Description
Week 3 (
Mycenaeans – Late Bronze Age
∙ Distinctive culture
o Minoans – Middle Bronze Age (had the most power)
∙ Mycenaean now have the “leading” power
∙ Achaeans – term found in the Iliad
o Term used by Greeks
o Mainland Greece
o Region of Achaea
∙ Increase in wealth and property
o Grave goods become more expensive and nicer
o Could show trade, job (warrior w/ dagger), social status, warfare
o Graves at Mycenae
Gold masks and photographs of Sophia (wife of Schliemann) with a gold getup
∙ Domination of Crete
o Linear B tablets show the term Wanax
o Knossos survives and this is where Linear B tablets show up
∙ 15001200 B.C.
o Start building big fortresses (Mainland)
Built on a hilltop
Tunnels underneath the fortresses leading to rivers
∙ So, you could survive during a siege
Pylos is the only palace that never had fortification (*first to fall) If you want to learn more check out What is the meaning of non-rational foundations of rationality?
Argos, Tiryns, Gla, Mycenae
Frescoes
∙ Show war scenes
Walls are built with limestone
Palace usually has the megaron with other rooms around
∙ Very static; square and uniform
∙ Unlike Minoan palaces that were labyrinthine
∙ Religion
o Linear B tablets
Names like Zeus, Hera (sisterwife), Poseidon, Athena, Artemis, Hermes 12001150 B.C.
∙ End of the Bronze Age
o General cataclysm all around
o Massive fires
o Started making more weapons*
o Asked for more warriors*
o *impending doom or yearly occurrence?
o Some people say it was the sea people
Devastated Syria and Palestine
Attacked places in Asia Minor
Affected trade, which could have affected the Mainland
o Could have been revolts
o Enlarge their fortifications – around Mycenae
o ca. 1200 B.C. – wave of destruction Don't forget about the age old question of Why settlements are created?
large population loss
Athens was not much touched
∙ Became a haven for people who were trying to flee the destruction
Others fled into mountains
On Crete
∙ People fled
∙ Some were burned and many died
Dorian invasion (from the south)?
The Dark Ages
∙ 1150750 B.C.
∙ Eventually, the people who fled loss their culture
o Survival becomes important
∙ Very little sources
o Archaeology becomes the main source
o Loose writing
∙ Murky until 8th century (Archaic Period) – creation of the Polis
∙ Houses – most likely wood with thatched (don’t survive)
o Post holes remain
∙ Iliad and Odyssey
o Oral tradition becomes important
o When writing comes back, the Iliad and Odyssey are a compilation of the oral stories
o Bronze Age glory with Dark Age reality
∙ Hesiod
o Archaic Period (750650 B.C.)
o Hometown: Mount Helicon
o Still used as a source for the Dark Ages
∙ Different types of dialect in different areas
o Understand each other but the dialects have differences Don't forget about the age old question of What is the division of power?
o Aeolic dialect Don't forget about the age old question of What are the major differences between job order costing and process costing systems?
Spoken by the people of Thessaly, Boeotia, Lesbos
o Ionic dialect
Attica, Euboea, Cyclades, Ionia (region in Asia Minor)
o Doric dialect
South Mainland
East of mainland
Crete
Rhodes
Peloponnese
∙ Economy
o Agriculture – basis of economy
o Simple agricultural villages
o Triad
Olives, grapes, wheat
Not a lot of space to grow wheat
For olives and grapes can use the step technique (growing the plants on steps carved into the hills)
∙ Location
o Usually hills and mountains for defense Don't forget about the age old question of How do chipmunks adapt to their environment?
Place of refuge in times of attack
Shrine also on hills
Probably, the home of the leader also on hill
∙ Homes
o Timber and thatch
o Probably formed themselves in small communities around a strong leader ∙ 1050 B.C.
o Introduction of iron smelting again
o New weapons and tools made from Iron
o Cannot find tin so they cannot make Bronze
o Think the way of smelting iron came from the east and was introduced to the Greeks through Asia Minor and Cyprus
o Little communities start to form
∙ Central Greece: Lefkandi excavations
o what encouraged scholars to continue studying the Dark Ages
o Heroon – building for the worship of a hero (950/900 B.C.)
SemiApsidal
55 yards long; 11 yards wide We also discuss several other topics like What are the 5 phases of sdlc?
Found leader/king cremated
∙ Scholars think of him as hero – hence the name
Woman also found with a knife
Horses buried
Outside of structure – a lot of graves
∙ Both people as well as horses
∙ Most likely a mix of cremation and bones
Grave goods
∙ Show contact with Cyprus and Levant
Hierarchy established
Children buried together
∙ (children usually buried under houses)
∙ Political and Social Structure
o Basileus – king/leader
In later history, he will only be the religious leader
Political power (will sometimes shift between the Basileus and the noble families)
Village would have been clustered around his home
Villagers would have relied on him to lead battles and protect them Direct communication with the gods
∙ Perform sacrifices to appease the gods
∙ Also, acts as high priest
o Noble families
Loose association with each other to have stronger ties
∙ Have more power
“Kinship ties”
Start having political power
∙ Advising the Basileus
Association based on blood
Later history – kinship ties implicated will give them more power
(Archaic Power)
∙ Will have all been created during the Dark Ages
(before and after the Dark Ages) Free women were high spoken and would freely participate during festivals
∙ During the Dark Ages – grinding the grain, supervise children and female slaves, weaving, prepare meals
Phyle (the tribe)
∙ Large groups on ties of kinship
∙ Phratria – brotherhood
o Military bands – drawn from associated noble families
∙ Genos – clan
o Groups of families claiming to descend from a common
hero or god
o (Some think) Formed by noble families to have more
power
o Increased their social, political, and economic power
∙ Oikos – household
o Husband, wife, children, dependent relatives (grandparents,
aunts/uncles, etc.), livestock, buildings (slaves, when they
appear later on)
o Selfsufficient
Food, clothing, etc.
o Patriarch – represents the household in the community
Only a male can partake in ceremonies
Hetaireiai
∙ Bands of young men (usually aristocratic)
∙ Would band together and join activities
∙ Activities would usually be violent
o Pillaging, piracy, drinking (maybe), etc.
Xenia
∙ Guest/friendship ties
∙ Would be welcomed by men of their own class
∙ Give them board and food and when they left you would give them gifts
∙ This also applied to descendants
o Associations between the nobles would continue for
generations
∙ If you broke Xenia, you would get the wrath of Zeus
o Lower Class
Free men
Practiced agriculture
Poets and seers
Artisans – important but not a lot of them during this time
10% of the rich were tenant farmers
Oikos – big
∙ Employes of the lower classes and slaves
∙ Slave women could be either concubines, weavers, or doing
domestic chores
∙ If oldest male died, the eldest son would take control, or the land would be split between the number of sons