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"}.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-1 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-1,lower-latin) ". 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"}ul.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-5 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-5,lower-roman) ". "}ul.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_4mws9gb2mzf-0 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_75pgrexzgw1r-0 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_4mws9gb2mzf-1 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_4mws9gb2mzf-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-4 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-4}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_75pgrexzgw1r-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_irr9ei6nzir8-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_irr9ei6nzir8-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-8}.lst-kix_75pgrexzgw1r-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_irr9ei6nzir8-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_75pgrexzgw1r-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_irr9ei6nzir8-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ugs02ve3cnws-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ugs02ve3cnws-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_ugs02ve3cnws-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-5 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-5,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_irr9ei6nzir8-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-2}.lst-kix_t40c96w7574m-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-6 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-6,decimal) ". "}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_75pgrexzgw1r-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_t40c96w7574m-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-0 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-7{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-8 0}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-1 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-1}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_ihkk2b6o4tem-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_ugs02ve3cnws-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-7.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-7 0}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-2 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-2,lower-roman) ". 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"}ul.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_t40c96w7574m-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_75pgrexzgw1r-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_xuzk6roqmw72-5 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-1.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-1 0}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_564fu8b5wak3-6 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-7.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-7 0}.lst-kix_ugs02ve3cnws-7 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_ugs02ve3cnws-8 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-8.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-8 0}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_16h5lbpsjri3-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_16h5lbpsjri3-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_16h5lbpsjri3-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-7 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_16h5lbpsjri3-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-1.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-1 0}.lst-kix_c5mjhux3631u-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_qkcjjr3py3p0-3 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-4 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-4,lower-latin) ". "}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-5{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-4{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-3{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-1{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_g3zqhuqictg8-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-0 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-0,decimal) ". "}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-8 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-8,lower-roman) ". "}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-2}.lst-kix_j11nxyfz40e1-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_126154z01twz-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-3.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-3 0}.lst-kix_zga55jci0gqi-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-4 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-4}ol.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-0.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-0 0}.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-6 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_zga55jci0gqi-0 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-6.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-6 0}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-7{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-8 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-8}.lst-kix_8t3uirsi3f1s-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_8t3uirsi3f1s-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-0{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-1{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-2{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-3{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-4{list-style-type:none}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_cque31fsvool-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_s36w1c7kvclb-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ol.lst-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-4.start{counter-reset:lst-ctn-kix_2x7opzw8be2n-4 0}ul.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-3{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_ovfm90tgre7x-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_erbktx1hit23-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_16h5lbpsjri3-3 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_lsn4renswjzz-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_ygazcgk391tr-2 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_adg9mzsfnl45-7{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_t40c96w7574m-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_zga55jci0gqi-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-0 > li:before{content:"" counter(lst-ctn-kix_th8bwb2zvsqp-0,decimal) ". 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Leaf Internal Instructure

• Have very distinct top & bottom
• Leaf vein

• xylem → top
• phloem → bottom

• Upper epidermis
• Lower epidermis

• Stomata

                - guard cells to open & close for gas exchanges.

• Mesophyll

• Palisade Mesophyll

-tightly packed together at top of leaf

• Spongy mesophyll

-spongy cells loosely packed at bottom of leaf.We also discuss several other topics like What are the 3 different types of blood cells?

*Palisade Mesophyll and Spongy mesophyll - both specialized for photosynthesis

        -         Why this arrangement?

• Gas needs to pass through after coming on from stomata at bottom of leaf
• Pack at top so a lot of photosynthesis can occur.

Don't forget about the age old question of What is the novel of mark twain that focuses on realism?

Secondary Growth in Woody Stems

• Secondary growth increases diameter / girth / thickness.
• “Primary” = the vascular strands from the apical meristem

• xylem & phloem

• Vescular Common - first lateral meristem to appear

• Will make secondary xylem cells to the inside & secondary phloem to the outside.

• After 1 year of growth

• Secondary xylem & phloem → Dust cells Mcell by lateral meristem
• Second lateral meristem to appear : mcnes cork cells to the outside, which repicu epidermis.
• vascular rays connect secondary xylem & phloem, aiding in local nutrient & water transport.
• Periderm is cork layer & corn cambium which is protective but allows gas exchange

• 2 years of growth

• Bark includes all tissues to the outside of the xylem & phloem

• all periderm & phloem
• anual growth rings are visible, separating secondary xylem deposited in year 1 & year 2

• Secondary Xylem = wood

• The visible difference between xylem cells lead down early vs. late in the growing season.

• in spring → thicker cells w/ thinner cell walls

• Needs a lot of water & nutrients transported throughout tree to more leaves
• In Fall → thinner cells w/ thinner cell walls

• grt support
• The ring closest to the vascular cambium is the youngest.
• size of rings are dependent on the environment

• water availability
• temperature

We also discuss several other topics like What are the different inclusion bodies of a bacteria?
If you want to learn more check out What are the different discharge types to unbound from a contract?

Chapter 29 : Resource Acquisition & Transport in Plants

What Resources Do Plants Need?

Above ground

• light
• CO2

Below ground

• mineral nutrients
• water

We also discuss several other topics like How did the apostle's view the first christian church?
If you want to learn more check out What is hox genes?

What captures Resources?

• Light

• top surface of leave

• CO2

• bottom surface of leaf → stomata

• Water

• roots → mainly absorbed by root hairs

• Mineral nutrients

• roots → mainly absorbed by root hairs
• O2 gas

Xylem & Phloem

• Xylem transports water & minerals upward from roots to rest of plant
• Phloem transports photosynthesis products from source to sinks.

• In either direction up plant

• Sources : where food is either made or stored
• Sinks : where food is currently needed

Epidermis = dermal tissue

Cortex = ground tissue

Endodermis = ground tissue

Water & Minerals Uptane & Transport

• Macronutrients : required in relatively large amounts.

• ex) carbon & Oxygen → 90%
• above 0.1 % mass in dry tissue to be considered
• Nitrogen availability other limits plant growth:

1. Required in large amounts
2. Not freely available in cir.

• Most water & nutrients that enter a plant do so

VIG root hairs

• root hairs are dermal cells, so how do water & nutrients get to rest of plant.

Movement From Root Hairs into the Xylem

1. Apoplastic roots:

• Movement along cell walls & through extracellular spcus (nonliving)

1. Symplastic roots:

• water & nutrients cross the plasma membrane of the root hair & travel from cell through plasmodesmata

1. Some pathways can be a combination of both symplastic & apoplectic
2. A wavy bond called the lasperian strip runs along & links the cells of the endodermis.

References: