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Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
Exam 2 Study Guide
Chapter 8 – Deviance and Social Control
● Deviance and Social Control
■ Any violation of social norms
● Perception is key (reaction)
■ Perceived violation of social norms
● i.e. if you wear a clownsuit to try to get a rise out of others, but
no one else reacts, then the act is NOT considered deviant Don't forget about the age old question of history 2111
● Deviance & crime are relative; definitions of each
■ Deviance: any violation of social norms relative to culture and context as deviance greatly depends on the individual's culture, its social norms, and context
● Deviance of ability: i.e. the handicapped
● Deviance of appearance: i.e. White man with long permed hair
■ Crime: specific form of deviance
● i.e. intentional killing of others across cultures, for the most part
can be considered “deviant”; however, the killing of Osama bin We also discuss several other topics like tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of
If you want to learn more check out (c) Why was the Iranian Revolution unlike the Russian Revolution in some key respects?
Laden by America is not considered a crime. Same thing as death We also discuss several other topics like biology 103 exam 1
penalty (Not all intentional killings are considered to be crimes)
● Stigma, 3 types: physical, personal, tribal; Erving Goffman
■ Erving Goffman: author of “Stigma: Notes on the Management of
Spoiled Identity” (1963) wrote about the various types of ways people are stigmatized for deviating from social norms (Note: Goffman uses
“blemishes” as “stigma”)
■ Physical traits
● i.e. large scars on face, looking anorexic or obese
● Note: relativity is important here too because anorexia in a
normal woman on campus versus a runway model are perceived
differently
■ Personal traits
● i.e. having a criminal background, heavy drug/alcohol use, mental We also discuss several other topics like physics 101 exam 1
illness
■ “Tribal” traits We also discuss several other topics like calluar
● Imagined or real, attributed to entire groups of people i.e.
different race, ethnic groups, nationality or religion
○ These are the groups that tend to deviate from normative
ethnic groups, nationalities, and/or types of groups
● Shaming/degradation ceremony (text)
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
■ Degradation Ceremony: an extreme form of shaming; a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone’s
self by stripping away that individual’s selfidentity and stamping a new
identity in its place.
● Symbolic Interactionists:
■ Tend to study how groups, or membership in groups either lead you to conform to or deviate from normative behavior (**interested in why
people become criminals)
● Differential association theory
○ Argues that people learn to either deviate from or conform
by the different groups they associate with (**not
deterministic)
■ i.e. family, neighborhood, friend groups in schools
● [Social] Control theory; social bonds [attachment, commitment, involvement, belief]
■ Social Control Theory: proposes that people’s their values, norms, and beliefs generally aligns with not breaking the law. According to this
theory, there are two sets of controls: Inner (internal sense of morality,
i.e. conscience, religious beliefs, etc) and Outer controls (relationships,
people you are connected to, i.e. friends and family)
■ Strong Inner control = conform, not commit crime
■ Strong Outer control = conform, not commit crime
● Outer and Inner controls based on 4 things:
○ 1. Sense of Attachment to others, respect to others
○ 2. Sense of Commitment to reputation/stakes
○ 3. Sense of Involvement (i.e. jobs, sports, social clubs)
○ 4. Sense of Belief in what is right vs. wrong
■ Key to Differential association theory and social control theory = EARLY socialization; early = less likely to become criminals later in life
● Labeling theory; process of labeling (PP slide 5), deviance amplification; techniques of neutralization
■ Labeling Theory: The increased likelihood in engaging in behavior that one associates with their given label; “everyone thinks I am a criminal, I might as well be one”
● Process of Labeling Theory:
○ 1. Initial criminal act (primary deviant act)
○ 2. Detection/Prosecution by CJS (get caught)
○ 3. Criminal label (criminal label is on record)
○ 4. Creation of new public identity (people see you
differently, according to new label)
○ 5. Acceptance of label (you begin to believe your label)
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
○ 6. Deviance amplification (might as well continue with
label’s actions)
■ Techniques of Neutralization, according to Sykes and Matza:
● 1. Denial of responsibility (“I’m not really responsible because I
didn’t mean to do it”)
● 2. Denial of injury (“I didn’t hurt anyone, why does it matter? I’m
not bad because no one got hurt”)
● 3. Denial of victim (“Well the person got what they deserved”)
● 4. Condemnation of the Condemners (“Who are you to judge me?
I’m not bad, I’m just as bad as you are”)
● 5. Appeal to higher loyalty (“I had to stick up for my friends
and/or family”)
● Functionalists; functions and dysfunctions of deviance
■ Functionalist Perspective: crime and deviance are functional for a
society in a variety different ways
● Deviance and crime are normal for any society; fulfills functions;
functional for society
■ How deviance is good, according to Durkheim:
● 1. Clarifies moral boundaries and norms: cultural norms become
clearer to most people
● 2. Promotes social unity: if we punish criminals, we can unify
against deviant group
● 3. Promotes social change: (when deemed necessary) i.e. visible
tattoos become more and more common; stigmatized look becomes
“normalized” according to Goffman
● Robert Merton
■ Robert Merton was a sociologist that theorized Strain Theory (1950’s) ● Strain Theory and motivation for crime, cultural structure vs. social structure ■ Strain Theory: Merton: “mainstream values are derived from crime” ● Cultural Structure: culturally defined goals that permeate a given
culture (i.e. wealth in American culture)
● Social Structure: legitimate means to access the cultural structure
values as defined by society (i.e. not everyone can access wealth,
so some people resort to crime [this is the strain])
● Anomie/sense of normlessness
■ Anomie: sense of normlessness popularized by Durkheim; the condition when society provides little moral guidance to individuals.
● Responses to Strain: Conformity; Innovation; Ritualism; Retreatism; Rebellion ■ (Due to copyright issues, cannot post chart) See slide 8 of powerpoint for chart of “Merton’s Adaption to Strain”
● Conflict Theory: prison population; social control
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
■ The group who in power uses the judicial system to gain and keep that power
■ Criminal justice system
● Maintain power of the elite
● Instrument of oppression
● Death penalty and bias (text)
■ Death Penalty: Capital punishment; the most extreme measure the state takes
■ Factors leading to bias of death penalty: Geography, Social class,
Gender and RaceEthnicity
● Medicalization of deviance (text)
■ Medicalization of deviance: to make deviance a medical matter, a
symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians ● Film: Girlhood
■ This was a documentary on two juvenile delinquent girls who come from troubled backgrounds and go through the American juvenile justice
system; both girls, Shanae Owens and Megan Jensen attempt to
reconstruct their lives after getting out of the justice system, but it is
evident in both cases that it is extremely difficult to do that especially
when they go back to their troubled backgrounds (example of differential association theory)
Chapter 11 – Gender
● Sex and Gender [definitions]
■ Sex: biological differences between men and women (physiological
differences)
● Primary sex characteristics: sex organs
● Secondary sex characteristics: range of physical distinctions
between men and women
○ Men: develop muscles, lower voices after puberty
○ Women: develop broader hips, breasts after puberty
■ Gender: cultural expectations for how to behave as women and men (social [performative] characteristics)
● Differs across cultures and changes overtime
● Doing gender changes across time and cultures. E.g. doing masculinity in films ■ Humphrey Bogart, Maltese Falcon, 1941
● “Stern,” “gaunt not bulky,” “powerful because of gun,” “proper
attire”
● Bogart’s image was the epitome of masculinity in 1941
■ Clint Eastwood, Dirty Harry, 1971
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
● “Much bigger gun,” “little bit more tousled,” “suit = proper
man,” “tough, self assured”
● Eastwood’s image was a better idealistic image of masculinity in
1971
■ Sylvester Stallone, Rambo: First Blood II, 1985
● “Biggest gun, automatic,” “no suit = half naked,” “unkempt hair,
not slicked back, unruly,” “massive muscles,” “aggressive
looking”
● Stallone was the epitome of masculinity during mid/late 80’s
● Nature vs. nurture
■ The “nature versus nurture” debate refers to whether differences in the behaviors of males and females are caused by inherited (biological) or
learned (cultural) characteristics. Almost all sociologists take the side of nurture. In recent years, however, sociologists have begun to cautiously
open the door to biology.
● Gender Socialization
■ Gender socialization: process by which one learns the social expectations and attitudes associated with one’s sex
● Boys and girls are rewarded from a young age for behaving like a
typical boy or girl (these behaviors change across different
cultures) i.e. girls learn to bake and clean, boys learn to mow the
lawn and take out garbage
● Gender socialization occurs through media, school, parents and
peers
● Sometimes gender socialization is very overt, but other times very
subliminal i.e. children’s toys: colors, image of boy/girl, doctor
vs. nurse
● o Teaching gender and enforcing it
■ Media, school, parents, peers are all ways gender is taught
■ Enforced either directly by these ways or subliminally by advertising
● o policing hegemonic masculinity
■ Teasing for being a feminine boy
● i.e. video of dad policing masculinity (not intentionally) by saying
“you’re not a single lady”
○ Can be small or large ways of policing
● o e.g., Pascoe, Dude You’re a Fag
■ Pascoe found that “fag” and “gay” were not used as homophobic slurs, but as saying when someone isn’t “masculine enough”
● Gender inequality (lecture & text)
■ See slide 14: different male and female earnings by educational
attainment
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
● Women have to have a PhD in order to make as much as a man
with a BA; men with some college but no degree earn same
amount as a woman with a BA
● Difference in lifetime earnings = $ 1 million, which is a huge in
creating gender inequality between men and women
■ See slide 15: Gender gap (Female Earnings Relative to Male Earnings) ● Part of explanation: the different responsibilities
○ Women take time off for children, men don’t but sometimes
even get raises
■ Gender Inequality (text): is not some accidental, hitormiss affair.
Rather, each society’s institutions work together to maintain the group’s particular forms of inequality. Customs, often venerated throughout
history, both justify and maintain these arrangements. In some cases, the prejudice and discrimination directed at females is so extreme that it
results in their enslavement and death.
● What parts of American society does Gender Inequality lie in?
○ 1. Everyday Life: (in the Devaluation of Things Feminine)
○ 2. Health Care
○ 3. Education
○ 4. Workplace
○ 5. Violence
● Gender stratification/income inequality
Explanations:
● Status composition: process by which jobs are devalued if women
(or if people of color) are doing them
○ Example: office administrators (and garment workers)
were originally men; once women began to work, office
administrators were named “secretaries” and earned less
than their male counterparts
● Status closure: women face more obstacles from higher status
jobs
○ Glass Ceiling
■ lower/invisible ceiling that keep women out of
going to the top; there ARE exceptions, but so few
that rule is also there
○ Double Bind
■ Cultural expectations for appropriate femininity i.e.
Hillary Clinton, who was being strong to make it to
the top; women being too aggressive = “bitchy”
○ Maternal Wall:
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
■ Process of status closure that contribute
SIGNIFICANTLY with wage gap
■ This is due to “maternal commitments” which are
the normative expectations for women
○ Glass Escalator
■ Men ride “glass escalator” even when in feminized
occupations, because men make more than women
(this is probably has to do with gendered
expectations, once again)
○ Double Jeopardy
■ Women of color in high position jobs have
stereotypes of being too aggressive, “loose”/overly
sexualized or “mamie”/unintelligent
■ This category is the intersection between race and
gender (women of color)
● Example of trombonist from Gladwell’s Blink
■ Story of Abby the trombonist who got a job from German Philharmonic ■ Was initially addressed as “Mister” at the blind audition but Abby didn’t think anything of it at first
■ Abby had played behind a screen for the blind audition and judges were shocked as she played incredibly well (the best) but was a woman
■ She got the first chair at first, but then demoted to second chair essentially because everyone had the mindset of “she’s a woman after all, she can’t be the best”
■ Philharmonic literally couldn’t believe their ears anymore because they saw her as a woman, which clouded people’s perception of her actual
skills
● Women as minority group (text)
■ The origin of discrimination against females is lost in history, but the primary theory of how females became a minority group in their own
societies focuses on the physical limitations imposed by childbirth. Pp.
294–297.
● Sex typing of work (text)
■ Sex Typing of Work: Anthropologist George Murdock (1937) analyzed data that researchers had reported on 324 societies around the world. He found that all of them have sex typed work. In other words, every society associates certain work with one sex or the other. He also found that
activities considered “female” in one society may be considered “male”
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
in another. In some groups, for example, taking care of cattle is women’s work, while other groups assign this task to men.
● Global discrimination against women (text)
■ George Murdock surveyed information on tribal societies and found that all of them have sexlinked activities and give greater prestige to male
activities. Patriarchy, or male dominance, appears to be universal.
Besides work, male dominance is seen in education, politics, and everyday life. P. 294.
■ Its many variations include inequalities in education, politics, and pay. It also includes domination in the form of violence, including female
circumcision. Pp. 297–300.
● Feminism (text)
■ Feminism: the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activities on behalf of this
principle.
● Film: The Mask You Live In
■ This documentary shows the struggles boys and men go through in their day to day lives as they try to stay true to themselves while also trying to maintain the narrow American definition of masculinity. We see examples of gender socialization, policing hegemonic masculinity, the teaching and enforcing of gender, and the consequences of the constant struggle
between maintaining both the American gender expectations along with
boys and men’s real selves.
Chapter 12 – Race
● Race as social construction; not really based on biological difference
■ Arbitrary lines drawn between races (have to look a certain way to be considered white or black; anything in between received discrimination as well)
■ Historical construction of “whiteness” (European immigrants, namely Italian and Greek for example, were not considered “white” and were
segregated by the whites to “colored” facilities)
● Racial categorization = arbitrary; e.g. height; skin color
■ Height example: more medium height people = harder to categorize
■ Obama can change his race based on different geographic location
(Brazil vs. U.S.)
● Race as social fact
■ Durkheim calls racism a “social fact” meaning that it does not require the action of individuals to continue
● Race: myth and reality (text)
■ How is race both a reality and a myth?
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
● In the sense that different groups inherit distinctive physical traits,
race is a reality. There is no agreement regarding what constitutes
a particular race, however, or even how many races there are. In
the sense of one race being superior to another and of there being
pure races, race is a myth. The idea of race is powerful, shaping
basic relationships among people. Pp. 321–324.
● E.g., Tiger Woods (text)
■ Tiger Woods, perhaps the top golfer of all time, calls himself Cablinasian. Woods invented this term as a boy to try to explain to himself just who he was—a combination of Caucasian, Black, Indian, and Asian (Leland and Beals 1997; Hall 2001).
■ Analysts who like to quantify ethnic heritage put Woods at onequarter Thai, onequarter Chinese, onequarter white, an eighth Native American, and an eighth African American. From Chapter 12,, you know how
ridiculous such computations are, but the sociological question is why
many people consider Tiger Woods an African American. The U.S. racial scene is indeed complex, but a good part of the reason is that Woods has dark skin and this is the label the media placed on him. The attitude seems
to be “Everyone has to fit somewhere.” And for Tiger Woods, the media chose African American. P. 323
● Ethnic groups (text)
■ In contrast to race, which people use to refer to supposed biological
characteristics that distinguish one group of people from another,
ethnicity and ethnic refer to cultural characteristics. refer to people who identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and cultural
heritage. Their sense of belonging may center on their nation or region of origin, distinctive foods, clothing, language, music, religion, or family
names and relationships. P. 324
● Ethnic work (text)
■ Ethnic work: activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain, or
transmit an ethnic or racial identity
● Social construction of whiteness (history of immigrants//lecture)
■ European immigrants, namely Italian and Greek for example, were not considered “white” and were segregated by the whites to “colored”
facilities
● Prejudice and discrimination (text)
■ Prejudice: an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way
■ Discrimination: an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group
● Basic statistics on inequality (text)
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
■ See page 344, 347
● William Julius Wilson; race or class? (text)
■ Sociologist William Julius Wilson (1978, 2000, 2007) argues that social class is more important than race in determining the life chances of
African Americans. Some other sociologists disagree.
● Individual and institutional discrimination/racism (lecture and text)
■ Individual discrimination is the negative treatment of one person by
another, while institutional discrimination is negative treatment that is
built into social institutions. Institutional discrimination can occur
without the awareness of either those who do the discriminating or those who are discriminated against. Discrimination in health care is one
example. Pp. 331–332.
● Examples of institutional racism:
■ history of bank loans/home mortgages; HOLC Maps; residential
segregation by race
■ 2 waves of incarceration (disproportionately African American): after Civil War, contemporary mass incarceration—both backlash against
African American gains, both means of controlling African Americans and extracting labor from them
■ 13th Amendment
■ Changing prison population
● Contact theory (text)
■ contact theory: the idea that prejudice and negative stereotypes decrease and racialethnic relations improve when people from different racial
ethnic backgrounds, who are of equal status, interact frequently.
● Functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on prejudice (text) ■ Functionalist perspective on prejudice: How prejudice is functional and is shaped by the social environment was demonstrated by psychologists
Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif (1953). In a boys’ summer camp, the Sherifs assigned friends to different cabins and then had the cabin groups
compete in sports. In just a few days, strong ingroups had formed. Even lifelong friends began to taunt one another, calling each other “crybaby” and “sissy.” The Sherif study teaches us important lessons about social
life. Note how it is possible to arrange the social environment to generate either positive or negative feelings about people, and how prejudice arises if we pit groups against one another in an “I win, you lose” situation. You can also see that prejudice is functional, how it creates ingroup
solidarity. And, of course, it is obvious how dysfunctional prejudice is,
when you observe the way it destroys human relationships. P. 334
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
■ Conflict Theory perspective on prejudice: Conflict theorists, as you will recall, focus on how groups compete for scarce resources. Owners want
to increase profits by holding costs down, while workers want better food, health care, housing, education, and leisure. Divided, workers are weak, but united, they gain strength. The split labor market is one way that
owners divide workers so they can’t take united action to demand higher wages and better working conditions. P. 335
■ Symbolic Interactionist perspectives on prejudice: “I know her
qualifications are good, but yikes! She’s ugly. I don’t want to have to look at her every day. Let’s hire the one with the nice curves.” While conflict
theorists focus on the role of the owner (or capitalist) class in exploiting
racial–ethnic divisions, symbolic interactionists examine how labels affect perception and create prejudice. Symbolic interactionists stress that the
labels we learn affect the ways we perceive people. Labels create selective perception; that is, they lead us to see certain things while they blind us to others. P. 335
● Genocide (text)
■ Genocide: the annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity.
● Internal colonialism (text)
■ Internal colonialism: the policy of exploiting minority groups for
economic gain.
● Unpacking the invisible backpack/cultural privilege (text)
■ Cultural Privilege: Peggy McIntosh, of Irish descent, began to wonder why she was so seldom aware of her race–ethnicity, while her African
American friends were so conscious of theirs. She realized that people are not highly aware of things that they take for granted—and that
“whiteness” is a “takenforgranted” background assumption of U.S.
society. See P. 341 for more details.
● Latinos (text)
■ Latinos: Latino is an umbrella term that lumps people from many cultures into a single category. Taken together, these people, who trace their
origins to the Spanishspeaking countries of Latin America, form the
largest ethnic group in the United States.
● African Americans (text)
■ African Americans: PostCivil War African Americans experienced an increase in rising expectations, which was the sense that better conditions are soon to follow, which, if unfulfilled, increases frustration. They
expected that the sweeping legal changes would usher in better conditions in life. However, the lives of the poor among them changed little, if at all.
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
This sparked Congress passing the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and since
then there have been major gains in politics, economics and education,
but still there is still a great lag behind in these categories for African
Americans. Many sociologists disagree about the relative significance of race and social class in determining social and economic conditions of
African Americans. William Julius Wilson, for example, is an avid
proponent of the social class side of this debate.
● Film: 13th (first 2025 minutes)
■ This documentary explores how race, the justice system and mass
incarceration operates together and the intersectionality of it all. Named after the 13th amendment of the U.S., which freed slaves and abolished
slavery (unless as a punishment for crime), the message of the
documentary is that the history of the U.S. is highly correlated with the
practice of slavery and racism since the end of the Civil War, and by the end of the 20th century, mass incarceration of people of color.
● Film: A Class Apart
■ Following the notable 1951 legal case of Hernandez v Texas, this
documentary focuses on the struggles faced by Mexican Americans post WWII, including discrimination in a manner that resembled Jim Crow
laws.
Ch. 10 – Social Class
● Class/class location (define)
■ Class: property (assets debts = wealth), power (influence over others in spite of resistance) & prestige (status, usually through occupation
○ More measureable definition: income, education,
occupational prestige and wealth
■ Class location: Where you are in the class structure.
● Power/The power elite (Mills) [text]
■ Power: the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of
others
■ the power elite: C. Wright Mills’ term for the top people in U.S.
corporations, military, and politics who make the nation’s major
decisions
● Prestige [text]
■ Prestige: respect or regard (generally ranked by occupation)
● Status inconsistency [text]
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
■ status inconsistency: ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called status discrepancy
● Social class (define) [lecture & text]
■ Social class (lecture): group of people who rank close to each other in terms of wealth, power and prestige
● Income vs. wealth
■ Income: The amount you earn from your occupation or any other source of revenue (usually an annual amount)
■ Wealth: Assets debt = wealth
● How many classes are there & what are they?
■ Marx
● 2 classes: capitalists (bourgeoisie owners of capital) vs. workers
(protelorist sells labor to capitalist)
■ Wright
● 4 classes: capitalist (big time owners of big companies), petty
bourgeoisie (small business owners that own capital), managers
(sell labor to capitalist but have authority over others) and
workers (workers/employees of companies)
○ Contradictory class locations → sometimes
managers are workers but also oversee other
workers (interest is split; split interest =
contradictory class location)
● Gilbert and Kahl
■ 6 class structure: (top) capitalist, upper middle, lower middle, working, working poor, underclass (bottom)
■ View Figure 10.5 from class slides “The U.S. Social Class Ladder”
● Underclass (critique)
■ There is not one group of poor people that stay consistently poor over long period of time (it is not intergenerational, no evidence that shows
that poverty is stable overtime)
■ Implicitly refers to urban poverty and poverty among
minority groups → does not refer to rural poverty or white poverty (pervasive in America)
■ Vast majority of people who are poor are working (underemployed, but still employed)
■ Implication of “lacking work ethic” or laziness… but there is no evidence for this assertion of cultural belief
● Social mobility [text]
■ Social mobility is the movement in which an individual moves along the social ladder. There are three types of social mobility: intergenerational, structural and exchange. The term intergenerational mobility refers to
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
changes in social class from one generation to the next. Structural
mobility refers to changes in society that lead large numbers of people to change their social class. Exchange mobility is the movement of large
numbers of people from one social class to another, with the net result
that the relative proportions of the population in the classes remain about the same. Pp. 272–275.
● Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
■ This is a psychological theory of what people need to survive and prosper overtime; each level must be met with basic needs before one can reach
selfactualized level
● Structures of opportunity and constraint available to rich and poor
■ Different opportunities and constraints available to people and are
shaped by social class (see example below)
● Example from class of two students thinking about college
■ Upper middle class post high school graduate student that didn’t like school as much: more pressure to go to college from parents, guidance
counselors, etc.; stigma if did not go to college (one path is more clearer) ■ Much lower class student that did about same in school: other path may be more clear of not going to college i.e. parents can afford it, start
working right away
● Basic statistics on inequality in the US
■ Very large divergence of poor and rich (demonstrates inequality in
America)
■ Income rise fastest at the top → especially after 1979
■ See slide 8 for diagram
● Changes since 1970s
■ Before 1979, all classes were rising; more equality among population ● Inequality in income & wealth
■ The rich have gotten massively richer (top 1% → 0.1%
pulling the rise in income (see slides 8-10)
■ Top 0.1% have increased by almost 400% since 1979
■ Inequality even bigger when factoring wealth (see slide 11 & 12)
● How US compares to other advanced industrial nations
■ The U.S. has the worst inequality of ANY industrialized country by far ■ U.S. scores worse than 70 other countries (see slides 13 & 14)
● Consequences of inequality/social class/poverty [text & film]
■ Physical health, mental health, family life, education, religion, politics and crime/criminal justice all have an impact to a rather large degree
from inequality/social class system/poverty. Those on the bottom suffer the most, while those on top of the social ladder have benefits and suffer the least.
● Poverty
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■ Many Americans find that the “limitless possibilities” of the American dream are quite elusive. As illustrated in Figure 10.5 on page 267, the
working poor and underclass together form about onefifth of the U.S.
population. This translates into a huge number, over 60 million people.
● Who is poor? [text]
■ Poverty is unequally distributed in the United States. Racial– ethnic
minorities (except Asian Americans), children, households headed by
women, and rural Americans are more likely than others to be poor. The poverty line, although it has serious consequences, is arbitrary. The
poverty rate of the elderly is less than that of the general population. Pp. 275–282.
● Children in poverty [text]
■ Children are more likely to live in poverty than are adults or the elderly. This holds true regardless of race–ethnicity, but from Figure 10.7 (p.278), you can see how much greater poverty is among Latino, African
American, and Native American children. That millions of U.S. children are reared in poverty is shocking when one considers the wealth of this
country and our supposed concern for the wellbeing of children.
● Deserving vs. undeserving poor [text]
■ Throughout U.S. history, Americans have divided the poor into two types: the deserving and the undeserving. The deserving poor are people who
are thought to be poor through no fault of their own. The undeserving
poor stand in sharp contrast. They are viewed as bringing poverty on
themselves. They are considered freeloaders who waste their lives in
laziness and alcohol and drug abuse. They revel in partying and
promiscuous sex. They don’t deserve help. If given anything, they will
waste it on their immoral lifestyles. This division of the poor into
deserving and undeserving underlies the heated debate about welfare.
“Why should we use our hardearned money to help them? They are just going to waste it. Of course, there are others who want to get back on
their feet, and helping them is okay.”
● How is poverty defined?
■ Defined by 3x emergency level (minimal) food basket (by end of 1960s) ■ Remained about the same in 1960s ($3,000/yr); 2016 ($24,000/yr)
● Critiques of poverty line
■ Emergency level basket is only short term for about a month; cost of food is much more
■ ⅓ ⅕ income went to food in 1960s, modern day income goes to food now ■ Those slightly above poverty line are still struggling but do not qualify for welfare (poverty line too low for those poor to qualify)
● Rates of poverty: overall, by race/ethnicity
Sociology 101 Professor Erin Hatton
Exam # 2 Study Guide (ZK)
■ 1 in 5 children growing up in poverty
■ Overall downward mobility
● Film: Unnatural Causes: In Sickness and Wealth
■ This documentary explores various careers in determining how personal health is connected to the well being of multiple bank accounts in the
United States
■ In some cases, we witness residents of underdeveloped countries living long and healthy lives