Description
Soc 101
Exam 1 Study guide
Ch. 1:
∙ What is sociology?
The study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. The systematic study of society and human behavior. ∙ sociological imagination
This is the ability to see the social patterns that influence the behavior of individuals, families, groups and organizations. It is the ability to understand individual decisions and problems in the context of society.
∙ C. Wright Mills
C. Wright Mills was an American sociologist and author of The Sociological Imagination (1959).
∙ Emile Durkheim/ Suicide/ types of solidarity
Suicide (1897) was a published work where author Emile Durkheim researched different suicide rates across different groups of people. He began to identify patterns of these differing suicide rates, and found that the patterns of suicides are directly related to differing levels of social integration.
∙ social integration
The degree to which people feel a part of social groups.
∙ social facts
Social values, norms and social structures that are external factors to the individual that influence the individual profoundly by shaping their behavior. ∙ origins of sociology as a discipline
1) Industrial Revolution
2) Political revolution
3) Imperialism
4) The scientific method
∙ social Darwinism/Herbert Spencer
As people from Europe travelled the world, the question of why and how cultures are different was sparked [stemming from Imperialism]. The colonists also wanted to explain We also discuss several other topics like what are the List the diatomic elements?
how they were better than the people of the colony (this derived thoughts like “we must be better than them, we have to lead them to civilization”).
Herbert Spencer believed that going and trying to solve social problems would mess up the “natural evolution of the social world.” The idea of “survival of the fittest” can also be applied here as Spencer, among others, believed that the barbaric people would eventually die out and the world would be left with civilized people. Spencer’s idea had spread and was a very powerful force that justified imperialism.
∙ Auguste Comte /positivism
Comte was the founder of sociology, as he coined the term “sociology”; tried to use the scientific method to explain human law (positivism: apply scientific method to social world)
Comte’s theory of social change: believed that social and intellectual
“progress” occurred in three stages
1) Theological stage [God]
2) Metaphysical stage [nature]
3) Scientific/Positive stage [science]
∙ Karl Marx / types of alienation
Karl Marx was a communist who was a critic of industrial capitalist system and creator of conflict theory.
4 types of alienation
1. Product alienation: workers alienated from the product of their labor We also discuss several other topics like ana 113
2. Activity alienation: alienated from their daily activities
3. Species alienation: alienated from their own essential nature (cannot do what you want) 4. Social alienation: alienated from each other If you want to learn more check out What would happen if the temperature of a gas were decreased?
∙ Max Weber / protestant ethic & capitalism/ verstehen
Max Weber religion and capitalism
○ Capitalists were Protestant (strain of Calvinist)
○ Providence had to earn their salvation
○ Protestant ethic: hard work leads to salvation
■ This idea also promotes capitalism
○ Verstenen: need to understand personal meaning of social phenomena ■ Example: marriage can legally bind; financially bind
● Need to talk to married people to understand the importance
∙ symbolic interactionism / dramaturgy/ Goffman
Symbolic interactionism how people interact, how symbols can change
○ Example: giving money as a gift? Appropriate or not appropriate?
○ Dramaturgy / Erring Goffman focus on how people act differently based on who you are with
● Can NOT test this theory
● Micro level of interactions
∙ functionalism (aka structural functionalism or functional analysis) Functionalism
○ Look how different parts of a society work together for social stability
o manifest & latent functions; dysfunctions
Manifest functions the attended consequence
● Raindance → produce rain
■ Latent functions unattended consequences
● Bonding during rain dance
■ Social dysfunctions unattended and unwanted
● Inequality during raindance
∙ conflict theory
Conflict Theory
○ Essential struggle (can produce change/make it better)
○ Conflict = central aspect Don't forget about the age old question of cri du chat syndrome punnett square
○ Inequality → competition for resources
■ Example: notion of American Dream (rags to riches)
∙ W.E.B. DuBois
∙ Jane Addams
∙ applied sociology
Ch. 5:
∙ steps of conducting research
1. Select a topic
2. Define a population
3. Review the literature
4. Formulate a hypothesis - conjecture based on literature of an
educated guess.
5. Choose a research method*** (see notes on 6 types of
research methods)
6. Collect the data: **Make sure data is valid, reliable, and
replicable
a. Validity: the measurements of the variable actually intend
to measure what you are measuring
b. Reliability: no matter when the study is done, results
continuously remain consistent
c. Replicability: the study can be replicated by other Don't forget about the age old question of uh petroleum engineering
researchers and still find the same results We also discuss several other topics like brandi levingston unt
7. Analyze the results
i. *do not confuse correlation with causality; it’s ok to
say “variable A and variable B have a correlated
with relationship”
ii. *watch out for spurious variables (unidentified
factors that cause a correlation, which are not
necessarily always measured)
8. Share the results: Publishing the research
∙ operational definitions of variables
∙ variables
∙ hypothesis
conjecture based on literature of an educated guess.
∙ validity
the measurements of the variable actually intend to measure what you are measuring
∙ reliability
no matter when the study is done, results continuously remain consistent
∙ correlation vs. causation; spurious (cause, effect, and spurious correlations text)
Correlation vs. causation:
Spurious variables unidentified factors that cause a correlation, which are not necessarily always measured
∙ how to read a table (text)
∙ how not to do research (text)
∙ different research methods
1) Surveys
2) Participant observation/ethnography
3) Secondary analysis
4) Document analysis
5) Experiments
6) Unobstructive observation
∙ population vs. sample
Population is the overall general body of people you are interested in studying. Sample is a smaller body of people that is suppose represent the population you are interested in studying.
∙ representative sample
A sample that largely and accurately represents the population you are
interested in studying.
∙ random sample, stratified random sample, snowball sample
Random sample (a purely random sample) MUST have equal
chance of being selected
Stratified random sample: separating two samples based on
interest in the research question; i.e. 1st generation Hmong versus 2nd generation Hmong
Snowball sample: sample obtained through word of mouth of
people you know, they know, so and and so forth; not representative, not everyone has an equal chance, therefore not generalizable
∙ importance of wording & ordering of survey questions
Wording of a question is very important in producing survey questions in surveys
- This is to avoid response bias (patterns in which how
respondents answer questions)
- Wording should be neutral, not derogatory
- I.e. “should be allowed” is not neutral phrasing
∙ response bias
response bias - patterns in which how respondents answer
questions
∙ Pager’s experiment (“Mark of a Criminal Record”) (class lecture & text)
∙ ethical issues in sociological research
Informed consent: make sure participant is fully aware of the experiment and their part. Researcher also must tell participant that they have the
right to not give consent or withdraw their consent at any time.
Anonymity: Participants in the study should have their names and
personal identifying information withheld from published research.
Confidentiality: All of the participant’s information should remain
confidential.
o what is unethical in sociological research?
if a researcher did not receive informed consent, did not explain the experiment to the participant and/or published results after consent has been withdrawn. if a participant was identifiable in some way such as a photograph or their name if participant's information was not kept confidential.
∙ Brajuha research (text)
∙ Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Research study conducted by U.S. government and U.S. Public Health Service
Goal was to study course of syphilis and its progression as a disease; participants were a group of African American men from Macon County, Alabama; the participant pool consisted of mostly poor African American
men, who for the most part didn’t even know they had syphilis
Study was conducted over the span of 40 years (19321972); no
informed consent, invasive medical procedures/tests were done on
participants, deception was heavily used; prevented participants from
receiving any treatment
End of study resulted in at least 28 deaths, hundreds of cases of disability and 19 cases of congenital syphilis
∙ Milgram’s obedience to authority study
∙ Zimbardo’s simulated prison study
∙ Laud Humphrey’s study of gay sex in public bathrooms
Laud Humphreys’ “Tearoom Trade”
Humphreys’ study was very controversial because it violated
multiple ethical codes in research studies, including:
No informed consent, which is a MUST in sociological research studies; Humphreys did not get informed consent from participants
Humphreys also went to the homes of participants and asked questions in disguise, which was another deceptive method of obtaining observations from participants
Humphrey’s published work was not confidential as he kept many of the personal details of participants the same
Ch. 2:
∙ what is culture?
Language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and material objects
Culture is a social construction, therefore, from a sociological
perspective, there is nothing “normal” or “inevitable” about a culture
Cultures are also not static; changed by people
∙ material vs. nonmaterial/symbolic culture
Material culture cultural objects that any given culture uses
Nonmaterial culture (“symbolic culture”) intangible aspects of a given
culture i.e. language, beliefs, values and norms
∙ ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s culture is better than another’s; extreme version of this is if you believed that your own culture is preferable over another’s ∙ cultural relativism
Cultural relativism is when you try to see or experiences another’s culture by not comparing to one’s own
∙ e.g. female genital cutting
For cultures that practice this, this is seen as a rite of passage; however, the Western world (U.S. and some parts of Europe) sees this as a mode of exploitation of women
∙ different facets of symbolic culture (gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions) These are the intangible cultural practices
Gestures: have cultural variation; in one culture a gesture may be
friendly but another culture same gesture could be seen as
obscene or offensive
Language: basis for culture as it is the primary way culture gets
transmitted intergenerationally; essential to cultural development
∙ e.g., Ebonics or African American Vernacular English
American black English that is regarded as its own language (Oakland
county was referenced in Lecture) instead of a dialect
∙ SapirWhorf hypothesis
A hypothesis that language itself can shape how we view the world
∙ prescriptive vs. proscriptive sanctions
Prescriptive sanctions: positive reinforcement (usually for
following a norm)
Proscriptive sanctions: various levels of punishment for deviating
norms i.e. dirty looks in the library for talking too loudly
∙ norms: folkways vs. mores vs. taboos
Folkways: “rules of the road”; norms that are less strict and won’t
be punished for
Mores: stronger norms, more strongly enforced (usually backed
by laws), essential to a group’s core values
Taboos: strongest, strictest, most severely enforced norms, yields
revulsion when thinking about violating these norms i.e.
cannibalism or incest
∙ subcultures
Subcultures are when groups of people whose values are in some way distinct from dominant culture i.e. occupations, academics, Greek life, etc
∙ countercultures
Countercultures are groups of people whose values are not only distinct from the dominant culture but also define themselves in opposition to dominant culture i.e. the Amish ∙ Chicago school vs. Birmingham school approach to studying subcultures
Chicago school: early 20th century in Chicago; subculture always linked to deviance, mainly problematic deviance; argued that subcultures would
lead to delinquency and crime
Birmingham school: emerged from Birmingham, UK during the 1960’s; they don’t view subcultures as problematic but engaging in /trying to
change dominant culture; they also focused on hippies/punks of 1960’s in England and this school of thought is what most modern day sociologists today focus on
∙ cultural diffusion / cultural lag / cultural leveling (text)
∙ values (clusters, contradictions, clash) (text)
Chapter 4
∙ Social structures and social institutions [definitions] [what are the institutions?] ∙ Social facts
∙ Social location
∙ Macrosociology [functionalism, conflict theory] vs. Microsociology [Symbolic Interactionism]
∙ Examples of social structures shaping individual behavior:
o Zimbardo, “Quiet Rage”
o Edin & Kefalas, Promises I Can Keep
o Chambliss, Saints & Roughnecks
∙ Components of social structure: culture, social class, social status, roles, groups, social institutions (know each)
∙ Status (occupy a status)
o Status set
o Master status
o Achieved status
o Ascribed status
o Status Inconsistency
∙ Roles (play a role)
o Role conflict
o Role strain
o Role exit
∙ Gemeinschaft and gesellschaft (text)
∙ Stereotypes (text)
∙ Goffman, dramaturgy (text)
∙ Ethnomethodology (text)
∙ Social construction of reality (text)
∙ Total institutions (text)
∙ Functionalism and social institutions; functional requisites:
o Replace members
o Socialize new members
o Produce and distribute goods/services
o Preserve order
o Provide a sense of purpose
∙ Conflict theorists and social institutions:
o institutions preserve privilege
Films:
∙ Split Horn
Related to mechanical solidarity
∙ Quiet Rage
Related to unethical studies conducted in the past
∙ Devil’s Playground
Related to counterculture Amish are an example of a less negatively viewed counterculture
∙ Selling Sickness
Related to conflict theory perspective of social institutions
The above list should give you a general outline of course content. However, please note that you are responsible for all class materials: all lectures, book chapters, films, short videos, & examples cited in class lectures—it’s all fair game.