Description
Nubia Final Class Notes
Highlight = I think will def be on the exam one way or another; Remember to prepare for one of the two given essays!
Excavating Nubia at the Beginning of the 20th Century ~ 10/24 ∙ Archaeology people mean they dig, nexus of minute details (like broken piece of pottery), human and animal bones
o Have to keep a log of what you find among it, people can reinterpret it if keep a detailed record o Start to do it in Nubia in early 20th century, starts in Europe in late 19th century
∙ Only starts then because in 1898 because Egyptian Government decides to build First Aswan Dam to control annual inundation of the Nile
o Control the river, how much flooding
o Will flood whatever is immediately South of the dam
∙ Could now flood Ancient Nubia to fuel modern Egypt without flooding ancient Egypt, lines were different o Still an outcry because ancient Egypt imperial history in that, Egyptians had gone there ~ call in archaeologists for rapid excavations, 'rescue archaeology'
∙ George Reisner was an American, was first placed in charge of the First Archaeological Survey of (Lower) Nubia; knew Breasted from Germany
∙ Phoebe Hearst is where George Reisner got money from, from the wife newspaper of dude William Randall Hearst
∙ Plot of Pauline Hopkins' book is that archaeologists and AfricanAmerican doctor go to ancient Nubia, find 'hidden truths under the ground' this is early 20th century idea
o 5 years later George Reisner is going to Nubia to actually do this
We also discuss several other topics like How long did it take for the buildings to collapse?
∙ Rapidly started excavating parts of Northern Nubia before flooding
∙ Reisner was super capable, excavated at Giza before this in shadow of Great Pyramid, was super into mud brick architecture and masonry,
∙ Knew a lot about Ancient Egyptian building at this point: principle unit of measurement was equivalent of 52.3 centimeters = Egyptian cubit
∙ When the Northern Nubian excavation ended, he moved further South after finished area about to be studied ~ had developed a unique set of skill s\he wanted to use
∙ In 1913, Reisner moved to Kerma, was interested because Lepsius has gone there
∙ Turned attention to large building Lepsius drew, what locals called Duffufa, because it was a mud brick building o He measured the outline of it, 52.3 meters long by 26.7 meters wide = 110x50 Egyptian cubits! ∙ Assumed build by Egyptians
∙ Amenemhat (I) was mentioned in it, Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh in early Middle Kingdom; Lepsius said that Diodorus must have misunderstood and at Kerma exiled Kings from Egypt went and then went back into Egypt to toss out Hyksos
o Remembered incorrectly as foundation of Egyptian culture from Nubia
∙ Reisner found evidence founded in early Middle Kingdom, Kerma was already settled 500 years earlier based on this
∙ Reisner noticed parts of Duffufa had been burnt (mud brick turns red when burnt) hypothesized because of revolt of local Nubians We also discuss several other topics like How can i improve my careless mistakes?
o Construction attributed to Egyptians, destruction by Nubians
∙ Town was unlike any Egyptian one Reisner had seen before had huge thick walls, one chamber, on row of columns down the middle ~ didn't match Egypt
∙ On door jambs, didn’t find typical Egyptian carved, but had found painted pictures of hippos (not carved) ∙ Another painted scene that appeared to show a woman seated on a rowboat
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∙ Found small circular mounds, about 30 thousand of them Tumulus/Tumuli South had fewer but they were huge, size of football field
∙ Reisner knew from excavating Lower Nubia that circular architectural forms were typical of Nubian burials and architecture; Egyptians were usually square/right angles
∙ Burial in Middle Kingdom, at time he said Duffufa was probably, would be buried in a coffin; these ones were placed on top of elaborate beds
∙ Found handmade pottery that was ornate, lavished attention on it, Egyptians didn't really bother to make them beautiful or spend much time on pottery We also discuss several other topics like What is the canton system all about?
∙ Also found beautiful statues, with inscriptions on them, statues of Hepdjefa (aka Hepzefa) and wife Sennuwy, Egyptian individuals who lived in Middle Kingdom, already knew
∙ Chambers of intersected walls with afterlife goodies, then fill in with Earth, central corridor, would have to all have been built at once hundreds of skeletons, dump mounds of dirt over it
o Epidemic? But happened many times
o War? No sign of violence on the skulls
o Full of women and children too
o Must've all died together on one day, voluntarily or mass sacrifice?
o A bunch of food lying around them too, so enjoyed big feast
∙ When he found this, Reisner waxed philosophical: said these people were probably willing and were probably scared by nature of death? Were drugged first?
∙ A woman was buried on the bed with a bunch of other men and women around her, she had a silver headdress on; lots of gold and crystal jewelry, was still clutching something
∙ Thinks Hepdjefa and Sennuwy had 'gone native' and sacrificed a bunch of slaves too so they could serve them in the afterlife, buried in Nubian style; they were overlords
∙ Said the Northern cemetery, after Nubians revolted and burned the Duffufa, more primitive after that, tombs get smaller If you want to learn more check out What are the two different atrioventricular valves?
ElKurru
First Fruits of Nubian Archaeology ~ 10/26
REVIEW:
∙ Thought Duffafa was Egyptian outpost because of Egyptian measurements of the building ∙ Statues of Hepdjefa; thought mass sacrifice was Nubian custom and Egyptians were buried in Nubian style with all their slaves around them
∙ All construction was Egyptian, destruction was Nubian
Challenges to Reisner: (Kendall article)
∙ tombs for Hepdjefa were not the way Egyptians were usually buried, Nubian style tomb with Egyptian objects probably had imports, style could be occupants, or loot
∙ Scholars like Junker and Kendall and say that we know from Egyptian literature that they were freaked out by possibility of being buried abroad because wouldn't get eternal life if buried abroad, would go to great lengths to retrieve their families' bodies to bring back to Egyptian soil
∙ Geographic location of Kerma, was very far South to other sites of Egyptian presence, Egyptian outpost to have Nubian slaves? **
o No wall or defensive fortifications, not built like outpost; that building had only room for like 20 people, no look of a fort Don't forget about the age old question of What is the scientific method(optic)?
o Nearest one was at Semna which was far to the North, how would you defend it?
∙ Tombs that Reisner attributed to Egyptians had contents from later centuries, can't have items from the future buried with you; dating issue
∙ Issue of large and small tombs in the cemetery, when looked at contents of these tombs, realized large Southern tombs were those of Nubian kings who ruled at the end of chronological range of Kerma's habitation o Reisner thought small tombs were beginning and got bigger at end opposite ideas, evolved bigger from there We also discuss several other topics like What are flozin drugs?
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∙ Junker taught in Vienna at Institute of Egyptology and African Studies founded in 1912, early; Western universities didn't find anything ancient and interesting about Africa
∙ Reisner published with Harvard African Studies
Taharka's tomb
∙ Nuri is where the tomb of Taharka is found by Reisner, his pyramid, it's flooded gets Sudanese locals to bail it out
∙ Egyptians are most trusted/foreman, locals do grunt work
o Predisposes to see Nubia as derivative
∙ Dows Dunham is American and roped into these excavations, our age, undergrad at Harvard, Reisner saw him as having a talent for archaeology
∙ Bails water out of this corridor, within 24 hours it gets filled up again tomb built below the water table o Discourage people from stealing it
∙ Reisner said Nubians were incompetent and didn't know where the water table was
∙ Taharka's body was never found, these shabtis (aka ushabtis, shawabtis) of him with his name were in it (1,070); these statues would do your work if someone calls on you to do work in the afterlife and they will do your work for you
o Alternative to killing slaves with you, not killing/sacrificing slaves anymore
∙ Have not seen any 25th dynasty kings until early 20th century because of advent of archaeology, statue of Taharka as a sphinx (lots were probably painted)
∙ Winifred Burton was wife of African Egyptologist, painted Kings of Africa, imagined Nubians as blackand paints Taharkha with leopard skin and headdress
∙ "Kushite fold" is what we called the emphasis on the smile lines of King Shabataka
∙ Shabaka's sculptures; Nubian king's also had rams on jewelry, envisaged god Amun as ram's head (Egyptians took this over later); cobras on front are double uraei = Nubian king (Egyptian kings only have ONE) ∙ After Taharka, Nubian kingdom continues on for a long time, this period is called Napatan Era because they continued to rule from city of Napata (until about 300 BC)
∙ 1820s get advent of Egyptology under Champollion, late 19th century is American Egyptology because of Breasted, early 20th century have Nubiology because have actual excavation
FANCY CHART HANDOUT
∙ AGroup is what Reisner found in Nubia, called A because earliest
∙ Nubia Nile had very small flood plain, after a little while AGroup culture dissipates because assumed from Egyptian invasion
∙ IN lower Nubia another group comes, CGroup
∙ Kerma emerges
∙ 2nd millennium BC reenergizes Nubian culture because back and forth with military conflict between Nubia and Egypt
∙ Egypt comes in during the New Kingdom and invades Nubia with a vengeance, this is when Duffufa is burnt by Egyptians coming in
∙ Results in deportation of Nubian royals, princes and princess, not as slaves but to the royal court and educated them in Egyptian cultures alongside the Pharoah's children try to prevent a revolt from them o Similarities between the two cultures became more intensified, from here on out it becomes difficult to differentiate between Nubian and Egyptian culture because royalty of both are growing up alongside each other
∙ 3rd Intermediate Period where Nubia falls apart and then 25th Dynasty emerges and turns the tables ∙ Followed by Napatan period, brings us up to 300 BC
∙ See that contrary to Lepsius and Gliddon's assumptions, Nubia was politically independent for the great majority of its history; Egyptian rule is brief interludes, maybe 30%
∙ Chart is Egyptocentric because it ends at 300 BC with Meroitic Period because this is when Alexander the Great invades Egypt, from then on ruled by Greeks and Romans
o Meroitic Period actually goes on for another 1000 years*
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∙ John Garstang gives report of what Meroe looks like, a layout drawing that was helpful; in suburbs find slabs of Iron, which means Meroe was producing iron and makes it one of the earliest sites of iron smelting in this part of the world and doesn't seem to have been inspired from outside
∙ Symbolism of tropical Africans working iron is utilized heavily for propagandistic purposes in early 20th century, becomes highly significant in a symbolic American way
∙ Meroitic hieroglyphs versus Meroitic demotic (cursive) was what Lepsius did with this hieroglyphs that Pope is talking about
∙ Francis Llewellyn Griffith still racist, deciphered difference between hieroglyphs and demotic; compared two short texts and was able to establish 1:1 resemblance of Meroitic demotic and hieroglyphs
o Realized only about 23 possible hieroglyphs phonetic; very different than Egyptian (with like 500), one of first alphabetic script in the world
o Had word dividers, one of the first, every few signs you would find 3 dots in a column to be word dividers
∙ Wad ben Naga barque stand was what he used, found word written in Egyptian hieroglyphs that read out Amanitore and it is in an oval (probably King or Queen's name)
o Looked at Meroitic hieroglyphs above to match up sign by sign to get phonetic value of each Meroitic hieroglyphs
o No modern language (like Coptic) that could be used to help translate Meroitic and was comparative; when Champollion deciphered Egyptian had access to modern Coptic language that helped him ∙ Frustrating for him
∙ Found monument of king named Arkamani who seemed to correlate with Ergamenes because of Griffith's work = 'Irq'Imn; lived at time Greek influences are coming in, this previously mythical figure is becoming for historical Ethnic Prehistory paradigm
The Hermeneutics of Suspicion: African American Rationalism in the Early 20th Century ~ 10/31
Arthur Schomburg (aka Arturo Alfonso Schomburg) 18741938
∙ "Father of black history"
∙ Archivist
First paragraph of assigned reading:
∙ AfricanAmericans need to look to their past in order to have a source of pride, American attitude is that the past before America is less important because it’s a clean slate
∙ Luxury does not exist for Black Americans
∙ Problematic because connection to ancestral home was severed by institution of slavery o Genealogy as a pastime for old retired people
∙ Example of Richard Spencer invoking preAmerican past
∙ "we find the Negro thinking more collectively, more retrospectively than the rest…to become the most enthusiastic antiquarian of them all." ~ ancient history classes are often tons of white people ∙ History is being written by white people, Delany and Gliddon Delany is crippled by using Gliddon Early 20th century is particularly bad time in race relations, according to Brayford Lokin
Widespread campaign of voter intimidation, lynchings (late 19th early 20th century thing), etc. Monroe Nathan Work (18661945)
The Great Migration (19101917)
∙ People leaving the South to go to Northern cities, great in magnitude but not necessarily in improvements for black American life, still victim of racial violence sometimes
∙ As soon as it started, alarmist headlines appeared in Northern newspapers: "half a million darkies from Dixie swarm the North to better themselves" The Chicago Tribune, Northern white urban panic
∙ Resulted in rigid segregation and escalation of violence in the North
Chicago Race Riots of 1919
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∙ Eugene Williams from the Southside went to a beach that was informally segregated, got in the water and whites started to pelt him with stones until he drowned
∙ Witnesses came forward to identify people involved but police then arrested a black guy for the pelting of Williams, had witnesses saying that guy wasn't even there
∙ Immediate public outcry and then riots in the Southside of Chicago
∙ When Oriental Institute opened on the Southside of Chicago, Breasted commuting there for work Semna Stelha
∙ Boundary with Egypt, need to check in with 'border control' from Nubia into Egypt
∙ Breasted interprets it through translation as statement on part of the Egyptians saying that "no Negro can come North into Egypt" exact equivalent of modern racial category
∙ Breasted from Illinois, in early 20th century were the epicenter of "sundown towns" ~ either no blacks allowed in town, or can work there but at sundown you have to be out
o This is when and where Breasted is growing up
Crisis of this time: "The Negro Problem"
∙ Press was either expressing concern for or about black Americans
∙ Perpetrators of racial violence ideology of Americans who are tolerating it or even giving tacit approval ∙ Paul Broca (18241880) regarded by many as the "father of physical anthropology"
o Promoted Gliddon, Morton and Nott's methods and skewed ideas
o Published that European skulls were much larger than those of "West Africans and Nubians" Ethnic Prehistory Paradigm (Reisner's model)
∙ Idea that each change in timeline (from handout from last class) was a new group of immigrants coming into Nubia saw as the vehicle for cultural change
o Assumes deterioration = black people moving in; rise = whites/Egyptians coming in ∙ Immigration is a big part of the early 20th century culture
∙ Explains history as constant immigration of new groups
James K. Vardaman (18611930)
∙ February 1914 explained on floor of Senate the 'archetypal Black African' only civilization came form "superior race", only lasts as long as "in the hands of the white superior race"
∙ Explicit call for more lynchings
How best to counter threats to black lives?
∙ The Colored American Magazine: shortlived opposition, within a few years it was bought by Booker T. Washington (18561915) and abruptly discontinued
o He fired Pauline Hopkins form her position as editor, then discontinued it; hostile takeover? o Pauline Hopkins went from being a novelist writing for that magazine to a stenographer for the rest of her life
∙ Washington advocated industrial training, working with hands, to get practical skills to make money; disapproved of black political organization
o Also presenting to the rest of America that blacks were not a threat, "loyal suffering servant" o Expressed some interest in African past, became more informed over time but it was later in life, reflected on this late in his life
o Got a distorted image of Africa in school, had suspicion of it, called it maybe a 'fallacy of sampling' "hermeneutics of suspicion" (Paul Ricoeur) 'theory of interpretation' of suspicion, to talk about people like Freud who wrote about subjects philosophically from the approach of suspicion, doesn't assume the veracity or objectivity of the text when approaching it
∙ Characteristic of early 20th century AfricanAmerican thought
WEB DuBois (18681963) rationalism, wanted Africans to study history, address the problem intellectually, didn't consider himself a problem
∙ The Color Line the issue is with the definition and concept of race, critical of the concept because couldn't figure out the boundaries of race, how light = white, how curly hair = black
∙ Interested in sociology, got interested in African history
Franz Boas (18581942) Jewish intellectual, immigrated to US, settled as professor at Columbia 5
∙ Famous as most vocal white proponent of antiracism in early 20th century, very critical of all ideas being packaged together with race
o Didn't buy into race being a valid social concept or influencing culture in some way
o Got DuBois interested in African history by giving lecture on it to DuBois when invited to give lecture by DuBois
Empiricism
Melville Herskovits (18951963)
historicism
A Dream Deferred: William Leo Hansberry ~ 11/2 Alain Locke cites Weigall; first black Rhodes scholar studying at Oxford
Arthur Weigall thought it would be better for Africans to be experts in their own history
∙ chronological separation, like white people understand Vikings, implies timeless essence of a person ∙ Great Triumphal stela of Piankhi: didn't understand what Piankhi did, so said only a black person could understand this ~ encouraging diversifying the field but also like not worthy of white historians o "Takes a negro to understand a negro"
o Provincialized it, said that Nubian history is not on the same level as other, Christian tradition is seen as universal
∙ Prompted by unnamed American visitor, didn't name who it was
o Hansberry? Matches Weigall's description of excavating in Sudan and educated at American university, "enormous", "perfectly black"?
William Leo Hansberry
∙ Born in Gloucester, Mississippi (1894?) at heart of Southern Jim Crow segregation, bunch of people getting PHDs at Berlin in 1890s, almost exactly a member of the next generation
∙ Brother Carl Hansberry born 1896
∙ Dad taught at Alcorn State University, historically black college; 1897 father died, left behind massive home library in expertise in the classics
o Noticed Ethiopia pops up a lot
∙ Education offered to him as black boy in Mississippi was industrial, farm work, as Booker T. Washington imagined it
∙ Went to Knoxville High School in Tennessee in 1913, but really getting bible as source material/religion ∙ Then went to Old Atlanta University, premier historically black college; distinguished himself as formidable debater
o Devised his own study of Ancient Greek and Rome outside of classes
o Africa only mentioned in curriculum as 'savage, unhistorical wasteland' ~ accepted uneasily, saw equality of human race so Africans wouldn't have produced nothing (civilization, art, literature)
∙ Grew up sheltered because Mississippi was so segregated he didn't interact with whites, didn't encounter racism really
∙ While at Old Atlanta took job as bellhop, had magazines like The Crisis by NAACP, found advertisement for The Negro by WEB DuBois ordered a copy
o Read the whole thing in one sitting, knew DuBois as scholar of sociology, filled with information about Africa he's never heard of, because respected DuBois/author believed it
∙ Used DuBois' massive bibliography at the back of this book got ahold of only 4 of 175 books listed o Chair of History said Harvard would have it
∙ Hansberry got on a train and went to Harvard, hadn't matriculated read the whole day in the library; from then on determined to stay at Harvard and maintain access to the books in Boston
o Granted conditional admission to Harvard because language credits at Old Atlanta didn't transfer o Decided to take night classes as Greek and Latin, worked odd jobs; read 61 of the books on DuBois' list at the end of the first year at Harvard
∙ Fought in WWI in army to save up $ to return to Harvard, after military stint then Harvard said he could be fulltime; still waited tables in campus dining halls to make ends meet
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∙ Became friends with Dows Dunham, essential protégée of George Reisner and had just returned from excavations Hansberry taking classes with some people who are preeminent in the field
o Made a good impression on Reisner, but had to walk a line with him because Reisner had specific racial ideology ~ Reisner thought 25th dynasty was white, Hansberry said black
o Reisner said "I do not believe Negroes founded these great civilizations. You are a brilliant student Hansberry, but you are a product of our civilization." acknowledging that Hansberry is smart but only because he is in America and living with white people
∙ Earnest A. Hooten was leading authority in anthropology, became Hansberry's mentor ∙ Decides to devote himself to 'African Studies', could be useful to America's historically black colleges, sought to pursue it for graduate school, but couldn't find it
∙ Harvard Undergrad degree = could teach at HBC, went to Straight College in New Orleans and started African Studies course became first place could major in African studies, only a one year gig
∙ Went to Howard University in D.C. established African Civilization section in History department; inundated students with sources in his three courses, by his 2nd year enrollment was over 800 students, also did advising and mentoring African students there
o Taught Kwame Nkrumah, first president of Ghana and then future first president of independent Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikeiwe
∙ Organized research symposium, had many women
∙ African history in different fields, scholarly articles, different national origins of historical material about Africa things that make it hard to study
o Stanley J. Durkee last white president of Howard; opposition from other faculty, trustees speak to him, Hansberry got documents showing that it wasn't a 'fantasy', that other places are exploring it (Reisner's stuff) ∙ Students petitioned to let him continue the program, but trustees took his funding, cut off at the knees at Howard
∙ His two unnamed detractors at university had PhDs, but in other subjects; Hansberry didn't have one because there were none in African Studies
∙ Took brief sabbatical because of this, Graduate degree from Harvard in anthropology; wanted to excavate in Nubia and asks everyone how he can 'get into it'
∙ William Foxwell Albright wrote him reference letter that reveals initial racial prejudice and then admiration (father of Biblical Archaeology)
∙ Needs to apprentice with someone to get permission from Sudan's government to excavate, needs help and reached out to tons of people; said he would pay his own way
∙ Francis Llewellyn Griffith politely deflected him (sad because Pope loves him)
∙ Laurence Kirwan at Oxford gave Hansberry encouraging news, said that Hansberry could study under him for 2 years and then go on excavation to Sudan
o Hansberry then did unsupervised prep study at Chicago's Oriental Institute; got letter from Kirwan while in Chicago, Kirwan now wants to study from afar and recommend secondary sources Hansberry wants primary sources
∙ Hansberry is 40 now, reaches out to Dunham says worried about respect of 'native employees', 'American Negro' undermine prestige of the team
o Denied tenure at Howard for 15 years, wouldn't review him for tenure
∙ 1953 at nearly 60 years old that Hansberry finally got funding to go to Nubia, only to go there as a tourist ∙ Mid1960s got some recognition for trying to establish African Studies, invited to Nsukka, Nigeria for Hansberry African Studies
∙ Then given from Ethiopia from the Haile Selassie I Trust, endowment
∙ Maintained that racial diversification could greatly improve historical profession, didn't get to be the guy to lead the charge
∙ DuBois looked for funding to make encyclopedia, went to Carnegie Institute and Rockefeller families 7
∙ Anta Diop applied to study at Sorbonne, admitted but deflected, said interested in Egyptology but said maybe shouldn't study that, gave advisor Raymond Mauny who was expert in West African archaeology, because he studied in West Africa this has longterm ramifications for the course
Black scholars graduating from universities in beginning of 20th century, faced with paradigm, could accomplish things but couldn't study primary source material of Nubia
Those who attempted like Hansberry were rebuffed, had funding withdrawn, couldn't train graduate students had hundreds of students, when they graduate disperse into other fields
Had knowledge of African history but couldn't further it
Franz Boas
John Bigham
Encyclopedia Africana
Migration to Mysticism: New(bian) Gods of the Northern Metropolis ~ 11/7
Broad historical context:
∙ Great Migration of blacks from South to North at beginning of 20th Century
∙ Titanic as symbol of early 20th century, combined with triumphs and failures; steamship enabled travel ∙ Early 20th century became era of xenophobia in America and the heyday of eugenics because of massive influx of immigrants
o Increasing restrictions on immigration after 1907, sought to shut out new migrants from nonEuropean countries, Chinese exclusion act
o Newer pieces of legislation continually added on, immigration declined from 1.2 million in 1914 to 110,000 in 1918
∙ As a result, North. Has labor shortage because had been reliant on immigrants
∙ Boll weevil infested in south, devastates cotton crops; lots of blacks gave up because of this and set sights on industrial cities of the North
∙ 19161930 over 1 million black Americans migrated North, 19161918 more than 300,000 came ∙ Philly, PA black population rose 50% in those three years
∙ NYC 66%
∙ Chicago 188%
∙ Detroit 611%
∙ By 1920, majority of black population in those four cities
∙ Newark, NJ 6,694 to 38,080 people
∙ Usually signed labor contracts with Northern countries
WEB DuBois and Contributionism:
∙ By Meta Warrick Fuller "Ethiopia Awakening" sculpture
o Her models for this, used Resiner's excavations at nearby museums, mimicked the head cloth o Used things discovered in Taharqa's tomb, the little people to stand in for work Shabti o Menkaure (Egyptian king?)
o Nemes head cloth worn by pharaohs to look like pharaoh
∙ Reflecting black migration in America, black identity, chose representation of a Nubian woman; thread of femininity of symbol of Nubia
∙ Made for America's Making Exposition Fair, early way of celebrating diversity, every area would have it's own race, so this was for the "colored section" represent African American aspiration to the audience, chooses Nubia for this
o DuBois was in charge of this section of the fair
∙ "Star of Ethiopia" pageant form this fair, women modeled after famous Nubians Candace (word for Ethiopian queens), Queen of Sheba
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o Each group will give their gift to the world and to American society gave gift of iron; ancient culture representing modern culture/nation
o Excavation at Meroe found heaps of iron slab, byproduct of iron production, one of earliest centers of iron production in the world
o Also second industrial revolution, AfricanAmericans moving to the north to work in iron factories ∙ DuBois decided to take this on the road, traveling exhibition of contributionist vision every ethnic group had a contribution to give to America
o Well received, blacks were playing royalty and not slaves/nannies
∙ “Ascent of Ethiopia" (Lois Maillou Jones, 1932) painting, reviewed in class, progression and cyclical; great in past thus great in the future (different than presented to AfricanAmericans at this time, greatness in the past is fought against)
∙ Characteristic of first few years of Great Migration, contributionist, optimistic
o At end becomes more exception than the rule
∙ Great migration quickly produced disillusionment with American dream more than 1 million AfricanAmericans moved North for hopes of better life than Jim Crow South, discouraging, race used as criterion for hiring in the North, positions available still at the lowest levels for manufacturing labor (even with college degrees, ineligible because of race)
∙ Black women were offered work as maids and cooks in the North, average migrant earned $25/week for 4864 hours/week, family of five needed at least $43/week to maintain acceptable standard of living o Confined to overcrowded and unhealthy housing tenements; government programs to create suburbs were limited to white people high rates of infant mortality and tuberculosis
∙ Carl Hansberry one of the people who could afford a house in white neighborhood and legally opposed, niece wrote A Raisin in the Sun about it
∙ Search for new ways of looking at the world and new aspirations, new collective identity Marcus Garvey and separatism:
∙ Will turn their back on nation that abandoned them, Nubia as separate original and racially distinct nation that stood on its own without the need for the rest of the world
o Not about trade with other nations and being on par/peers of other nations anymore
∙ Marcus Garvey, best friend growing up in Jamaica was white girl, when they grew up her parents said they can't play anymore, first exposure to racial oppression
o Established reputation of orator and political organizer, would throw down hat and lecture around it ∙ He thought only solution to oppression of people of African descent was to join together across national boundaries; nation by Africans for Africans, created Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and urged people to move back to Africa
∙ Established shipping venture Black Star Line, transnational shipping line
o Mos Def and Talib Kwelib group, Black Star = reference to Garvey
∙ Universal Ethiopian Anthem most think because of Psalm 68:31, need to focus on time before coming to America to understand
∙ Spent some time in London, worked for newspaper African Times and Orient Review, anticolonial paper, 'across boundaries and against empire'
o Interned for Duse Mohamed Ali, Egyptian immigrant, ancestry was specifically Nubian (but from Alexandria, Egypt)
∙ The red, black and green was on the flag used by Mahdi when fighting against the British colonialism ∙ Kay didn't like Garvey, alliance with the KKK, both racial separatists; Garvey tried to live on this side of the Atlantic and thought maybe to return to continent of origin would be solution, go back to separatism o Believed humanity required membership in a nation, idea of what is needed to be a full human being, act as though nations were created by God VERY typical of early 20th century
∙ Garvey's ideas were popular in the US, gave rank and file members the respect/dignity didn't get from their jobs, with UNIA on weekends put on military uniforms and march together and feel like you belong together (became a masculine thing too)
Clip from:" Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind"
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∙ Garvey separatist, DuBois thought AfricanAmericans would contribute and be acknowledge = contributionist ∙ Garvey didn't use citations in use of Nubia, more used like a symbol in political program, distinct o Nubia as symbol rather than historical details
∙ Element of racial superiority in Garvey's writing, positioned African history as superior to the rest of the world, particularly European history
Timothy Drew and mysticism:
∙ Satti Majid was first Nubian to come to America and stay in 1904, from Dongola, Sudan o Concerned with promoting Islam, most orthodox kind of Sunni Islam before 20th century not much familiarity with Islam in America, didn't endear itself to AfricanAmericans because seems totally foreign ∙ Abdul Hamid Suleiman also Nubian from Khartoum, goes to NYC four years later, packaged Islam with familiar culture of freemasonry
o Founds Mecca Medina Temple (Newark, NJ) Canaanite Temple don't know what Suleiman taught to Timothy Drew there, Drew moved to Chicago and said was circus magician in Egypt as a kid, called himself Noble Drew Ali
o Colin Campbell: 'society of seekers' coined term
∙ Drew left texts that we can use, encouraged mysticism, proposed man and Allah were one and all men were priests, not mystery God but seen as residing in humankind and can be found by looking inward/selfreflection ∙ Noble Drew Ali promoted transnationalism identity for AfricanAmericans, like Garvey ∙ Says whites have mislead AfricanAmericans about who they are, not Ethiopian, but Asiatic and are Canaanite o Seems to favor middle eastern, says inhabitants of Africa are descended from Cannanites, "Old Man Cush" was first to come to Africa and then his father Ham and his family
∙ Inversion of old 'out of Africa' theory of human evolution, lived in Asia, migrated to Africa in the generation of Cush first African and also kinsman to all people of Asia (Turks, Chinese, Indians, etc. who are set apart from Europeans who are entirely different family)
Element of moral superiority over Europeans
∙ White eugenics were using the term Asiatic to represent everything they feared, Arthur Esnebrooke banner of fear of 'Asiatic menace' Noble Drew Ali is owning this stereotype
∙ Ali eventually built up the Moorish Science Temple, promoted these ideas with Nubia at center but in a different way
Rescuing Nubia: The 'New Archaeologists' ~ 11/9
Boyce Rensberg's Article: "Ancient Nubian Artifacts Yield Evidence of Earliest Monarchy" ∙ Nubia was foundation of monarchy for Egypt because evidence of that political development 3300 BC and first dynasty of Egypt was 3050 BC
∙ 1979 published, earlier than we thought?
∙ Lepsius' agenda
∙ Excavations a decade before at Qustul, probably dated to 3300 BC
∙ Earlier than those in Egypt , 3050 BC(ish)
∙ Found incense burner that was the catalyst; Bruce Williams found it in this group of things from it noticed symbols were those of pharaohs (because catalog of random images in his mind as a grad student) but this is too early
o Scenes carved around the edges in the clay mix; drew scene he saw piece by piece
o Became more interested in connection to Egypt's Africanness
∙ 1960s new excavations of Nubia; early 20th century was Low Aswan Dam, 50s 60s and 70s the glacially slow process speeds up a tone
∙ 1959 Egyptian Government decides to transform the Low Aswan Dam into modern structure, like the Hoover Dam harness force of the river to provide electricity for Egyptian people
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o Controversial because Aswan High Dam would block more water and flood more area created Lake Nasser
o Nubians who were living there government offered to relocate them, but was refugee like camps in the middle of the desert, away from this agriculturally fertile land and that had been there whole empire o Humanitarian crisis and critique
∙ Egyptian government got worried about ancient Egyptian sculptures, etc of ancient imperialism o April 6, 1961 JFK plead to Congress, US pledged $10 million to help 'rescue' these artifacts ∙ Abu Simbel was one monument that would be flooded by the damn people decide to cut off the front of this mountain and relocate it to higher ground, poltiicans showing off with money and technological ability to do it o Became public face of the whole UNESCO Salvage Operation
∙ Also saved other sites, had to excavate quickly and put it all in boxes and take back for grad students (like Bruce) to sift through later
o Not enough Egyptologists in the world to do this
∙ Bring in William Adams (excavated in the West) and Bruce Trigger (in Heuron Indians of Canada) both became leading figures in interpretation of Nubia because did so much excavations in the 60s even though not from an Egyptological background
o Brought more theoretical anthropological approaches
∙ Nubia: Corridor to Africa by William Y. Adams fundamentally different than looking at it like Reisner who had all those cultural groups, who saw it as a perpetual history of immigration which was the source of all cultural change there, monuments and literacy = white people coming in
∙ Adams said could be from economic fluctuations, new religious beliefs cultural evolutionism, ancestors of today were of medieval Nubia, ancestors of ancient Nubia
∙ 'The New Archaeology' was attributing changes of things to environment, processual archaeology ∙ Reisner's 'Ethnic Prehistory paradigm' which is widely called culture historical archaeology, successive new groups coming in and call change, a product of his movement
∙ At Kerma, Adams gives compelling reason that the building at Dufufa was measured in Egyptian units, built by Egyptian contractors hired by the king of Kush because had found a steal at this point saying so o Reisner's context of excavations distorted historical history , wrong about so much at one archaeological site lolol
∙ Adams corrects Reisner but also not hard on him: "condemns the age more than the men" ∙ Adams uses the plague theory for the Deliverance of Jerusalem; also says Nubians are "chocolate brown", doesn't call them black because "sociologically meaningful" about who is conquering and being conquered, colorcoding power in ancient history = anachronistic
Michael Crichton
Bey
El
Nation of Islam/Malcolm X
Development of African Studies in America ~ 11/14 (missed for TFA interview) USE/GET HANDOUT
AFTER 1948
∙ "area studies" specialist would generate research for government, give them money for research (instead of private people like Rakerelier)
o CIA and DOD wanted African and Asian experts to understand them and stop them from being communist, which led to this
o Need to invent African studies, looked for selfproclaimed experts
∙ Melville Herskovits wrote wave of government support, disillusioned with western industrial civilization and turned to Africa as an alternative
o Idealized simple African life
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∙ After WWII, British empire is gone and their colonies, African independence movement ∙ America emerges as a world power as well as the Soviet Union > competed for allies, swing of Africa and Asia (become areas of interest)
∙ Northwestern University left Harvard and taught Anthropology here, established Center of African Studies (1st of its kind at a white college)
∙ Boston University and U of Wisconsin at Madison followed the trend of getting government funding ∙ JFK established Peace Corps opportunities to travel to and experience Africa, come back with interest in Africa, got doctorates
o Created new kind of academic in a generation: the Africanist
∙ German is approach to African studies; archaeology, art and writing, approach not just limited to Egypt but also West Africa
∙ African Studies Association US founded by Herskovits
∙ Journal of African History UK boycotted by West African scholars
∙ Few Africanist had interest/expertise in African past, focused on modern
∙ Universities following trend, hired anthropologist for history classes > hired white people ∙ Joseph Miller (UVA) part of the doctoral wave, UVA wants to hire an Africanist
o Didn't think there was enough history there (precolonial), so became expert of transAtlantic slave trade for the job
∙ Du Bois' Encyclopedia Africana project encyclopedia about the black world, never got funded by Carnegie Institute (and had champagne waiting story for the phone call)
o No funding = no primary source research
∙ Carnegie Corporation Hansberry was unsuccessful in wanting to establish and African studies program, later they did but nothing about Nubia, more contemporary
o Fisk University HBCU, Herskovits convinced them (Carnegie) not to fund FU's African studies program because didn't like their proposal
o Nubia was out, pop culture versus professional scholarship
∙ Prominent black historians studying African American history and diaspora: John Hope Franklin, David Levering Lewis, Paul Gilroy
o Black scholars in university in secondhalf of the century, but taught AfricanAmerican history NOT African
∙ John Henrik Clarke (Hunger College of the City University of New York) not focused on Nubia, asserted Cleopatra was black (couldn’t look at bones)
o Cited Shakespeare and Ripley as support
o No PHD, joined African Studies Association, one black member on board in 60s, planned protest with guy from Fisk
o 1969 black professor arrive at annual meeting in Montreal, walk to podium, took microphones and demanded control over research funds
∙ Unsuccessful, succeeded from ASA
∙ African Heritage Studies Association exclusively black membership, more cut off from funding ∙ (Cheikh) Anta Diop Sengalist, made him do West African archaeology at Sorbonne but wanted to do Egyptology; Egypt was black civilization
∙ "two cradle theory" all the world's civilization is two: from Northern Cradle (white, yellow); harsh conditions made them cruel and savage
o Nubia was Southern, gentle, peace, justice
∙ Afrocentrism opposite of serious stuff, mythical past = Nubia
o Egypt priest going into West Africa after 25th dynast, with African civilization
o Alexander the Great destroyed library at Alexandria (but lived a century before Alexandria?) no ancient evidence, all conflicts from race war (Mongols, Arabs, Europeans)
∙ Ancient African history became seen as unscholarly, used Diop as justification
∙ Diop so many errors, excluded illegitimate on race from field, legit on false conclusion/methods 12
∙ Diodorus became main source, becomes popular again
∙ Didn't care about Nubia, only Kemet (ancient name for Egypt)
∙ 1966 Word festival of African American, the scholar of black through
BEFORE 1948
∙ 1st attempts of African studies: emphasis on history (antiquity to present) and broad Africana o Limited access to resources and funding, could not be trained in language and archaeology o No doctoral programs in African history
o Had access to African History through secondary sources (textbooks) but could not be on the ground and contribute to new finds
∙ Civilization cannot be African
∙ No teaching positions in African History
∙ Breasted, Reisner
o Emphasized history (antiquity to present); but no connection of ruling classes with blacks,, instead Near East/'Oriental Institute'
o Never really willing to call it African history, achievements by Hamites and not true Africans ∙ Monuments
∙ Franz Boas remarkably nonracist white guy, mentor to Herskovits and DuBois
o Got a lot of people interested in Africa
∙ Melville Herskovits Harvard University gave him a fulltime job when nobody else would o Undermine/attack the larger issue of racism to be able to attack antiSemitism
∙ Hugh Trevor Roper Professor of History at Oxford; no African history to teach, darkness, barbarians ∙ Francis Llewellyn Griffith smart philologist, also at Oxford
∙ "Hamites"
Movie on Melville Herskovits and Discussion ~ 11/16 ∙ Frazier and Herskovits dislike of one another
o Frazier thought adaptation of white culture in America rather than direct cultural link from Africa ∙ Frazier thought = pragmatic? Fear that white people would try to explain every circumstance black people experience with Africa
∙ Having an identity that makes you unfit to interpret history and culture (universal, objective voice is white) KAM’S THANKSGIVING NOTES ~ 11/21
Doubts about the "Lost Pharaohs of Nubia"~ 11/28 Early Publicity (19781984):
∙ Bruce Williams's 1978 preliminary report to Oriental Institute Nubian AGroup Cemetery L (especially tomb L24) c 3300 BC = Naqada phases IIIIIaj
o Submitted to the U of Chicago, wrote knowing "with a full recognition its view would be widely unpopular"
∙ New York Times article (1979) published an article when got wind of this discovery (one by Boyce Renseberger) and "raising the question of to what extent later Egyptian culture may have derived its advanced political structure from the Nubians."
o Note was published before his full report; Williams was a v serious archaeologist and new that his full report/catalogue excavation would be years later (thus 1986)
∙ Archaeology magazine article (1980) Williams decided to publish a 9 page summary called "The Lost Pharaohs of Nubia" in this semipopular magazine, said didn't just find this incense burner but many other thing o Larger argument was that the size of the tombs and the wealth of their contents indicated these were the tombs of royalty, the symbols found on tombs/on stuff in it indicated that this line of Nubian royalty expressed their power through the world's first Pharaonic symbols (Pharaoh like)
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o He claimed Nubian kings at Qustul "participated with other kings in Upper Egypt in the creation of a unified culture. For Egypt, they helped fashion pharaonic civilization" ~ didn't say they invented everything that was brought into Egypt; they all participated in it (lower Nubia and Upper Egypt), he's being cautious
∙ African Studies didn't really react to this, but wider world more interested in Nubia as all purpose symbol in 70s and 80s
∙ Created a wider backlash among Egyptologists because of wider public reaction outside of universities First Private Critics: none published their initial complaints, just kind of grumbled about it privately; can't definitively say what their opposition's reasoning was
∙ Anthony Spalinger (U of Auckland)
∙ David O'Connor (U of Penn/NYU)
∙ Bruce Trigger (McGill U)
∙ Josef Wegner (U of Penn)
First Published Debates (19851987):
∙ William Adams's 1985 critique in Journal of Near Eastern Studies: he comes out and says that Williams is proposing a Nubian origin to civilization, while Williams was more subtle about that and didn't actually state that o Said Egyptologist's reluctance was a symbol of inertia, inability to change with it
∙ Adams was not an Egyptologist, had archeology experience in Utah, sent into Nubia to rescue stuff from Aswan High Dam so not an Egyptologists in training he said this fact exempted him from bias Egyptologists may have in favoring earlier ideas; "no such accusation can be made in my case."
o He read a lot to prepare for Nubia, including Breasted; had to study what came before him to do it ~ makes claiming free from bias a bit suspect
∙ Says his concern has been picked up by the Anta Diop school black nationalists, not in itself a critique of Williams's actual arguments, rather what people might do with it
∙ He does go on to give a critique of some of the evidence and logic:
o Qustul tombs not earlier than Egypt's 1st Dynasty
o These tombs were not wealthy enough to be royal says Williams counted every broken piece as a separate pot and exaggerated the numbers because of this
o Qustul royal symbols are found only on Egyptian imports
∙ Incense burner was made of Egyptian limestone so had to have come from Egypt because not in Nubia
o Qustul is too isolated to be important monarchy
∙ Bruce Williams's full report in 1986 published long catalogue
∙ Bruce Williams's 1987 reply to Adams in Journal of Near Eastern Studies article refuting Adams's critiques systematically
o Qustul tomb contents Naqada IIIIIa, stylistic parallels (this is before the first dynasty of Egypt), squat looking jar
∙ Painted pottery of giraffes flanking a palm tree Naqada IIIa (not found after this) o Estimated total number of pots by analyzing the variety of "distinctive designs" and the "variable textures of the alabaster calcite of which most of the stone vessels were made"
o Why would you assume an object type (incense burner) exclusively found in Nubia was imported from Egypt the paint is too soluble for transport; also the material is clay not Egyptian limestone
o Similar iconography at Gebel Sheikh Suleiman, Siali, and Faras; sparse population didn't prevent power of 25th Dynasty over Egypt, so why would it prevent AGroup Qustul's power over Egypt?
∙ See back of handout map
o He said "I still advocate those views if anything, more strongly."
∙ Pope says to publish whole boring thing first and the short exciting thing later; Adams was critiquing a preliminary report so not all the information
∙ Adams didn't respond again to this; Williams response was not widely accepted by Egyptologists, but Egyptologists always referred to Adams' initial critiques (even after Williams refuted them)
o Most Egyptologists publically said Adams was right
Egyptian chronology:
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∙ Naqada I
∙ Naqada II
∙ Naqada IIIa
∙ Naqada IIIb/Dynasty 0
∙ Dynasty 1 (ca. 3100 BC)
New Egyptian Evidence and Reactions (1988present):
∙ Gunter Dreyer at Abydos, Cemetery U (Umm elQaab) startling discovery by Dreyer in 1988; fond some chambers representing a model palace; found an ivory scepter confirming it was a royal tomb, dated super early; carbon dating = earliest scepter ever found in Egypt; found "a king before the time of kings", his name was Scorpion
o Tomb Uj (= Naqada phase IIIa), ca. 3250 BC
∙ Found bone and ivory tags (160 total), each of King Scorpion's tags is carved with symbol pictures like trees, elephants; seem primitive but may be the earliest hieroglyphs/known writings
o These date to 3250 BC, earlier than earliest know writing; would mean writing didn't emerge in Mesopotamia but was created in Egypt
∙ To prove: need to make sure that the symbols represent a phonetic value; example of elephant on mountain spell out name of ancient town
∙ Egyptian hieroglyphs were a more complete writing system earlier than Mesopotamian cuneiform ∙ Think these tags were delivered as taxation; he had some kind of bureaucratic state system ∙ Like Reisner claimed at Kerma that Nubian concubine brought in a massive human sacrifice; not right because this was earlier ^^^ and in Egypt
∙ *When in doubt of two things happening at the same time between Egypt and Nubia, seems to be the principle that the tie goes to Egypt*
∙ Williams says tomb at Abydos could be burial of Nubian king who conquered Egypt and brought all of these pharaonic symbols ~ getting more bold
Recent Opinions:
∙ David O'Connor (Penn/NYU)
∙ Josef Wegner (Penn) said Nubians lost in the long run because Egyptians invaded them, so seems hard to believe they preceded Egypt in this way; doesn't mean Nubians couldn't have culturally influenced a civilization that overtook them
∙ Toby Wilkison (Cambridge) admits largest grave at Qustul is roughly contemporary with Egyptian tombs, but still supports Adams
∙ Francis Geus (U of Charles de Gaulle Lille III) Williams' research shows the tomb was definitely royal, says other evidence is ambiguous and doesn't take a side
∙ Kathryn Howley (Cambridge)
∙ Jeremy Pope (College of William & Mary) Williams' theory was criticized because it was polarizing; NYT article coming out saying that Egyptian monarchy started in Nubia made it a contest of who came first, miss idea that extremely closely related ancient cultures; they are equal right now, just know writing in Egypt earlier; why does the tie go to one or the other?!
∙ Stuart Tyson Smith (UCSB) thinks Williams is right
Desert Survey and Archaeology ~ 12/5
∙ In Modern Egypt but Ancient Nubia ~ called Nabta Playa
∙ First site to the East would be Kustul
∙ Before predynastic period: 90004500 BC; human activity
o Continuous string of evidence at this time
∙ Bruce Williams' was like 3300 BC
∙ Those lines of stone give an idea of direction, due East/West, etc. (highway?)
o Summer solstice is date he gave us basically worlds oldest calendar with little and big stones, so on June 21st will know exactly what day it is and what is due North
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o June 21 is when the Nile starts flooding
∙ The cave of swimmers was that cave painting
∙ Nearest source of stone was 5 miles away, so somebody had to drag multiton boulders in this place o Maye important because off depression in desert could collect rain water
∙ Seen as birthplace of Egyptian civilization
∙ Diodorus got a lot of details right when they happened thousands of BC later
The "NeoNubians?" ~ 12/7
∙ Final exam = 30% of your final grade; 912 December 20th in our room
∙ 10 paragraph questions and 1 essay; have the essay question
∙ 5 questions from lecture ~ more general; all handouts on blackboard
∙ Other half straight from reading guides
∙ Cumulative only can do something built upon repeatedly; heavily waited on stuff since midterm (not going to take obscure stuff from beginning)
∙ Essay can have the article and Ngram in packet with exam ~ expects you to engage and take time with them ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
∙ Day 1: talking about modern and older invocations of Nubia; it has stayed relevant
∙ Movement away from talking about Psalm 68:31, away from Ethiopia by African American novelists didn't end American interest in Nubia at all
∙ Why Nubia though? Why not another African state?
∙ Interested in Ancient Egypt even though pagan ~ invoked in contradictory ways (just like Greece) ∙ Rome is interesting because different moments in its history republic versus empire/authoritarianism with Cesar
Nubian Paradox
∙ Nubia is a paradox of mysterious and concrete, determinate and indeterminate
∙ Mysterious because 'transcendent collectivity' can signify not just specific African country but also larger racial identity because lent itself uniquely to American race history, because Ethiopia = 'land of dark faces'
∙ Phillis Wheatly calling herself Ethiopian was invoking membership in transnational collective of dark skinned people worldwide
∙ Diasporic, mobile, unifying
∙ 'Prophetic modernism' biblical prophecies about Nubia 'opened a way into modernity for enslaved people of African descent'
∙ 'Theological flexibility' preceded Judaism, also Islam and Christianity; then featured in central texts of those religions, monuments are now found in a predominantly Muslim country = nondenominational appeal to Americans
∙ Massively religious flexible
∙ Nubia is concrete/knowable for Americans could be accessed through ancient literacy, Greek and Latin classics, new testament; later in mid19th century could now be accessed through Ancient Egyptian sources and then ancient Nubian sources ~ knowable because link to literacy
∙ Nubian history was monumental that its ancient architecture and statues could still be seen/was intact because in stone and dry climate preserved things
∙ 'Demonstrable Cosmopolitanism' interacting as equals with other races? Iron industry of ancient Meroe (DuBois)
∙ 'Exceptional Personalism' gave names and exploits of actual individuals, queens of Nubia (Candace), knowable historical individuals; Reisner blamed Nubian women for ritual sacrifice to vilify Nubia ∙ 'Competitive Originality' Gliddon wanted to dispute that in order to deny black selfsufficiency; rejected influence from the outside
Paradox of Nok State
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∙ Probably earliest state in Africa; not competitive originality; producers of fabulous art but state unknown to writers of ancient texts
∙ No Exceptional personalism don't know people because of lack of texts; built in mud brick and wood so nothing survived only found their art not architectural context
∙ Interacted primarily with other African states, no 'demonstrable cosmopolitanism', didn't serve American purpose of interacting with states outside of Africa
∙ Not theological flexibility in American conception; no way into modernity = no prophetic modernism ∙ No transcendent collectivity
∙ Haven't crossed threshold with Nubia because can't read the sources Nubians wrote in their own language, only the ones that were written in Egyptian
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