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li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_oize2er46jkj-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_jjl7enuj7pqg-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_jjl7enuj7pqg-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_jjl7enuj7pqg-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_t3l7dpjjo9gc-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_j1b8ogpvihdj-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_oize2er46jkj-1 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_oize2er46jkj-0 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_j1b8ogpvihdj-4 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_j1b8ogpvihdj-8 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_t3l7dpjjo9gc-5 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_t3l7dpjjo9gc-6 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_ns3avs2rb35a-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ns3avs2rb35a-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_tkwqg6rjmm9e-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_ns3avs2rb35a-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ns3avs2rb35a-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_ns3avs2rb35a-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_l4sjt7siqcoo-1 > li:before{content:"◆ 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TerminologyDon't forget about the age old question of What are the main market segments?

Evolution

• Change in allele frequencies in a population over time

Don't forget about the age old question of What is the vertical structure of the atmosphere?
We also discuss several other topics like What happens to energy during endergonic and exergonic reactions?

Four Mechanisms of EvolutionWe also discuss several other topics like How does equality affect efficiency?

Selection

• Changes in allele frequencies due to organisms w/ advantageous alleles reproducing more successfully than organism w/ other allele

Genetic Drift:

• Random changes in allele frequencies in a population

Mutation

• Source of all new allelic diversity

Migration

• Movement of alleles between populations

Don't forget about the age old question of Colligative properties depend on what?

Adaptations:

• Trait that evolves by selection for a particular function (because it increases fitness) from an ancestor that did not have that trait

• Can be morphological , behavioral or molecular
• Solve problems faced by different populations and different populations may have different solutions to similar problems

Phylogeny:

• The evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms (species level & higher)

Phylogenetic tree:

• Diagram of ancestral relationships among species

• Describe patterns
• Provide information about when certain large events may have occurred

If you want to learn more check out Who is the founder of the psych & psych lab?

Ecology

• The study of the interactions of an organism(s) with the environment

• The environment consists of biotic and abiotic components

Organismal Ecology

• The study of the interaction of an organism and its environment
• Behavior Ecology

• Responses to stimulus
• Foraging
• Group interactions

• Evolutionary Ecology

• Adaptations to the environment

• Events in ecological time (the length of time an organism experiences) influence evolutionary time processes.

Population Ecology

• A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
• Population ecology focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area

• Most mathematically based subdiscipline of ecology

Community Ecology

• A community is a group of interacting populations of different species in an area
• Community ecology deals with whole array of interacting species in a community

Animal Diversity

What is an animal?

• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic

• Obtains carbon from organic source using the energy of organic chemical bonds

• Eukaryotic

• Cells contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles

• Tissues develop from embryonic layers

Zygote: Single cell from fertilization

        Blastula: Hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage

         Gastrula: Embryo has one end fold inward and layers of tissues form

Gastrulation:

• Folding of embryo into layers

• Ectoderm covers the surface and becomes the outer covering and in some phyla, the central nervous system.
• Endoderm is the innermost germ layer that lines the digestive tract and organs such as the lungs and liver in vertebrates
• Mesoderm is the third layer (between the other two) forming muscles and most other organs

• Not all animals have mesoderm

Body Plans

• Sets of morphological and developmental traits
• Radial symmetry

• Cut animal w/ plane - 2 copies (identical)

-         Bilateral symmetry (2 halves)

Invertebrates

Sponge reproduction

• Most sponges are hermaphrodites

• Usually sequential hermaphroditism
• Gametes come from choanocytes or amoebocytes
• Eggs stay in mesohyl  
• Sperm are released from sponge and enter other sponges via pores
• Larvae are free swimming - settling on suitable substrate and then developing into adults

Ctenophora

• Movement by cilia
• Size: a few mm to 1.5m
• Found globally in marine systems

Cnidaria

• Coral and jelly
• Radial animals
• Diploblastic simple

• Hydrozoa
• Scyphozoa
• Cubozoa (seawasp)
• Anthozoa (sea anemone)

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