UA - PSYCH 101 - Psych 101 Final Exam Study Guide - Study Guide

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Schools > University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa > Psychology > PSYCH 101 > UA - PSYCH 101 - Psych 101 Final Exam Study Guide - Study Guide

School: University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa

Department: Psychology

Course: Intro to Psychology

Professor: Tba

Term: Fall 2016

Tags: Intro to Psychology

Name: Psych 101 Final Exam Study Guide

Description: Professor: Cox

Uploaded: 04/25/2017

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Psych 101 Final Exam Study Guide Emotion, Stress, and Health
Emotions- a state of arousal, this state of arousal involves: ● Physiological changes in the face, brain and body
● Cognitive interpretations
● Behaviors such as fight/flight and approach/withdrawal
● Subjective feelings   ○ Culture and social context influence our expression and subjective experience of emotions
Verbal Communication vs. Nonverbal Communication
Verbal- what we say
NonVerbal- Body Language and facial expressions, also the tone of our voice and the rate of our
speech

Emotions and Facial Expressions
-some facial expressions are universal (anger, happiness, fear)
-we can usually tell when someone is making a facial expression that isn’t genuine
-facial expression show the emotions that we are feeling inside ● Facial Feedback- Facial emotions send info to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed   ● Interpretation of emotions depends on context
● We are better at reading other people’s emotions when they are part of our “in group”
Emotions and The Brain   ● Amgydala: Plays a large role in anger and fear
● Frontal Cortex: Plays a large role in how we perceive other people’s emotions and how we regulate our own emotions ● Mirror Neurons: Brain cells that are activated when a person observes someone else engaging in a behavior   ○ Involved in empathy, language comprehension, and reading the emotions of others   Mood Contagen- we take on the emotions that others are experiencing (spending time with
happy people can improve our mood)

Emotions and The Mind

● Appraisals: Beliefs, attributions, and perceptions used to explain your own and others’ behavior   ● Example of Amanda Knox- 2 people had entirely different impressions of her ○ Influenced by culture   ■ (In collectivist cultures people tend to blame themselves, in individualist cultures people tend to blame others)   ○ Potentially stable over time Emotions and Culture ● Emotions depend on cultural rules, norms, and traditions
● Culture also influences acceptable display rules (norms that determine how we should represent ourselves) ex. Women are expected to smile more, not universal ● Gender interacts with culture to influence emotional expression
Stress
General Adaption Syndrome ● Alarm Phase- The body mobilizes the sympathatic nervous system to tell us there is a threat, significant change in hormonal levels, tells us we are in danger (gets us ready to
fight or get out, it doesn’t last long ● Resistance Phase- body is attempting to cope with whatever is stressing you out, body continues to inact the stmpathatic nervous system and have hormonal changes- this
change in the long run makes us more vulnerable   ● Exhaustion Phase- body can’t keep up, this is your body’s way of reacting to the 1st 2 stages (example getting a cold after being stressed out about a test)
HPA Axis & Cortisol ● Hypothalamus- pituitary- adrenal cortex (HPA) axis: hormone system that is activated when someone is under stress ● Cortisol: hormone elevated during times of stress ○ Prolonged activation can lead to hypertension, immune disorders, and depression
Stress and the Mind: Optimism
Optimism- helps us to get through

Stress and the Mind: Resilience ● Resilience: Ability to persist in pursuit of goals despite setbacks (ability to bounce back)
● Locus of control: Belief about whether your actions, and the consequences of your actions, are under your own control (internal locus of control) or beyond your control
(external locus of control)

Stress and Emotion ● Hostility: persistent unfriendly, antagonistic, and mistrustful attitude towards others
● Expressing positive and negative emotions can be beneficial   ○   Confession may be beneficial for your health
Coping With Stress ● Mindfulness- point of exercise is for the individual to accept whatever they are experiencing without judgement   ● Exercise- used for people with depression to get them moving
● Problem solving: ○ Reappraising the situation
○ Learning from the experience
○ Making social comparisons
Coping with Stress: Social Support ● Genuine social networks and interpersonal relationships is the most powerful predictor of a long and healthy life ● Physical touch (when welcomed) increased oxytocin Abnormal Psychology ● Psychological disorders- any condition that causes a person to suffer, is self-destructive, seriously impairs a person’s ability to work or get along with others, or makes a person
unable to control the impulse to harm self or others. ○ NOT insanity
○ NOT uncommon*
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ● The DSM is the manual that provides diagnostic criteria for every recognized disorder
● Provides general information about disorder
● Used in most medical and research settings
● With each edition, the number of disorders increases
DSM: Pros and Cons
Pros:

● Increases reliability between clinicians
● Clarifies psychological constructs for research purposes
● May inform treatment
● Logistically necessary   Cons: ● Over-diagnosis: Individuals may be given labels that do not actually describe their functioning   ● Diagnostic labels: Mental illness carries a stigma
● Science sacrificed for clarity
● May not account for culture-bound syndromes   Psychological Disorders: Anxiety and Panic
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: ● Excessive, uncontrollable anxiety or worry
● Occurs on a majority of days
● Occurs over (at least) a 6 month period
● Is not brought on by drugs or disease
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: ● Experience with a traumatic event*
● Examples: Combat, assault, sexual assault, car accident
● Relives this traumatic event through recurrent intrusive thoughts
● Premorbid functioning (functioning before the traumatic event) may predict symptom development   Panic Disorder ● Recurrent and frequent panic attacks
●  Panic attacks characterized by impending doom, fear, and physiological symptoms
●  Attacks appear to come out of nowhere
● Likely related to life-threatening event or chronic stress
Psychological Disorders: Phobias
Ex. Acrophobia- fear of heights
Phobia- Exaggerated fear of specific situation, activity or thing   ● Evolution may help to explain the situations/activities/things susceptible to phobias
●  Treatment: ○ Flooding- taking the individual and teaching them how to cope then they expose the patient to whatever they are afraid of ■ Most people don’t agree to do it but if they do it’s very effective

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