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Spa 3011 Final Summer 2017 ∙ Definition of fundamental frequency – the rate at which the vocal fold vibrate (first harmonic) o Average fundamental frequencies of males, females, and children Males: 100Hz Females: 200Hz Children: 300Hz o Fundamental frequency can Don't forget about the age old question of scm 300 asu
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remain the same for a series of vowel sounds produced by the speaker Speaker(s) can alter amplitude/loudness and fundamental frequency so that an increase in once can be accompanied by an increase in the other o Acoustic energy is present at the fundamental frequency and at the whole number multiples of Fo (HARMONICS) o A woman with a Fo of 200Hz will have 400Hz as her second harmonic 200Hz x 2 =400 The third harmonic would be 600Hz ∙ 200Hz x 3= 600 o Harmonics drop off in amplitude of 12dB for each doubling Dampening loss of amplitude at higher frequencies o Octave doubling of Fo ∙ Definition of formant frequencies frequency values amplified/emphasized due to configuration of the VT (vocal tract) o Acoustic correlate that determine a VOWEL o Formants peaks of harmonics that have been filtered and emphasized by the VT Easy to confuse with harmonics because both are measured in Hertz and relate to speech Formants do not have a direct relationship with fundamental frequency. If formant frequencies were dependent upon fundamental, we would be able to sing ∙ We are varying in fundamental frequency while changing the formant to deliver lyrics ∙ An individual can produce the same vowel with different Fo o A sound with a Fo that is two times as high as another sound may not sound twice as high in pitch to our ears ∙ What is VOT (voice onset time) and what distinguishes a voiced from unvoiced stop consonant… o Voice Onset Time is the time between the release of a stop consonant and start of phonation. Voiceless stops have a longer VOT interval/delay between the release of the consonant and the onset of voicing for the vowel. Voiced stops have a shorter delay before the onset of voicing. ∙ What is the difference between narrowband spectrograms and wideband spectrograms?o Narrow band harmonic bands run horizontally and are only displayed in narrowband spectrograms o Wide band more clearly indicate formant frequencies and more sensitive to timing changes (glottal pulses can be viewed) ∙ What are the lobes and landmarks of the brain? o Frontal Lobe – motor o Temporal Lobe auditory o Parietal lobe Sensory o Occipital Lobe Vision o Cerebellum involved in the execution of sequential maneuvers, balance, posture and coordination of voluntary muscle activity o Limbic Lobe short term memory (hippocampus) o Corpus Callosum largest and most important of the commissural fibers that link the left/right hemispheres o Gyri ridges in the brain o Sulci grooves Central Sulcus (Rolantic Fissure) – divides the frontal and parietal lobes o Fissures deep grooves Sylvian Fissure (Lateral Sulcus) divides the parietal and temporal lobes o Arcuate Fasciculus association fibers that connects Broca’s and Wernickes’ area ∙ Difference between Broca’s Aphasia and Wernicke’s o Broca lesion has occurred anterior to the Rolandic Fissure; nonfluent; Agrammatism (difficult with function words such as articles, prepositions, etc); telegraphic speech (speak in single words); apraxia; phonetic level disorder o Wernicke lesion has occurred posterior to the Rolandic Fissure; hyperfluent; phonemic level disorder; patients are in denial of this and blame others for not understanding them; neologisms (made up words) ∙ What are anomia, paraphasias, jargon, neologisms, agnosia? o Anomialoss of the ability to name an object o Paraphasias sound/word/meaning substitutions o Jargon words/expression used by a particular person/group that are difficult for others to understand o Neologismsmade up words o Agnosia inability to interpret sensations and to recognize things ∙ What is the difference in processing for right hemisphere and left hemisphere? o Right Hemispheredominant for processing emotional aspects of language, including emotional prosody. Attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving. o Left Hemispheredominant for language processing ∙ What is the difference between linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism o Linguistic Relativism – “Sexist” language and is behind such linguistic innovations as s/he and the spelling revision of women. It affects how we think about things. o Linguistic Determinism ∙ What is mentalese o The language we think in ∙ What is the wholeobject principal? o Children tend to assume that the label refers to the whole object, not just a part of it ∙ What is the principles and parameters theory o States that children are born with principles of human language, and they also possess parameters ways to set their developing language knowledge to the tune of the language they are exposed to. Chomsky’s theory. ∙ Know each speech development stage and their duration o Prelingual stage (06 months) o Babbling stage (612 months) o One word/holophrastic stage (12 years) o Twoword stage (about 2 years) o Telegraphic stage (MLU is used instead of chronological age) ∙ What is the mutual exclusivity principle o a child refers to an object as something, caregiver calls it something else, child starts to assume that the word the caregiver called the object relates to the object Example from quiz 9: Sophia is a normally developing 2yearold girl. For several months now, she has been referring to her toy train as “choo choo train.” One day, her babysitter asks her to put a block in the “caboose”. Sophia becomes quiet and studies the train upon hearing this new word. Her ability to associate “caboose” with a part or attribute of the train (rather than the whole train itself) is due to ∙ What is the conventionality principle? o Children tend to use the name for an object that they hear most often; posits that in order for children to communicate successfully, they must terms that people in their community understand (child must move from “baby talk” to using conventional terms which he/she hears most often in his/her community) ∙ What is the principle of extendibility o posits that words can label categories of objects, not just the original exemplar; ex: all objects with stem and colorful petals that you smell are “flowers” ∙ What is the difference between underextension and overextension o Overextension overgeneralization (ex. Calling a cow or other fourlegged animal a “dog”; generalization of past tense ‘ed’ to irregular verbs; generalization of ‘s’ to mark to the plural for irregular plurals) o Underextension children underextending a name (ex; ‘Dog’ only applies to a particular family dog and not a cartoon dog) ∙ What is the taxonomic principle o a child may limit the application of words to only a certain type of word category or taxonomy; child learns that words label categories of things instead of one thing at one particular moment in time ∙ What are the characteristics of Parkinson’so monotone quiet speech; seem to be speaking fast but are really mumbling; slow (shuffled) steps/walking; hypokinesis (slow/small movement) ∙ What is Childhood Apraxia of speech (also known as Childhood dyspraxia); problem of motor planning rather than weakness; errors included sound substitutions, omissions, additions and repetitions; usually affected at the level of articulation; voice quality and prosody usually within normal limits ∙ *TABLE 15.4 PHONOLGICAL PROCESSES* ∙ CoupContrecoup vs. Diffuse axonal injury o CoupContrecoup contusions that occur on both sides of direct impact and opposite side of the brain o Diffuse Widespread damage to the nerve tissue of the brain; violent and rapid shaking of the brain within the skull (ex: shaken baby syndrome, severe car crashes) ∙ What is conduction aphasia o Hallmark characteristic: impaired repetition; damage of the arcuate fasciculus and type of fluent aphasia but not like Wernicke’s Aphasia; verbal expression and comprehension fairly intact; RARE!!! ∙ What is foreign accent syndrome o Rare neurological speech disorder characterized by an unlearned foreign accent following a brain injury or stroke or anoxia; production of phonetic speech features that are not found in the individual’s native language. However, the features produced in “error” still comply with the phonological rules of language in general o Characteristics: accent is considered foreign, accent is unlike the patient’s native dialect, no evidence in the patient’s background of being a speaker of a foreign language, accent is clearly related to CNS (central nervous system) damage o Independent of Aphasia (not a languagelevel disorder) ∙ Production disorders in Children and adults (which occur in both) o Stuttering/Dysfluency A lack of timing coordination; motor commands and speech mechanisms are out of sync (occur in both children and adults) Delayed auditory feedback some individuals who stutter become more fluent when the auditory signal is fed back to them with a short time delay o Aphasia often the result of a stroke that causes a brain injury that is usually not obvious from the outside of the head; results from a more cortical lesion typically in the left hemisphere (both children and adults but only talked about adult aphasia in class) o Apraxia of Speech (AOS) (seen in both) ∙ Neurological disorders (name and give basic description) o Childhood Dysarthria – speech is slowed, slurred and effortful; affected all levels of speech; related to cerebral palsy, neonatal stroke or TBI o Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS/Childhood dyspraxia) problem of motor planning rather than weakness; substitutions, omissions, addition and repetition errorso Specific Language Impairment (SLI) also known as developmental language disorder; delayed acquisition of phonological skills; language disorder that delays the mastery of language skills in children who have no hearing loss or other delays o Autism developmental disability with language level disorders; has an impact on speech production in the form of limited speech production; echolalia (repetition of what is said (is actually a normal phase of language development that should go away at age 2, it is just more pronounced in these patients)) o ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) o Multiple Sclerosis o Muscular Dystrophy o Cerebral Palsy o Parkinson monotone quiet speech; seem to be speaking fast but are really mumbling; slow (shuffled) steps/walking; hypokinesis (slow/small movement) o Alzheimer’s Terminal disease with no known treatment to stop its progression; known to affect memory (short term memory affected first (hippocampus)) and language; in advanced patients, motor speech and swallowing can become impaired; brain is dying/detererating ∙ Parkinson’s patients and SLPs (LSVT) o Lee Silverman Voice Therapy Loud; shown to be very effective in improving speech production in hypokinetic dysarthria; patients are shown how to speak louder (told to speak as if they are shouting) and work on taking deep breathes and breath support; patients are seen to live longer because they are not depressed or withdrawn from others ∙ Otitis media is what? o Middle ear infection; tympanic membrane (ear drum) is red and fluid builds up in the middle ear) ∙ What is quantization factor (bit=2 to be the Nth levels of resolution) o Digitized speech. The degree of amplitude resolution. Expressed in bits. A bit is 2 to the #nth levels of resolution 2 bit quantization: 2 to the 2nd power = 4 amplitude levels 4 bit quantization: 2 to the 4th power = 16 levels of amplitude o Typically, contemporary speech research uses at least 12bit quantization, and most systems now use a 16bit standard ∙ Difference in Fourier analysis and LPC o LPC Linear Predictive Coding; mathematical procedure for extracting formant frequencies o Fourier Analysis mathematical procedure to identify the individual sinusoids in a complex sound ∙ Speech Analysis Programs: o IBM Speech Viewer Allows the user to see the ongooign Fo and duration of speech. There are also games that allow a client to work on various aspects of speech production. This should only take place under the supervision of a trained LP o BLISS Brown Lab Interactive Speech System; used in UCF speech lab o Kay Elemetrics CSL Most popular and widely used speech analysis system in speech pathology; one of the most versatile units; you get all of the basic and physiological measures with it; expensive o Praat free acoustic analysis program; user friendly; functions include spectrograms, pitch analysis, formant analysis, intensity analysis, jitter, shimmer, voice breaks ∙ *TABLE 17.1 PG 146* ∙ Parkinson Disease Case Study o In the case study, intonation, average fundamental frequency and rate of speech were targeted one at a time in therapy while maintaining baseline measures of the other two; considered here is an example of multiple baseline design; study supports the notion that with an SLP’s guidance, a patient can greatly benefit from visual feedback from treatment results using modern technology and objective measures can be obtained using computer systems and software; Participant’s baseline average Fo was judged as below normal (participant was a female) ∙ What is dysphagia o Swallowing disorder ∙ What are the roles of an SLP o To understand baseline measures of speech, keep abreast of technological advances in the field, understand the needs of bilingual clients, facilitate second language acquisition, reduce regional accents, understanding the tight link b/t speech production and perception, promote a greater sensitivity to language, obtain a universal perspective of human species, and to maintain and promote professionalism