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American History 1865 – Present: Exam 1 Study Guide Race and Reconstruction
∙ Wartime Reconstruction Efforts
o 1861 – Port Royal, SC is taken by union forces and all slaves in the area are freed and given land to work, while the children start begin to be educated. The Port Royal Experiment was used as a test to see if former slaves had the ability to make it on their own
o 1863 Emancipation is proclaimed by Lincoln in 1862 and it took effect on January 1st, 1863, however it only frees slaves in the Confederacy
o 1865 – In January, General William T. Sherman takes Savannah and being talking to form slaves, specifically Reverend Frazier. When asked what he needs to ensure their freedom, Reverend Frazier says, “We need land to till ourselves and reap the fruits of our labor”
o Thomas Wentworth Higginson – Abolitionist and writer before and after the war; leads the first federally authorized freedmen regiment, the 1st South Carolina Volunteers
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∙ Plans for Reconstruction
o Lincoln’s Plan
10% of confederate men must vote to rejoin the Union; confiscation of plantations across the south and redistribution to former slaves
The WadeDavis Bill calls for 50% of men must vote to rejoin the union, however Lincoln vetoes this, leading to accusations that he isn’t doing enough to help exslaves We also discuss several other topics like cicenta
o Andrew Johnson’s Plan
Asks confederate states to revoke the right of secession and ratify the 13th amendment (officially abolishes slavery)
Revokes the confiscation of southern plantations and pardons many ex confederates
o Congressional Plan
1865 – Special Order #15 (40 acres and a mule) – confiscated land along the coast from NC to Florida and gave exslaves families 40 acres, tools to farm and seeds to plant If you want to learn more check out econ2101
1866 – The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 is passed and black rights are expanded
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1867 – Military Reconstruction Act is passed, dividing the south into 5 districts that are occupied by Union troops to enforce the new laws
1868 – The 14th Amendment is passed giving citizenship to all exslaves; Congress attempts to impeach President Johnson but falls one vote short 1870 – The 15th Amendment is passed giving all men the right to vote with no restriction on race, color, or former servitude
1870 – Then Enforcement Acts of 1870 1871 are passed to enforce the rights of black citizens and combat the violence against them
∙ Former Slaves Make Use of Freedom
o The Freedman’s Bureau is established in 1865 by former slaves. This group’s goal is to better the standing of AfricanAmericans through the seeking of that they can work and educating their children
o Robert Smalls
Serves as a delegate to the SC Constitutional Convention in 1868 and 1895
SC State senator 1870 – 1874
US Congressman 1875 – 1886
o Richard Greener
First black graduate from Harvard; later served at USC
∙ Southerners Push Back
o Black codes adopted across the south; these hinder the rights of African Americans
o Nathan Bedford Forrest founds the KKK in Tennessee and during the Memphis Riots they kill more than 60 black citizens
6000 KKK members are tried in court over acts on black citizens however only 300 are convicted
∙ The End of Reconstruction We also discuss several other topics like orographic lifting
o Comprise of 1876 In the 1876 election, SC, Florida, and Louisiana vote Republican but this was contested so Rutherford B. Hayes (R) agrees to withdraw federal troops from the south if the democrats concede victory to him. o April 10, 1877 Federal troops pull out of Columbia and reconstruction ends Don't forget about the age old question of potunes
New Frontiers and Crossing Borders
∙ “. . . our claim to Oregon is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated selfgovernment entrusted to us.” – John O’Sullivan, 1845
∙ Westward expansion
o Virginia City, Nevada 1859 – Large deposit of mineral is discovered causing rush of people trying to get rich mining the resource; Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) and his brother Orion are among those who move here
o Homestead Act of 1862 – 1.6 million acres are awarded to families who wish to move west
These homesteaders however were often give unusable land and lived in a challenging environment
The Commercial Agriculture and Cattle industry divides up much of the west and puts homesteaders at even more of a disadvantage
o TransContinental Railroad
180 million acres of land are awarded for its building
The rail line being built from each coast meet in Promontory Point, Utah on May 10th, 1869; marks the development of the National Railroad
System
This now connects the east to the west like never before
∙ Immigrants and Indians
o Chinese Immigrants are heavily discriminated against during this time o Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Depresses wage
Doesn’t allow Chinese labor unions
Restricts further immigration of Chinese people into the country
These actions are often blamed on Nativism by the US citizens
o Montana and Wyoming are given to Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne tribes however gold is soon discovered and US forces are sent to remove the tribes This leads to the Battle of Little Big Horn where Chief Sitting Bull and his Sioux tribe whip out General Custer and his men
This simply inspires more Americans to move west and conquer the land o The Dawes Allotment Act of 1887
Designed to give Indians their own plots of land and instill the idea of private land ownership
This plan failed because most of the land intended to be used for it had already been built upon by the railroad companies or settled by whites
Industrialization and Urbanization
∙ The Columbian Exposition (1893) (The Chicago World’s Fair)
o Chicago had grown from 200 people in 1833 to over 1 million in 1893 o Upheaval in the years before the exposition made Chicago an unlikely place to have this
1871 – The Great Chicago Fire kills 300 people and levels more than 3 square miles of the city
1877 – The Great Railroad Strike
1886 – During the Haymarket Riot a bomb goes off, killing dozens o The 1890 US Census declares that there is no more frontier marking the end of an era
“. . . to the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics. . . And now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution the frontier is closed and so is the first part of our history.” – Frederick Jackson Turner, 1893
o Meeting Ground for Activists
Ida B. Wells – A black woman from Memphis, Tennessee, she notices a lack of black involvement in the exposition, especially black women, and calls for its boycott. However, Fredrick Douglass says that black citizens should still attend despite being marginalized
o Congress of Women and The Women’s Agenda and the Cult of Domesticity These two groups debated the role of women in the house and work place at the exposition
o Francis Willard – Member of the Board of Lady Managers of the Columbian Exposition (est. 1874) which called for an 8 hour work day for women and a greater involvement in politics by women; she also led the Women’s Christian Temperance Union which called for a restriction on the use and distribution of alcohol
∙ Titans of Industry (Robber Barons)
o J. P. Morgan
Owner of General Electric and JP Morgan Financial
Purchases Carnegie Steel in 1901
o Andrew Carnegie
Founder of Carnegie Steel
Author of “Gospel of Wealth”
Invested in the Tuskegee Institute
o John D. Rockefeller
Founder of Standard Oil
Founded the University of Chicago
∙ Workers and Unions
o The Knights of Labor – Led by Terence Powderly and Lenora Barry Equal pay for both sexes
An 8hour work day
Public ownership of railroad
Attracted women, immigrants and minorities
o The American Federation of Labor – Led by Samuel Gompers
Made up of skilled workers and smaller unions
Working conditions, wages, and hours
Mostly made up of white men
∙ Politics and Corruption
o Large voter participation around this time led to a balance of power between the two parties
o Widespread disenfranchisement of minorities, immigrants and women o Corporate power led to large amount of corruption in the government o The Pendleton Act, 1883 – Forces all government workers to take a test to prove
that they are fit for the job, in order to purge all those that were only appointed by friends
o Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 – Limits monopolies on railroads o Sherman AntiTrust Bill, 1890 – Broke up monopolies and limit corporate power; however, this is over turned by an 1895 court decision as an over reach of federal power
Dissent, Depression, War & Expansion
∙ The Stock Market Crash of 1893
o Possible Causes
Centralization of wealth
Laborer unrest and lack of confidence in work force
Influx of poor immigrants from China and Eastern Europe
o The Farmers Alliance
A group formed by farmers who are seeing land reform for help due to falling crop prices and higher rate for railroad use
o The People’s Party