, dairy, legumes, fish (avoid
predatory fish: king mackerel, tilefish, swordfish)
● Carb: ≥175 g per day
○ Primary source of energy
○ Decrease intake of simple sugars or empty calories and eat fiber
to prevent constipation and hemorrhoids
● Fat: recommended intake does not change
○ Used as a source of energy
○ essential fatty acids intake
■ Linoleic and alphalinolenic acid
■ Focus on polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, oils,
and whole grains
● Vitamin and minerals: needs increase during pregnancy
○ Folate and vitamin B12
■ Folate RDA: 600 µg a day
■ Needed for red blood cell and DNA synthesis
● Vitamin B6
○ Needed for amino acid metabolism
● Iron requirements: RDA= 27 mg per/day
○ Pregnant woman no longer losing iron through menstruation, but
iron intake is required for:
■ Building red blood cells in fetus to carry oxygen to
cells
● Calcium: 30 mg/day during 3rd trimester
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○ RDA does not increase bc absorption doubles in intestines
● Zinc: increase by more than 30%
● Fluid: recommended intake: 11.5mL of water/calorie
2. Discuss the need for supplementation during pregnancy and who would benefit most from supplementation.
● Supplementation of some nutrients recommended:
○ iron
■ Needs difficult to meet via diet
○ Folic acid
■ Should begin 1 month before conception
○ calcium
■ Recommended for vegans, women <25 yrs. of age,
and those avoiding milk products
● Multivitamin/mineral supplement recommended for women at nutritional risk: ○ vegans
○ Breastfeeding woman
○ Follow restrictive diets
○ Smoke cigarretes
○ Abuse alcohol
○ Are carrying twins or triplets
3. Describe the following complications of pregnancy: gestational diabetes, edema, preeclampsia, eclampsia
● Gestational diabetes complications for infant:
○ Very large birth weight (macrosomia)
○ Low blood glucose following delivery
○ Gestational diabetes complications for mother:
■ Type 2 diabetes
● Edema: Fluid retention that results in swelling of hands, feet, and ankles: ● Preeclampsia: pregnancy induced hypertension may advance to preeclampsia characterized by:
○ high blood pressure and edema
○ protein in the urine
4. List gastrointestinal complications associated with pregnancy and reasons for these complications.
● Pregnancy hormones cause muscle and ligament relaxation
○ makes labor easier
○ may cause constipation
○ May result in development of hemorrhoids
● Hormonal changes can also relax esophageal sphincter
○ Resulting in heartburn
○ Recommendations to prevent heartburn:
■ Eat smaller meals
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■ Avoid foods that seem to cause heartburn (ie. spicy
foods and chocolate)
■ Elevate head when sleeping
■ Sleep on left side of body
5. Identify the negative impact of the following during pregnancy: caffeine, alcohol, smoking.
● Caffeine: may increase miscarriage or low birthweight baby
● Alcohol: can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
○ Characterized by growth retardation, facial abnormalities, and
central nervous sys (CNS) dysfunction
● Smoking: increased miscarriages, preterm delivery, smaller birthweight, may impair blood flow to fetus and decreases nutrient and O2 delivery
6. Identify foodborne illnesses of greatest concern during pregnancy. ● Listeria: found in uncooked meats and vegetables and unpasteurized milk and Readytoeat foods (ie. got dogs and deli meats)
7. List the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother and infant.
● Lose weight faster
● Build stronger bonds w/ their babies
● Decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
● Saves money by not buying formula
benefits for newborns
● Allergies and intolerances
● Ear infections (otitis media)
● Vomiting
● Diarrhea
● Pneumonia, wheezing, and other respiratory diseases
● Meningitis
● Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
● Possible reduced obesity
8. Compare the composition of colostrum vs. mature breast milk.
● Colostrum: first milk after pregnancy which is thinner and slightly yellow ○ High in protein
○ Contains maternal antibodies and serves as a
laxative to clear meconium
○ Frequent, small meals in first few days coat baby’s digestive tract
and prevent invasion of foreign substances
9. Describe the recommendations of feeding an infant during the first year of life. ● Breast feed for first 6 months
● Continued supplemental breastfeeding for up to 1 year
● No additional benefit to infant beyond 1 year of age
● Solid foods should be offered along with breast milk after 6 months of age ● Slowly, solids become the main food source
CH.14 Sport Nutrition and Exercise Learning Outcomes
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1. Describe the benefits of exercise and physical activity.
● Helps prevent chronic disease
○ ↑ HDL
○ ↓ resting heart rate
○ ↓ blood pressure
● Helps with stress management
● Improves quality of sleep
● Helps with body weight management
● Maintenance of muscle mass
2. List the 3 energy systems used by the body and identify which system(s) is/are used during low, moderate, and high intensity exercise.
● The immediate energy system high
● Anaerobic metabolism high
● Aerobic metabolism low/moderate
3. What is the female athlete triad?
● Cutting calories too low puts an athlete at risk for:
○ Low bone mineral density
○ injury
○ Eating disorders
○ Amenorrhea
○ Impaired performance
4. What nutrients are most important immediately before, during, and immediately after a period of exercise lasting longer than 1 hour?
● As exercise begins take Carbohydrates from muscle glycoen higher intensity ● Fat used as a fuel source at rest and during low intensity aerobic activities ● Protein after exercise
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