Description
Developmental Psychology
Exam 1 Study Guide
Exam 1:
Chapters 13
1617 questions per chapter
Chapter 1
Original sin: Christian doctrine that said all humans are innately selfish and selfcentered
John Locke: Philosopher of the 17th century
Believed that kids are born with a “blank slate” and have a capacity to be shaped; they are a “ball of clay”
JeanJacque Rousseau: French philosopher of the 18th century
Proposed the Doctrine of Innate Purity: kids have the capacity for perfect growth when provided with necessary ingredients (e.g. good environment)
Kids come with genes that act as a “floor plan” for the child
Darwin: Key psychologist in the 19th century
Baby biographies: First to research children through baby biographies: recordings of his own kids and their behaviors
He was criticized for not being systematic enough
G Stanley Hall: Key psychologist in the 19th century
Known as the “Father of Developmental Psychology”
Administered questionnaires and interview to children
Norms: Hall is credited for developing norms, average ages at which developmental milestones are reached
Adolescence: Identified adolescence as a unique period that should be studied individually
Gesell: Key psychologist in the 19th century
Further developed research of children through observation with cameras and oneway mirrors
Maturation: A process that is guided by genetic processes; the gradual formation of a genetically programmed sequential pattern of change
Domains of development:
Physical: Rate of growth; consider conditions that make it easier or more difficult for a kid to grow (nutrition, stress, environment, etc.)
Cognitive: Information processing, memory capacity, response to events/environment
We also discuss several other topics like h2o bohr model
Social: Relationship with parents, teachers, peers, etc.
Developmental Psychology
Exam 1 Study Guide
Big questions in developmental psychology:
Nature VS Nurture: Do genes or environment influence behavior?
Active VS Passive: Do children actively shape, control, and direct the course of their own development or are children passive recipients of environmental influence? Continuity VS Discontinuity: Is development continuous or does development happen in stages because of genetic processes?
Universal VS Particular: Is development universal or is it more unique and varying from person to person?
Goals in psychology:
Describe: Observe and describe behaviors as specifically and accurately as possible; what does the behavior look like?
o Noticing that a child has problematic behavior
Explain: Develop a notion or theory as to why a behavior exists
o Theorizing that the household is probably disorganized Don't forget about the age old question of Climate change and trade.
Predict: Testing the explanation/theory
o A study concludes that the more organized a household is, the more motivated and less problematic a child is
Influence: A explanation/theory that was supported through testing is now applied to a current issue
o Steps to create an organized household to reduce problematic behavior
Theory: A set of logically related concepts that seek to describe behaviors and explain why those behaviors take place; good theories have three characteristics: Concise: Parsimonious
Falsifiable: The theory can be tested and proven right or wrong Heuristic: A theory that continues to generate new knowledge once researchers have tested the prediction; generates corollary questions We also discuss several other topics like bsos umd
Research methods:
Surveys: Collecting data based on interviews and questionnaires Experiments: Assess causal relationships, use controlled settings, randomly assign participants
o Control group: Receives either no special treatment or a natural treatment o Experimental group: Receives a treatment that is supposed to produce a specific effect
o Independent variable: Conditions that researchers create or the treatment they devise
o Dependent variable: Conditions researchers expect to change
o Confounding variable: Variables other than the independent that may be responsible for changes or differences in the participants’ behavior (e.g. temperature)
Naturalistic studies: Observing in a natural setting
Developmental Psychology
Exam 1 Study Guide
Longitudinal: A research design where a single group of people are studied at different times in their lives, perhaps ever fiveten years We also discuss several other topics like timothy hodge oakland university
Crosssectional: A research design where groups of people of different ages are compared
Sequential design: A research design that combines crosssectional studies and longitudinal studies (studying two different age groups over time) We also discuss several other topics like is the amount of time that separates the short run from the long run the same for every firm?
Ethnography: A detailed description of a single culture or context Correlation: 0 means no correlation, +1 means as one variable increases, the other increases, and 1 means as one variable increases, the other decreases Chapter 2
Freudian theory: Psychoanalytic theory; one of the most important theories in psychology
Focuses on unconscious sexual urges, urges and conflict, and components of personality
o Id: Legislator; impulsive, irrational, raw desire, governed by the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; argued that the Id dominates during infanthood
o Ego: Executive; Can control the Id until rational and logical methods to control urges are found; governed by the reality principle
o Superego: Judicial; “checks” the decisions of the Ego; considers morality and beliefs
Erikson: Psychosocial theory; Erikson argued that people progress through eight stages and each stage has its own conflict/crisis; if the person is unable to resolve a conflict during a specific stage, the person will have “baggage” through the following stages until resolves
Stage 1: Trust vs mistrust
o Argued that children focus on oral activities, but also focuses on relationships o If a child is in a secure environment (fed on time, diaper changed, etc.), that child will developing trusting relationships
o If a child is in an insecure environment (not fed on time, neglected, frightened, etc.), mistrust is the outcome
Erikson argued that if mistrust is the outcome, the unresolved conflict can later present itself at school (i.e. disrespected teachers, trust issues in Don't forget about the age old question of esc1000 uf
relationships…)
Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion; most wellrecognized stage
o Argued that the role of adolescent is to articulate selfconcept to find place in society
o Adolescent must identify interests, skills, aspirations, preferences, etc. o Role confusion: Unresolved conflict in this stage results in role confusion: person is not able to articulate who they are and cannot find a place for
themselves
Erikson argued that this could lead to severe depression or delinquency (involvement with a gang to find identity)
Developmental Psychology
Exam 1 Study Guide
Watson: Continued Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning and learning theory by conducting the “Little Albert” experiment
Reinforcement: Anything that follows a behavior and causes it to repeat Punishment: Anything that follows a behavior and discourages repetition
Piaget: Cognitive developmental theory, considered especially significant at the time Piaget argued that children aren’t shaped by the environment, but that they are constructivists and help to construct their own development
Behavioral concepts: Certain reflexes that babies have (grasping, sucking, etc.), later transformed into cognitive concepts (babies start to grasp objects in different ways)
Scheme: A procedure that follows a specific circumstance (when we pick up a ball, we are using the “grasping” scheme)
Adaptation: People develop through adaptation
o Assimilation: Fitting new information into existing learned concepts and applying them;
i.e. a baby dropping cheerios, sippy cup, rattle, etc. and watched it stay put once falling
o Accommodation: New information that challenges preexisting concepts; i.e. baby now drops a ball and watches it roll away rather than staying put, so the baby accommodates
Equilibrium: A state of balance between thought processes and challenges in the environment; disequilibrium develops when cognitive tools are insufficient, and we adapt until we reach equilibrium again
Ethology: A perspective that emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors that evolved through natural selection
Natural selection: “Survival of the fittest”
Ethology and human development:
o Emotional relationships are necessary for survival, so our genes cause us to form relationships
John Bowlby: Proposed the attachment theory: suggests that children are pre programmed to form attachments with others as a survival technique
Scarr & McCartney: Genes influence our genotype which influence the environment that we are exposed to (genes environment); three ways:
Passive: A child gets half of their genes from mother and half from father; parents passively create the environment that the child is exposed to
o i.e. parents who play instruments and are involved in music will likely produce a child who is also interested in and surrounded by music
Evocative: At various times in our lives, we evoke particular responses in our environment
o i.e. attractive babies/kids receive more attention from parents, teachers, etc. Active: Based on our genotype, we select our environment
Developmental Psychology
Exam 1 Study Guide
o If a child is athletically inclined, he or she will be more likely to choose to play sports
Ecological systems theory: When we are born, we are born into a series of social contexts which at different levels, influence our behavior, interact with one another, interact with our characteristics, and determine our behavior
Bronfenbrenner: Proposed ecological systems theory
Levels of ecological systems theory
o Child: Child is at the center of behavior
o Microsystem: Most immediate environment surrounding child
Family
Peers
School/daycare
o Mesosystem: Set of relationships that exists between components of
microsystem variables; theorized that microsystem variables influence each other Family influence peers/peers influence family
Schools influence parenting
o Exosystem: Represents contexts and variables that the child doesn’t interact with but can still influence behavior
Parents’ work
Parents’ social network (influence stress levels of parents which
influence children)
o Macrosystem: Represents the culture/subculture that surrounds the child Ethnic group
Religious group
Social class
o Chronosystem: Variables that have a temporal/timebased element to them; can be variables within child that happen at a particular point in time
Puberty
Social media (for our generation)
Vygotsky: Proposed the sociocultural theory: development takes place in particular social/cultural environment that influences the form of that development
Scaffolding: Refers to the person shaping the teaching to meet the needs of the learner Zone of proximal development: Refers to the learner
Collaborative learning: Takes place when a child is taught by adults, siblings, or anyone who knows more than that individual
Private speech: Children adopt behaviors through an internal dialogue
Chapter 3
Conception: When a sperm fertilizes an egg cells and a child is conceived Ovum: Egg cell
Sperm: Travels through woman’s vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube to meet ovum Fallopian tube: Ovum travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus
Uterus: Where the ovum ends up and either sticks to the uterine wall if fertilized or disintegrates if unfertilized
Developmental Psychology
Exam 1 Study Guide
Chromosomes: String of genetic material in the nuclei of cells (23 pairs total, half from mother half from father)
Genotype: Genetic blueprint unique to each individual
Phenotype: An individual’s set of observed, physical characteristics (brown eyes)
Dominant: Trait that is expressed when only one copy of the gene is present Recessive: Trait that is expressed only when two copies of the gene are present Expressivity: The degree to which a trait presents itself; differs among individuals (how blue a person’s eyes are, what type of brown hair a person has, etc.)
Polygenic influence: Several different genes are required to produce a characteristic (skin color)
Multifactorial inheritance: Characteristics are influenced by both genes and the environment (weight)
Development of baby:
First trimester: First three months
o Conception – zygote forms
o Zygote burrows into the uterine wall
o Organ systems form
o Fetus grows
Second trimester: Second three months
o Fingerprints, grasping reflex, facial expressions, swallowing, rhythmic breathing, urination, genitalia appear, periods of rest and activity
o Responds to mother’s voice and loud noises
o Fetal movement felt by mother
o Heartbeat detectable
Third trimester: Last three months
o Recognition of mother’s voice
o Regular periods of rest and activity
o Rapid growth
o Movement to headdown position for birth
“The human brain develops before the reproductive system. This fact is part of which of the following?” – Answer is C, cephalocaudal pattern
Cephalocaudal pattern: Growth that proceeds from the head downward Proximodistal pattern: Growth that proceeds from the middle of the body outward Organogenesis: The process of organ development
Factors that influence prenatal development and health:
Mother’s health
Developmental Psychology
Exam 1 Study Guide
o Diet/nutrition:
Mothers should have a diet high in protein, green, leafy vegetables, and fruits (labor is smoother and less likely to have complications)
Mothers low in folic acid/fruit intake are more likely to have children who are of low birth weight, who are delivered prematurely, and who develop issues with nervous system
Malnutrition: Linked to low birth weight, intellectual deficits in childhood, and mental illness in adulthood
Obesity: Prior to and during pregnancy is linked to neuroproblems and cardiacproblems in the infant
o Stress:
Normal amount doesn’t impact child
Increase of stress (financial problems, death in family) are more likely to deliver prematurely, more likely to miscarry, the fetus tends to crow more slowly, and cardiac problems and diabetes in the infant
Teratogens: Factors that can cause birth defects; most likely to affect an organ system; baby is most at risk during the first eight weeks when organ systems are developing o Diseases
Measles: Heart defects, cardiac problems, deafness, vision problems
HIV: Virus that causes AIDS; breaks down the immune system
∙ 25% of infants whose mother’s have HIV will develop HIV
themselves,
∙ In countries where medication is available infants who develop HIV
are more likely to develop pneumonia and meningitis and die by the
age of 5 or develop HIV at age 5 and die around adolescence
o Drugs
Alcohol: Babies born to alcoholic mothers are more likely to encounter problems
∙ Fetal alcohol syndrome:
o 6001000 babies per year
o Having five or more drinks at a time, two or more times a
week
o Moderate drinking linked to attention deficits
o Children are often mentally delayed, at risk for emotional
disorders, at risk for central nervous system abnormalities,
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Smoking cigarettes:
∙ Linked to miscarriage, premature delivery, small birthweight
∙ Newborns whose parents smoke after birth are more likely to
develop respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and asthma
Heroin:
∙ If the mother is addicted, the baby is addicted and will go through
withdrawal (tremors, vomiting, diarrhea)
∙ Linked to attention problems, behavioral problems, low intellectual
functioning
Developmental Psychology Exam 1 Study Guide