Description
Psych C61 Notes
Week Three
People:
August Kekule (1829-1896)
■ Discovered structure of Benzene (1865)
■ Made further advancements in carbon structures
Linus Pauling (1901-1994)
■ Discovered the alpha helix in proteins
● Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1954)
■ Exposed the effects of nuclear weapon testing in atmosphere
● Resulted in 1963 treaty banning all nuclear weapon
testing in atmosphere, outer space, and underwater
● Won Nobel Peace Prize for contributions
● Made known the beneficial effects of additional Vitamin C
to one’s diet
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
■ Wrote The Origin of Species (1859)
● Diversity of living organisms is understandable in terms of
evolution and natural selection
Gregor Mendel (1822- 1884)
■ Discovered traits segregate and sort in an orderly fashion during
reproduction (1865)
■ Tried to figure out simple mathematics to explain heredity
■ Used pea plants for experiments
Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
■ Famous quantum physicist
■ “It is misleading to think believe that physics describes how nature
is; physics concerns what we can say about nature.”
■ Would often argue with Einstein We also discuss several other topics like Is there a difference between vision and mission?
Max Delbruck (1906-1981)
■ Atomic fission
■ On the Nature of Gene Mutation and Gene Structure
● Speculated that genes were large molecules
■ Injected bacteria with viruses
● Viruses replicate in the bacteria
■ Viruses are made mostly of protein and DNA
● Genes must be either protein or DNA
● Genes thought to be proteins (1940s)
Wendell Stanley (1904-1971)
■ Crystallization of tobacco mosaic virus (1935)
Oswald Avery (1877-1955)
■ Proved DNA carries genetic information (1944)
■ Peopled ignored it because he used a different technique than everyone else
Hershey and Chase
■ Blender experiment (1952)
■ Showed DNA carried genetic information
■ Everyone believed them because of how simple the experiment was
Francis Crick and James Watson
■ Discovered DNA was a double helix (1953)
■ Explains heredity
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)
■ Provided the picture that led Crick and Watson to their discovery J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)
■ Created world's first atomic bomb We also discuss several other topics like Who was considered the greatest writer of tragedy?
■ Accused of being communist because of his concern about
radiation
Frank Oppenheimer
■ Directly related to results of brothers concerns
■ Also accused of being communist
■ Created SF exploratorium (1969)
Edward Tolman (1886-1959)
■ Psychology professor UC Berkeley 1918-1951
■ Most renowned psychologist of the time
■ Refused to sign oath of loyalty
● Got fired
● Took argument to supreme court
○ Won the case
■ All state employees must sign oath of loyalty (1951)
William James
■ Interested in the science of the mind We also discuss several other topics like How do interventions work in public health and medicine?
■ Wrote Principles of Psychology
● Behavior (psychology)
● Biological underpinnings (neuroscience)
● Mental experiences (introspection)
Alan Hodgkins and Andrew Huxley
■ Squid axon experiment (1939)
● Recorded voltage change when nerve cells sent a signal
● Sudden change in voltage
-Deoxyribonucleic Acid: DNA
● Nucleotides
○ Adenine
○ Cytosine Don't forget about the age old question of What is the goal of practicing patient education skills?
○ Guanine
○ Thymine
-Gene
● Some kind of fundamental unit of heredity
● Historical background
○ ~1000 years of selective breeding
● Genes underlie traits
● Particular factors that segregate during reproduction
-Diffusion
● dispersion of molecules in a space
● Diffusion with barrier
○ Will only spread out on one side of barrier
■ Impermeable
○ Will selectively let things through
■ Semipermeable
● Molecules/ions will balance out based on concentration of charge
-Ion channels
● Proteins through phospholipids membrane
● Only allows certain ions through
● Concentration of ions are different based on whether they’re inside/outside ○ Outside
■ Na+ (most)
■ Cl-
■ Ca++
■ K+
○ Inside
■ K+ (most)
■ Na+ Don't forget about the age old question of Is there age and gender restriction in terrorism?
■ Cl-
■ Ca++
-Resting membrane potential/voltage
● -65 millivolts
○ Negative because inside the neuron is negative
○ millivolt= 1000th of a volt We also discuss several other topics like What is beccaria's contribution on the history of criminal justice?
● Membrane potential gets higher as ions enter through channels ○ Hyperpolarization
■ Movements relative to resting potential away from zero
○ Depolarization
■ Movements relative to resting potential towards zero
● Refractory period
○ Prevents reverse propagation and reverberation to the nerve impulse ○ Nerves have to recover before doing another signal
-Na+/K+ pump
● Pumps sodium out of neuron
● Pumps potassium in to neuron
● Channels and pumps are different
○ If a is open there is neutral diffusion of ions
○ Pumps require energy to keep pumping sodium and potassium in and out ■ Energy source = ATP
● Adenosine triphosphate
● Intracellular energy currency
● 3 Na+ 0ut, 2 k+ in =1 ATP
○ Remember by simple 3,2,1 count
● Remember sodium is outside of the neuron while potassium is inside by the “banana in the ocean” trick