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Chapter 1 TestDon't forget about the age old question of What symbol indicates absolute references?
Review Vocabulary
Adaptations : the physical characteristics, skills or abilities that increase the chances of survival
Behaviorism : psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behaviorWe also discuss several other topics like What do blogs provide for readers that the traditional media can't?
Cognitive neuroscience : study of neural mechanisms (brain, nerves and nervous tissue) that underlie thought, learning, and memoryDon't forget about the age old question of What are negative feedback, positive feedback, and feed-forward systems? what roles do they play in the body?
Cognitive Psychology - study of how people think, learn, remember
Critical thinking - evaluating info to reach reasonable conclusionsDon't forget about the age old question of What is the admission revenue if you have a depreciation exp of 10,500?
If you want to learn more check out What is the communication between cells, tissues, and systems?
Culture - beliefs, values, and customs that exist within a group of people who share a common environment and language
Natural Selection : theory based off Darwin that those who inherit characteristics that help them adapt to their particular environments have an advantage over those who don’tIf you want to learn more check out What is the meaning of seed germination?
Nature / Nurture Debate : arguments whether psychological characteristics are biologically inate or acquired through education, experience, culture
Psychoanalysis : method by Sigmund Freud that attempts to bring the contents of the unconscious into conscious awareness so that conflicts can be revealed
Psychological Science : study of mind, brain, behavior
Social Psychology : study of how people are influenced by interactions
Stream of consciousness : phrase by William James to describe people’s continuous series of thoughts
Evolutionary Theory -
- naturalist Charles Darwin
- viewed history of a species in terms of the inherited, adaptive value of physical characteristics, behaviour, mental activity
Functionalism : adaptive purpose of mind and behavior
Gesalt theory : whole of personal experience is different from the sum of its constituent elements.
clutrospection : systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that requires people to report the content of their thoughts
Mind / body problem “ “Are mind and body separate and distinct or is the mind simply the physical brain’s subjective experience?
hindsight bias : explanations as to why things happened - with little reasoning
Neuristics : follow simple rules
- even though there are more car crashes than plane crashes, plane crashes are reported more dramatically in the media so people will say they are safer in a car
Self - serving bias:
failing to see our own inadequacies
Confirmation bias - only looking at research that supports your theory
- examining how living in a friendly neighborhood
SOCIAL
In the SO’s people started to study the brain instead of behavior
Primary Goals of Science
- Description
- Prediction
- Control
- Explanation
theory : model of a phenomenon
- has to be falsifiable
- provides hypothesis
- narrower than the theory
operational definition : qua;ify and quantify variables so that the variables is understood objectively
Ways to study behavior
- case study : only studying ONE person or organization
- participant observation : researcher is involved in the situation
- naturalist observation : Jane Goodall! researcher is a passive observer not involved
- corelation study : example : test anxiety and test grade
- correlation coefficient : indicates the strength of the relationship between 2 variables between -1. 0, +1. 0
Problems in correlation
- Directionality problem : relation between 2 variables but can’t determine which caused changes
sensory memory : what we take from all our senses; most info is lost
short term memory : unrehearsed info is lost; average 20-30 sec.
Recency effect is correlated with working memory
Primacy effect is correlated with long term memory
H. M. lost part of his brain and working memory was normal but he couldn’t transfer it into his long term memory
- shows brain parts need to connect to work
