Description
COMM 3690 – Exam I Study Guide
Definitions Key Concepts
News of the Day
"Should Retailers Prioritize Return Strategies to Keep Consumers Happy?" Note: January 3rd is National Returns Day
∙ UPS estimated in December 2017 that 1.4 million packages will be sent back on that day alone
∙ National Retail Federation predicted a 13% return rate for the 20172018 season According to NRF, 64% of shoppers who have issues with returns are hesitant to shop at that retailer ever again
∙ According to Optoro, a tech company that helps retailers with returns, 46% of online shoppers leave behind a full cart due to a feebased return shipping policy
Note: companies need a strong return experience in an age where there are so many retail options for consumers, and experts say that retailers who focus on easy returns can hold an advantage over their competitors—particularly when online shopping, not just purchasing, is becoming increasingly common.
Note: Amazon and Kohl's teamed up
∙ You can buy secondary Kohl's products through Amazon and return them for free ∙ Free return shipping is a perk that not even customers who shop online at Kohl's receive
Note: “The companies that open their arms and welcome these returns exceed their expectations and strengthen the relationship with the client,” said retail strategist Kevin Kelly. “When you celebrate returns, you gain that small competitive edge that will lead to customer loyalty long term.”
∙ If your competitor is offering free returns, you should do the same
∙ If paying for return shipping isn't a viable business strategy companies need to think about how to incentivize people to bring products back to a store or store affiliate ∙ One way to cut down return shipping costs giving consumers the ability to virtually "try it on" before buying a garment We also discuss several other topics like Where are microglia produced?
"Ikea Wants You to Pee on this Ad. If You're Pregnant, it Will Give You a Discount on a Crib"
Note: apply your urine on an attached strip, and if you are pregnant, receive a cheaper price for a crib
∙ Made by Swedish agency Åkestam Holst (Adweek's International Agency of the Year) Ad was created in collaboration with Mercene Labs We also discuss several other topics like How did the south exhibit economic resistance?
∙ Ikea is still a big believer in paper ads and catalogs
∙ Ad is running in Amelia magazine one of Sweden's most influential magazines for women
∙ Why create this ad?
Draws attention to the media
Highlights a product Ikea wants to push more
Entry level marketing new parents are a key demographic
Diet Coke Gets a New Look, Adds Flavor in Move to Overcome Slump Note: Diet Coke today introduced the biggest product and marketing makeover in its 36year history as it looks to regain momentum in the struggling diet soda category by more aggressively targeting millennials
∙ Challenges include:
Logo redesign
Four new flavored varieties, that will be sold in slim cans
Flavor recipe stays the same
Sticking with aspartame artificial sweetener is often under the crosshairs of health activists that have linked it to health issues; evidence is mixed Don't forget about the age old question of What was ranching like in the late 19th century?
Diet Pepsi removed aspartame in late 2015, only to see the move backfire as consumers complained and sales dropped
Diet Coke added another artificial sweetener called acesulfame potassium, or AceK, along with aspartame
New flavors: twisted mango, feisty cherry, zesty blood orange, and ginger lime
Originally tested 30 flavors, including one combination that had tea Focus groups with more than 10,000 people across the country Process was driven by desire to find varieties that match the
affinity of younger consumers to bold flavors
∙ Backed by an aggressive marketing campaign by Anomaly featuring the tagline "because I can" that seeks to inject Diet Coke with a new swagger and growth the brand beyond its loyalist following of female baby boomers
∙ Ads will feature a blend of male and female Blist celebrities and influencers The intent is to keep the focus on the product If you want to learn more check out What is the difference between oedipus complex and electra complex?
∙ Diet Coke is pretty traditional in branding, and does not make big moves like this very often
Historically, has not needed to make dramatic changes
Soda sales have begun to decline in the last 1015 years We also discuss several other topics like Can evolution occur without genetic variation?
We also discuss several other topics like What is the unhealthy condition that would motivate pursuing having a child with two genetic mothers?
Note: Diet Coke started in 1982
∙ Designed to go after Baby Boomers
Now shifting to millennials
∙ Brand continues to dominate the diet soda category with 26.3% dollar market share; some 20,000 Diet Cokes are consumed every minute in the United States
Diet Coke's sales fell 3.7% in the 52 weeks ending Dec. 2nd (Diet Pepsi dropped 8%)
New Design
∙ Executives refer to the new can shape as "sleek"
The 12ounce cans, which are the same format now used by Cokeowned Dasani sparkling water, are meant to give Diet Coke a more contemporary feel
∙ New logo features a vertical stripe that Coke executives call a "High Line" that is meant to represent motion
∙ Coke's inhouse team designed the logo with help from a Londonbased agency called Kenyon Weston
∙ New look and flavors will get a significant support, including a sizeable TV buy during the Winter Olympics
∙ The new tagline replaces the "Get a Taste" line that debuted in 2014
Sundance Film Festival
Note: tons of branding and communication happens at Sundance Film Festival ∙ Rich assortment of brand associations available at Sundance
Ex. Amazon, Netflix
"The 3 Trends That Will Take Mobile Ad Creativity into a New Era" Trends
1 Sophisticated user IDs will finally, truly personalize ads
Avatars and animojis
Through Apple's ARKit, developers and artists gain access to the face meshes that are generated for animoji
If advertisers were granted access, they could personalize ads by importing the avatar so that the user's likeness was part of that ad
Reimagined mobile shopping (ex. "placing" a couch in your living room) With an avatar, you could pick out your size, put clothes on, turn around for a 360degree view, or zoom in for a closer look
Branded emojis
With every new entertainment release that includes characters, we're going to see branded emojis that users can download and use in their daily
communications with friends
2 VR (virtual reality) will be home to "product placement 2.0"
3 Augmented reality will save retail
Retailers spent about $450 million on AR and VR in 2017, but over the next four years, they are projected to spend as much as $3.2 billion showcasing their products AR will also transform instore experiences
Notes
Brand: "A set of associations linked to a name, mark, or symbol associated with a product or service. The differences between a name and a brand is that a name doesn't have associations; it is simply a name. A name becomes a brand when people link it to other things. A brand is like a reputation."
∙ Definition = Calkins quote
∙ Ex. HarleyDavidson
The idea of Harley today is not necessarily the portrayal found in its history (more focused on safety and fun in the past)
Core associations
1. Renegade
2. American
3. Classic
4. Leather
5. Biker
Key demographic for HarleyDavidson
1. Middle aged Caucasian males (mid 40s to early 50s)
Bye bye baby boomers…
1. Problem = Harley sales are down
2. Reason = baby boomers are now older than 50
3. Gen X'ers are smallest generation
Target population will decline in number from 20102030
4. Gen Y'ers are too young for product
Strategy
1. Younger, more diverse, females
HarleyDavidson's message to investors
1. The U.S. population of young adults ages 1834, women, Hispanics and AfricanAmericans, which is three times larger than our traditional consumer base today projected to grow
These are the same outreach demographic segments in which
HarleyDavidson has established a clear leadership position
2. Strategy to focus on growth among young adults, women, Hispanics, AfricanAmericans, lines up extremely well with population trends
Rebranding
1. HarleyDavidson for women
Not necessarily new, just revamped
Bikes for women
New clothing lines
2. HarleyDavidson for Hispanics
Harlistas
3. HarleyDavidson for AfricanAmerican men
Iron Elite
Not new
Branding Rules
Effective brands are consistent over time
1. Especially when they rebrand
Perception matters more than the absolute truth
1. Note: how much would you expect to pay?
For a pair of gold earrings? ($550 on average)
For a pair of gold earrings from Walmart ($81 on average)
For a pair of gold earrings from Tiffany's ($873 on average)
2. Brands add value, and convey expectations about quality
Challenges to Building Great Brands
1 Cash
Brands are longterm assets but the pressures of shortterm profits often undermine decision making
Virtually all of the brand's value resides in the future
Branding doom loop
Shortterm pressures lead brand managers to utilize price promotion strategies and reduce brand building programs
Pricepromotion: buy one get one free, 30% off, etc.
Trigger competitor response > change in customer expectations > dwindle in brand presence
Brand manager responds with more pricepromotion
2 Consistency
Effective brands have a clear identity that is consistent over time and across the organization
How to get employees to buy in and understand?
How to avoid the doom loop?
3 Clutter
People are bombarded by messages every day
How to make brand stand out?
How to make your brand stick?
Go narrow or go big?
Branding + History
∙ Students of branding should also be students of history
Most things make sense, if you know the whole story
∙ S. Duncan Black & Alonzo G. Decker
In 1910, two young entrepreneurs found a small machine shop in Baltimore, MD. They call it Black & Decker
Their first big product is a machine that makes milk bottle caps (they no longer make this product)
Black & Decker logo
Hexagonal nut that looked like a universal fastener symbolic of the machine tool trade
1916 patented portability
The company files its first patent for 1/2" portable electric drill with pistol grip and trigger switch
This innovation transformed a stationary tool into a portable one and set the cornerstone for today's power tool industry
Note: portability is key to brand
1921 Black & Decker mass media advertising
Full page Black & Decker advertisements appeared in print, signaling the beginning of Black & Decker's use of mass media advertising to reach mainstream consumers everywhere
1946 DIY (do it yourself) revolution
Black & Decker introduces the world's first portable electric drill for consumers a true market breakthrough
After learning that workers in factories were taking portable drills home for personal use, Black & Decker started the doityourself revolution within its home utility line of drills and accessories
1962 portability = cordless
Black & Decker introduces the world's first cordless electric drill powered by nickelcadmium cells
This is followed in 1962 with the world's first cordless outdoor product, a cordless hedge trimmer
1970s enter Makita
Black & Decker was dominant in two areas
1. DIY'ers
2. Large industrial customers
Makita, a Japanese power tool company founded in 1915, carved out a new market
1. Small to medium size contractors who buy equipment for retail outlets
1990 "Acura Concept" to Black & Decker
Michael Hammes, former executive at Chrysler, joins Black & Decker 1. Brings the Acura Concept to Black & Decker
Acura Concept: when a company uses a different brand name to enter a market
Hammes realized that Black & Decker had a perfect brand to pursue the Acura Concept DeWalt
1. Black & Decker purchased DeWalt Inc. in 1960 from American Machine & Foundry Co. Inc. (AMF)
AMF owned HarleyDavidson at the time
DeWalt
1. Started in 1922 by Raymond E. DeWalt
He built the first radial arm saw dubbed the "wonder worker"
2. Famous for really durable radial arm saws; the sort many tradesmen were trained on in shop class
3. Black & Decker purchased the brand in 1960, but didn't do much with it
4. Hammes discovered something interesting
Before its reintroduction, the DeWalt name was recognized by 70% of tradesman in a nationwide market survey
Better yet, of those who knew the name, 90% had a favorable reaction
Positioning DeWalt
1. Hammes decided to relaunch DeWalt as a brand for small to medium size contractors (he needed to position the brand)
Brand positioning: the specific, intended meaning for a brand in consumer's minds
2. Position to: the tradesman who uses his power tools to make a living and cannot afford downtime on the job (target)
DeWalt professional power tools (frame of reference) are more dependable than other brands of professional power tools (point of difference) because they are engineered to the brand's
historic high quality standards and are backed by Black & Decker's extensive service network and guarantee to repair or replace any tool within 48 hours (reasons to believe)
Targeting the tradesman who needs to generate a reliable income and cannot afford downtime
Original slogan = "No downtime with DeWalt"
3. Who positions a brand?
Typically developed by the brand manager
It [positioning statement] should be based on
insights about the target markets
It should cultivate a shared vision of the brand
throughout the organization
It is an internal document
4. Components to a good positioning statement
Brief description of the target consumer (target)
Target's goal that will be served by the brand (frame of reference)
Why the brand is superior to alternatives (point of difference)
Supporting evidence for 2 & 3 (reasons to believe) 2. Growth strategy
Seek additional targets when demand within the initial target becomes saturated
Ex. DeWalt could target DIY'ers
Growth strategy concerns
Does pursuing multiple groups damage the brand positioning?
Do tradesmen like to think of their
professional tools as akin to DIY'ers?
3. DeWalt positioning for DIY'ers
To the doityourselfer who takes pride in achieving a
professional result when doing home improvement projects (target),
DeWalt power tools (frame of reference) are superior to other power
tools (point of difference) in helping you create a highquality finish
because they are engineered for and chosen by tradesman, who
depend on their tools to make a living (reasons to believe)
Creative Suite 6 (CS6) or CC: a software suite collection of programs currently owned and managed by Adobe
∙ Photoshop
Used to enhance and digitize photos, and to create original art
You can learn Photoshop in COMM 4570: Visual Editing
Photoshop, like most CS6 programs, allows users to position materials across layers
Layers allow you to blend, add effects, and combine images
∙ Illustrator
Creating or enhancing artwork
∙ Flash
Creating animations or dynamic interactive content
∙ Dreamweaver
Creating and managing webpages
Basics of Design
∙ Memorable brands = understanding design
Brands should strive to be consistent
∙ Unity
All design elements related
Ex. "Outlaw Josey Wales" movie
Use of blacks and browns
Use of paint visuals
Everything looks like it "belongs together"
In strategic communication
Billboard, magazine campaigns, etc.
∙ Eye patterns
Where does the eye go without help?
Optical center of the page
5/8ths of the way up the page
G is true center; O is optical center (refer to image on presentation 3a, slide 13)
Follows predictable patterns
Gutenberg Diagram: describes a general pattern the eyes move through when looking at evenly distributed, homogenous information
Pattern applies to textheavy content
Think pages in a novel or a newspaper; pattern isn't meant to describe every possible design
4 quadrants
Pattern suggests that they eye will sweep across and down the page in a series of horizontal movements, called axes of orientation reading gravity path
Important elements should be placed along the reading gravity path Zpattern
Follows a Zshape
Readers will start in the top/left, move horizontally to the top/right and then diagonally to the bottom/left before finishing with another
horizontal movement to the bottom/right
Note: the main difference with the Gutenberg Diagram is that the zpattern suggests viewers will pass through the two fallow areas, if there is a visual element of interest in position #2
Fpattern
Follows an Fshape
Describes how people might process testheavy information
As with the other patterns the eye starts in the top/left, moves horizontally to the top/right and then comes back to the left edge before making another horizontal sweep to the right
Eye tracking
∙ Visual hierarchy
Guide the eye by crafting information with a clear visual hierarchy Where should they start? Then what?
∙ Psychology of color
Higharousal colors = red, yellow, and orange
Lowarousal colors = blue, green, and most violets
Groups have different associations with colors
Goth = black
Color ads are read 61% more than black and white ads
Favorite color varies by generation and age (when in doubt, choose blue) ∙ Brands and color
Most brands have 12 stock colors
Ex. Fed Ex purple and orange
There are research companies that just study color trends
Pantone Color Institute
Color Association of America
∙ White space: empty copy
Basic rule keep it to the outside of the advertisement
Too much white space in the miracle can destroy unity by pushing the eye in several directions
∙ Creative teams
It is very common to work in 2person teams
Copywriter: responsible for creating the words and maybe the concept Create a creative brief (background, objective, target audience, competition, reasons to act or believe, sources, what do we want to say?)
Art director: responsible for the visual, layout, and graphics
Rough visual idea
Layout: a working drawing showing how an advertisement might work Storyboard: series of drawings used to present a proposed sequence ∙ Ex. McDonald's "Dynamic Design"
McDonald's marketing leadership, which included Mr. Easterbrook, began discussing how they could make the packaging more exciting.
After all, it is something millions of customers see and touch every day. It was time for McDonald's to have a new "billboard for the brand."
CEO, Mr. Easterbrook, is leading the early stages of a turnaround and often speaks about his desire to make McDonald's into a "modern, progressive burger company"
Quantitative and qualitative feedback from consumers shows "how much our consumers wanted McDonald's to be McDonald's."
Some attempts that really pushed the design envelope perhaps pushed the brand further than customers were comfortable with.
The updated packaging coincides with the 25th anniversary of McDonald's doing away with styrofoam "clamshell" containers.
It still aims for all of its fiberbased packaging to come from recycled or certified sustainable sources by 2020.
By the end of 2014, McDonald's U.S. was sourcing about 27% of its fiber based packaging from such sources.
While the environmental impact of the new bags has not been publicly disclosed, in some cases, the overhaul means less of the bag is printed with ink, compared to the prior "Brand Ambition" design that focused on McDonald's people, food and community.
The brand will continue the use of brown paper, which includes post consumer recycled content.
Storyboarding
∙ Strategic communication professionals need to understand the basic tools used to create visual products
Storyboards are the best way to draft moving/animated/interactive content Most brands are launched with this type of content, so you should know something about it
∙ Storyboard: series of drawings/images used to present a proposed
commercial/multimedia concept
∙ Types
Conceptual: rough drawings; for brainstorming
Pitch: finished drawings; for client
Final: finished drawings with technical info; for production team
Photoboard: a storyboard built with actual images from the finish product (used for marketing purposes)
∙ Elements
Framing
Close up, medium shot, long shot, extreme close up, extreme long shot Aspect ratio: screen format (i.e., dimensions) used in the film
Academy (1:1.44)
Widescreen (1:1.83)
Cinemascope (1:2.34)
Eye line: where the subject's line of sight is in relation to the camera Normal eye line: camera looks directly at subject
Low eye line: camera looks up at subject
High eye line: camera looks down at subject
The line: an imaginary line that gives us our sense of direction or perspective for the scene
Line of action: the line along which our subjects are moving
Line of interest: the line along which our subjects are looking
Note: really good editing stays on one side of the line
Brands as Concepts
∙ Whenever we encounter a brand, we attempt to categorize it as a concept Via cues
This process is automatic, and typically outside of our conscious awareness ∙ A brand manager should identify several desired product categories Focus on how cues can help customers to identify the product as belonging to those categories
∙ Both the brand and product name help customers to identify the product category Ex. Red Iguana Cayenne Sauce what product categories does this belong to? (Mexican hot sauce)
∙ Philadelphia Cream Cheese
"A touch of heaven every day"
Categories
Rich, creamy
Authentic
Special reward
Accessible every day
Creative
Brand = Philadelphia
Historical name of the brand
City of Philadelphia is authentic
Product category
Cream cheese is the product category
Products must be categorized on the packaging (or they face trademark loss)
Product categories also serve as a cue about how to categorize the product Visuals, colors, and functional form
Clouds/ovals
Creamy and classic
Silver and white
Accessible as second place, attainable
White = creamy
Shaped like a brick
Like butter > suggests authentic
∙ Evaluating brand design
Allow individuals from the target market to experience the brand design… briefly A quick exposure to the design, then ask their thoughts this will capture their immediate perceptions
Don't let them spend too much time with the brand design
∙ Extending the concept
Brand extension: taking an established brand and using it to sell different products Can be effective if the new products also fit the concept
Philadelphia is trying this with other things that are rich, creamy, authentic, accessible (ex. dipping chocolate)
Brand Meaning
∙ Another way to think about branding is that you are cultivating meaning independent of your product
∙ Archetype: primordial image, character, or pattern of circumstances that recurs throughout literature and thought consistently enough to be considered universal Branding is about identifying one of these enduring archetypes, and trying to communicate it
Literary critics adopted the term from Carl Gustav Jung's theory of the collective unconscious
Because archetypes originate in prelogical thought, they are held to evoke startlingly similar feelings in reader and author
Examples of archetypal symbols include the snake, whale, eagle, and vulture
An archetypal theme is the passage from innocence to experience Archetypal characters include the blood brother, rebel, wise grandparents, and prostitute with a heart of gold
Alternative definition of archetype
The original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representation or copies
Ex. Nike = hero; Harley = outlaw
∙ Frame of reference
Mark Shapiro argues that we need to pay more attention to the frame of reference when developing our brand
The frame of reference exerts strong influence on brand meaning ∙ Frame of reference examples
BMW = automobile, Budweiser = American pilsner, Costco = membershipbased bigbox store, ESPN = sports news provider
∙ DeBeers
Frame of reference could be diamonds
But they already lead that category, so limited growth potential Or wedding rings, but limited growth as well
Instead, DeBeers pursues "gift" as their frame of reference
More correctly, "premium gift for women"
DeBeers = premium wedding rings
Secondary campaign premium selfgift for women
COMM 3690 – Exam I Study Guide
Definitions Key Concepts
News of the Day
"Should Retailers Prioritize Return Strategies to Keep Consumers Happy?" Note: January 3rd is National Returns Day
∙ UPS estimated in December 2017 that 1.4 million packages will be sent back on that day alone
∙ National Retail Federation predicted a 13% return rate for the 20172018 season According to NRF, 64% of shoppers who have issues with returns are hesitant to shop at that retailer ever again
∙ According to Optoro, a tech company that helps retailers with returns, 46% of online shoppers leave behind a full cart due to a feebased return shipping policy
Note: companies need a strong return experience in an age where there are so many retail options for consumers, and experts say that retailers who focus on easy returns can hold an advantage over their competitors—particularly when online shopping, not just purchasing, is becoming increasingly common.
Note: Amazon and Kohl's teamed up
∙ You can buy secondary Kohl's products through Amazon and return them for free ∙ Free return shipping is a perk that not even customers who shop online at Kohl's receive
Note: “The companies that open their arms and welcome these returns exceed their expectations and strengthen the relationship with the client,” said retail strategist Kevin Kelly. “When you celebrate returns, you gain that small competitive edge that will lead to customer loyalty long term.”
∙ If your competitor is offering free returns, you should do the same
∙ If paying for return shipping isn't a viable business strategy companies need to think about how to incentivize people to bring products back to a store or store affiliate ∙ One way to cut down return shipping costs giving consumers the ability to virtually "try it on" before buying a garment
"Ikea Wants You to Pee on this Ad. If You're Pregnant, it Will Give You a Discount on a Crib"
Note: apply your urine on an attached strip, and if you are pregnant, receive a cheaper price for a crib
∙ Made by Swedish agency Åkestam Holst (Adweek's International Agency of the Year) Ad was created in collaboration with Mercene Labs
∙ Ikea is still a big believer in paper ads and catalogs
∙ Ad is running in Amelia magazine one of Sweden's most influential magazines for women
∙ Why create this ad?
Draws attention to the media
Highlights a product Ikea wants to push more
Entry level marketing new parents are a key demographic
Diet Coke Gets a New Look, Adds Flavor in Move to Overcome Slump Note: Diet Coke today introduced the biggest product and marketing makeover in its 36year history as it looks to regain momentum in the struggling diet soda category by more aggressively targeting millennials
∙ Challenges include:
Logo redesign
Four new flavored varieties, that will be sold in slim cans
Flavor recipe stays the same
Sticking with aspartame artificial sweetener is often under the crosshairs of health activists that have linked it to health issues; evidence is mixed
Diet Pepsi removed aspartame in late 2015, only to see the move backfire as consumers complained and sales dropped
Diet Coke added another artificial sweetener called acesulfame potassium, or AceK, along with aspartame
New flavors: twisted mango, feisty cherry, zesty blood orange, and ginger lime
Originally tested 30 flavors, including one combination that had tea Focus groups with more than 10,000 people across the country Process was driven by desire to find varieties that match the
affinity of younger consumers to bold flavors
∙ Backed by an aggressive marketing campaign by Anomaly featuring the tagline "because I can" that seeks to inject Diet Coke with a new swagger and growth the brand beyond its loyalist following of female baby boomers
∙ Ads will feature a blend of male and female Blist celebrities and influencers The intent is to keep the focus on the product
∙ Diet Coke is pretty traditional in branding, and does not make big moves like this very often
Historically, has not needed to make dramatic changes
Soda sales have begun to decline in the last 1015 years
Note: Diet Coke started in 1982
∙ Designed to go after Baby Boomers
Now shifting to millennials
∙ Brand continues to dominate the diet soda category with 26.3% dollar market share; some 20,000 Diet Cokes are consumed every minute in the United States
Diet Coke's sales fell 3.7% in the 52 weeks ending Dec. 2nd (Diet Pepsi dropped 8%)
New Design
∙ Executives refer to the new can shape as "sleek"
The 12ounce cans, which are the same format now used by Cokeowned Dasani sparkling water, are meant to give Diet Coke a more contemporary feel
∙ New logo features a vertical stripe that Coke executives call a "High Line" that is meant to represent motion
∙ Coke's inhouse team designed the logo with help from a Londonbased agency called Kenyon Weston
∙ New look and flavors will get a significant support, including a sizeable TV buy during the Winter Olympics
∙ The new tagline replaces the "Get a Taste" line that debuted in 2014
Sundance Film Festival
Note: tons of branding and communication happens at Sundance Film Festival ∙ Rich assortment of brand associations available at Sundance
Ex. Amazon, Netflix
"The 3 Trends That Will Take Mobile Ad Creativity into a New Era" Trends
1 Sophisticated user IDs will finally, truly personalize ads
Avatars and animojis
Through Apple's ARKit, developers and artists gain access to the face meshes that are generated for animoji
If advertisers were granted access, they could personalize ads by importing the avatar so that the user's likeness was part of that ad
Reimagined mobile shopping (ex. "placing" a couch in your living room) With an avatar, you could pick out your size, put clothes on, turn around for a 360degree view, or zoom in for a closer look
Branded emojis
With every new entertainment release that includes characters, we're going to see branded emojis that users can download and use in their daily
communications with friends
2 VR (virtual reality) will be home to "product placement 2.0"
3 Augmented reality will save retail
Retailers spent about $450 million on AR and VR in 2017, but over the next four years, they are projected to spend as much as $3.2 billion showcasing their products AR will also transform instore experiences
Notes
Brand: "A set of associations linked to a name, mark, or symbol associated with a product or service. The differences between a name and a brand is that a name doesn't have associations; it is simply a name. A name becomes a brand when people link it to other things. A brand is like a reputation."
∙ Definition = Calkins quote
∙ Ex. HarleyDavidson
The idea of Harley today is not necessarily the portrayal found in its history (more focused on safety and fun in the past)
Core associations
1. Renegade
2. American
3. Classic
4. Leather
5. Biker
Key demographic for HarleyDavidson
1. Middle aged Caucasian males (mid 40s to early 50s)
Bye bye baby boomers…
1. Problem = Harley sales are down
2. Reason = baby boomers are now older than 50
3. Gen X'ers are smallest generation
Target population will decline in number from 20102030
4. Gen Y'ers are too young for product
Strategy
1. Younger, more diverse, females
HarleyDavidson's message to investors
1. The U.S. population of young adults ages 1834, women, Hispanics and AfricanAmericans, which is three times larger than our traditional consumer base today projected to grow
These are the same outreach demographic segments in which
HarleyDavidson has established a clear leadership position
2. Strategy to focus on growth among young adults, women, Hispanics, AfricanAmericans, lines up extremely well with population trends
Rebranding
1. HarleyDavidson for women
Not necessarily new, just revamped
Bikes for women
New clothing lines
2. HarleyDavidson for Hispanics
Harlistas
3. HarleyDavidson for AfricanAmerican men
Iron Elite
Not new
Branding Rules
Effective brands are consistent over time
1. Especially when they rebrand
Perception matters more than the absolute truth
1. Note: how much would you expect to pay?
For a pair of gold earrings? ($550 on average)
For a pair of gold earrings from Walmart ($81 on average)
For a pair of gold earrings from Tiffany's ($873 on average)
2. Brands add value, and convey expectations about quality
Challenges to Building Great Brands
1 Cash
Brands are longterm assets but the pressures of shortterm profits often undermine decision making
Virtually all of the brand's value resides in the future
Branding doom loop
Shortterm pressures lead brand managers to utilize price promotion strategies and reduce brand building programs
Pricepromotion: buy one get one free, 30% off, etc.
Trigger competitor response > change in customer expectations > dwindle in brand presence
Brand manager responds with more pricepromotion
2 Consistency
Effective brands have a clear identity that is consistent over time and across the organization
How to get employees to buy in and understand?
How to avoid the doom loop?
3 Clutter
People are bombarded by messages every day
How to make brand stand out?
How to make your brand stick?
Go narrow or go big?
Branding + History
∙ Students of branding should also be students of history
Most things make sense, if you know the whole story
∙ S. Duncan Black & Alonzo G. Decker
In 1910, two young entrepreneurs found a small machine shop in Baltimore, MD. They call it Black & Decker
Their first big product is a machine that makes milk bottle caps (they no longer make this product)
Black & Decker logo
Hexagonal nut that looked like a universal fastener symbolic of the machine tool trade
1916 patented portability
The company files its first patent for 1/2" portable electric drill with pistol grip and trigger switch
This innovation transformed a stationary tool into a portable one and set the cornerstone for today's power tool industry
Note: portability is key to brand
1921 Black & Decker mass media advertising
Full page Black & Decker advertisements appeared in print, signaling the beginning of Black & Decker's use of mass media advertising to reach mainstream consumers everywhere
1946 DIY (do it yourself) revolution
Black & Decker introduces the world's first portable electric drill for consumers a true market breakthrough
After learning that workers in factories were taking portable drills home for personal use, Black & Decker started the doityourself revolution within its home utility line of drills and accessories
1962 portability = cordless
Black & Decker introduces the world's first cordless electric drill powered by nickelcadmium cells
This is followed in 1962 with the world's first cordless outdoor product, a cordless hedge trimmer
1970s enter Makita
Black & Decker was dominant in two areas
1. DIY'ers
2. Large industrial customers
Makita, a Japanese power tool company founded in 1915, carved out a new market
1. Small to medium size contractors who buy equipment for retail outlets
1990 "Acura Concept" to Black & Decker
Michael Hammes, former executive at Chrysler, joins Black & Decker 1. Brings the Acura Concept to Black & Decker
Acura Concept: when a company uses a different brand name to enter a market
Hammes realized that Black & Decker had a perfect brand to pursue the Acura Concept DeWalt
1. Black & Decker purchased DeWalt Inc. in 1960 from American Machine & Foundry Co. Inc. (AMF)
AMF owned HarleyDavidson at the time
DeWalt
1. Started in 1922 by Raymond E. DeWalt
He built the first radial arm saw dubbed the "wonder worker"
2. Famous for really durable radial arm saws; the sort many tradesmen were trained on in shop class
3. Black & Decker purchased the brand in 1960, but didn't do much with it
4. Hammes discovered something interesting
Before its reintroduction, the DeWalt name was recognized by 70% of tradesman in a nationwide market survey
Better yet, of those who knew the name, 90% had a favorable reaction
Positioning DeWalt
1. Hammes decided to relaunch DeWalt as a brand for small to medium size contractors (he needed to position the brand)
Brand positioning: the specific, intended meaning for a brand in consumer's minds
2. Position to: the tradesman who uses his power tools to make a living and cannot afford downtime on the job (target)
DeWalt professional power tools (frame of reference) are more dependable than other brands of professional power tools (point of difference) because they are engineered to the brand's
historic high quality standards and are backed by Black & Decker's extensive service network and guarantee to repair or replace any tool within 48 hours (reasons to believe)
Targeting the tradesman who needs to generate a reliable income and cannot afford downtime
Original slogan = "No downtime with DeWalt"
3. Who positions a brand?
Typically developed by the brand manager
It [positioning statement] should be based on
insights about the target markets
It should cultivate a shared vision of the brand
throughout the organization
It is an internal document
4. Components to a good positioning statement
Brief description of the target consumer (target)
Target's goal that will be served by the brand (frame of reference)
Why the brand is superior to alternatives (point of difference)
Supporting evidence for 2 & 3 (reasons to believe) 2. Growth strategy
Seek additional targets when demand within the initial target becomes saturated
Ex. DeWalt could target DIY'ers
Growth strategy concerns
Does pursuing multiple groups damage the brand positioning?
Do tradesmen like to think of their
professional tools as akin to DIY'ers?
3. DeWalt positioning for DIY'ers
To the doityourselfer who takes pride in achieving a
professional result when doing home improvement projects (target),
DeWalt power tools (frame of reference) are superior to other power
tools (point of difference) in helping you create a highquality finish
because they are engineered for and chosen by tradesman, who
depend on their tools to make a living (reasons to believe)
Creative Suite 6 (CS6) or CC: a software suite collection of programs currently owned and managed by Adobe
∙ Photoshop
Used to enhance and digitize photos, and to create original art
You can learn Photoshop in COMM 4570: Visual Editing
Photoshop, like most CS6 programs, allows users to position materials across layers
Layers allow you to blend, add effects, and combine images
∙ Illustrator
Creating or enhancing artwork
∙ Flash
Creating animations or dynamic interactive content
∙ Dreamweaver
Creating and managing webpages
Basics of Design
∙ Memorable brands = understanding design
Brands should strive to be consistent
∙ Unity
All design elements related
Ex. "Outlaw Josey Wales" movie
Use of blacks and browns
Use of paint visuals
Everything looks like it "belongs together"
In strategic communication
Billboard, magazine campaigns, etc.
∙ Eye patterns
Where does the eye go without help?
Optical center of the page
5/8ths of the way up the page
G is true center; O is optical center (refer to image on presentation 3a, slide 13)
Follows predictable patterns
Gutenberg Diagram: describes a general pattern the eyes move through when looking at evenly distributed, homogenous information
Pattern applies to textheavy content
Think pages in a novel or a newspaper; pattern isn't meant to describe every possible design
4 quadrants
Pattern suggests that they eye will sweep across and down the page in a series of horizontal movements, called axes of orientation reading gravity path
Important elements should be placed along the reading gravity path Zpattern
Follows a Zshape
Readers will start in the top/left, move horizontally to the top/right and then diagonally to the bottom/left before finishing with another
horizontal movement to the bottom/right
Note: the main difference with the Gutenberg Diagram is that the zpattern suggests viewers will pass through the two fallow areas, if there is a visual element of interest in position #2
Fpattern
Follows an Fshape
Describes how people might process testheavy information
As with the other patterns the eye starts in the top/left, moves horizontally to the top/right and then comes back to the left edge before making another horizontal sweep to the right
Eye tracking
∙ Visual hierarchy
Guide the eye by crafting information with a clear visual hierarchy Where should they start? Then what?
∙ Psychology of color
Higharousal colors = red, yellow, and orange
Lowarousal colors = blue, green, and most violets
Groups have different associations with colors
Goth = black
Color ads are read 61% more than black and white ads
Favorite color varies by generation and age (when in doubt, choose blue) ∙ Brands and color
Most brands have 12 stock colors
Ex. Fed Ex purple and orange
There are research companies that just study color trends
Pantone Color Institute
Color Association of America
∙ White space: empty copy
Basic rule keep it to the outside of the advertisement
Too much white space in the miracle can destroy unity by pushing the eye in several directions
∙ Creative teams
It is very common to work in 2person teams
Copywriter: responsible for creating the words and maybe the concept Create a creative brief (background, objective, target audience, competition, reasons to act or believe, sources, what do we want to say?)
Art director: responsible for the visual, layout, and graphics
Rough visual idea
Layout: a working drawing showing how an advertisement might work Storyboard: series of drawings used to present a proposed sequence ∙ Ex. McDonald's "Dynamic Design"
McDonald's marketing leadership, which included Mr. Easterbrook, began discussing how they could make the packaging more exciting.
After all, it is something millions of customers see and touch every day. It was time for McDonald's to have a new "billboard for the brand."
CEO, Mr. Easterbrook, is leading the early stages of a turnaround and often speaks about his desire to make McDonald's into a "modern, progressive burger company"
Quantitative and qualitative feedback from consumers shows "how much our consumers wanted McDonald's to be McDonald's."
Some attempts that really pushed the design envelope perhaps pushed the brand further than customers were comfortable with.
The updated packaging coincides with the 25th anniversary of McDonald's doing away with styrofoam "clamshell" containers.
It still aims for all of its fiberbased packaging to come from recycled or certified sustainable sources by 2020.
By the end of 2014, McDonald's U.S. was sourcing about 27% of its fiber based packaging from such sources.
While the environmental impact of the new bags has not been publicly disclosed, in some cases, the overhaul means less of the bag is printed with ink, compared to the prior "Brand Ambition" design that focused on McDonald's people, food and community.
The brand will continue the use of brown paper, which includes post consumer recycled content.
Storyboarding
∙ Strategic communication professionals need to understand the basic tools used to create visual products
Storyboards are the best way to draft moving/animated/interactive content Most brands are launched with this type of content, so you should know something about it
∙ Storyboard: series of drawings/images used to present a proposed
commercial/multimedia concept
∙ Types
Conceptual: rough drawings; for brainstorming
Pitch: finished drawings; for client
Final: finished drawings with technical info; for production team
Photoboard: a storyboard built with actual images from the finish product (used for marketing purposes)
∙ Elements
Framing
Close up, medium shot, long shot, extreme close up, extreme long shot Aspect ratio: screen format (i.e., dimensions) used in the film
Academy (1:1.44)
Widescreen (1:1.83)
Cinemascope (1:2.34)
Eye line: where the subject's line of sight is in relation to the camera Normal eye line: camera looks directly at subject
Low eye line: camera looks up at subject
High eye line: camera looks down at subject
The line: an imaginary line that gives us our sense of direction or perspective for the scene
Line of action: the line along which our subjects are moving
Line of interest: the line along which our subjects are looking
Note: really good editing stays on one side of the line
Brands as Concepts
∙ Whenever we encounter a brand, we attempt to categorize it as a concept Via cues
This process is automatic, and typically outside of our conscious awareness ∙ A brand manager should identify several desired product categories Focus on how cues can help customers to identify the product as belonging to those categories
∙ Both the brand and product name help customers to identify the product category Ex. Red Iguana Cayenne Sauce what product categories does this belong to? (Mexican hot sauce)
∙ Philadelphia Cream Cheese
"A touch of heaven every day"
Categories
Rich, creamy
Authentic
Special reward
Accessible every day
Creative
Brand = Philadelphia
Historical name of the brand
City of Philadelphia is authentic
Product category
Cream cheese is the product category
Products must be categorized on the packaging (or they face trademark loss)
Product categories also serve as a cue about how to categorize the product Visuals, colors, and functional form
Clouds/ovals
Creamy and classic
Silver and white
Accessible as second place, attainable
White = creamy
Shaped like a brick
Like butter > suggests authentic
∙ Evaluating brand design
Allow individuals from the target market to experience the brand design… briefly A quick exposure to the design, then ask their thoughts this will capture their immediate perceptions
Don't let them spend too much time with the brand design
∙ Extending the concept
Brand extension: taking an established brand and using it to sell different products Can be effective if the new products also fit the concept
Philadelphia is trying this with other things that are rich, creamy, authentic, accessible (ex. dipping chocolate)
Brand Meaning
∙ Another way to think about branding is that you are cultivating meaning independent of your product
∙ Archetype: primordial image, character, or pattern of circumstances that recurs throughout literature and thought consistently enough to be considered universal Branding is about identifying one of these enduring archetypes, and trying to communicate it
Literary critics adopted the term from Carl Gustav Jung's theory of the collective unconscious
Because archetypes originate in prelogical thought, they are held to evoke startlingly similar feelings in reader and author
Examples of archetypal symbols include the snake, whale, eagle, and vulture
An archetypal theme is the passage from innocence to experience Archetypal characters include the blood brother, rebel, wise grandparents, and prostitute with a heart of gold
Alternative definition of archetype
The original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representation or copies
Ex. Nike = hero; Harley = outlaw
∙ Frame of reference
Mark Shapiro argues that we need to pay more attention to the frame of reference when developing our brand
The frame of reference exerts strong influence on brand meaning ∙ Frame of reference examples
BMW = automobile, Budweiser = American pilsner, Costco = membershipbased bigbox store, ESPN = sports news provider
∙ DeBeers
Frame of reference could be diamonds
But they already lead that category, so limited growth potential Or wedding rings, but limited growth as well
Instead, DeBeers pursues "gift" as their frame of reference
More correctly, "premium gift for women"
DeBeers = premium wedding rings
Secondary campaign premium selfgift for women