CSU - PSY 320 - Study Guide - Study Guide

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Study Questions For exam 2 Chapter FIVE 1. Identify and give examples of the four types of symptoms that constitute anxiety. a. Somatic – muscles tense, heart rate elevates, sweating, breathing quickens b. Emotional – dread, terror, restlessness
c. Cognitive – hypervigilance, fear of dying, worry, anticipation of harm
d. Behavioral – avoidance, freezing, aggression 2. Know the differences between adaptive fear and maladaptive anxiety. a. Adaptive – concerns are realistic, fear matches the threat level
b. Maladaptive – exaggerated sense of fear 3. Know the key features of PTSD and the biological and psychological theories that attempt to explain it a. Intrusive symptoms (dreams/flashbacks)
b. Persistent avoidance
c. Changes in arousal and reaction(hypervigilant/startle response
d. Impairment in social life/occupation
e. Lasts at least a month
f. Theories i. Environmental/social factors 1. Severity/duration
2. Proximity
3. Social support available ii. Psychological factors 1. Pre-existing condition
2. Coping strategies – yelling/screaming or shutting down 4. Identify the treatments available for PTSD as well as their advantages and disadvantages. a. Treatments i. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and stress management 1. Exposure therapy
2. Systematic desensitization – associate pleasant relaxed state with anxiety triggering stimuli 3. Cognitive restructuring a. We distort memories vs what actually happens 4. Stress-inoculation therapy: therapists teach clients skills for overcoming increased stress ii. Biological therapies 1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) a. Prozac/Zoloft 2. Xanax

5. Know the key features of panic disorder and the biological and psychological theories that attempt to explain it. a. Panic attacks become common and unprovoked
b. Worry about having attacks/change behaviors as result
c. Theories i. Biological factors 1. Heritability 43-48%
2. Triggered if a. Hyperventilating
b. Ingesting caffeine
c. Breathe into paper bag 3. Involves limbic system a. Amygdala/hypothalamus/hippocampus ii. Cognitive factors 1. Negative misinterpretation of body sensations
2. Snowballing catastrophic thinking
3. Anxiety sensitivity - Believe that bodily symptoms have bad consequences 4. Interoceptive awareness – hypervigilance to cues that lead to panic attack 6. Know the key features of agoraphobia. a. Social anxiety disorder i. No public situations 1. Rejected/judged/humiliated
2. Avoid events ii. More common in women iii. Develops in adolescence mostly iv. Treatments 1. SSRIs
2. SNRIs
3. Behavioral therapy v. Theories 1. Genetics
2. Cognitive perspectives a. High standards
b. Focus on negative parts of interactions
c. Evaluate self harshly 7. Identify the four main types of specific phobias. a. Animal type
b. Natural environment type
c. Situational type
d. Blood-injection-injury type 8. Discuss the biological and psychological theories of phobias. a. Behavioral i. Negative reinforcement – avoidance ii. Classical conditioning – conditioning to certain objects/situations b. Biological i. Related people share phobias

9. Discuss the effective behavioral treatments for phobias. a. Behavioral treatments i. Exposure to extinguish fear 1. Systematic desensitization
2. Modeling – good with kids
3. Flooding ii. Applied tension technique: tension increases blood pressure for fainting prevention 10.Discuss the key features of GAD and the theories that attempt to explain it. a. Anxious 24/7
b. Worry about everything
c. Specific criteria table 5.7
d. Typically begins in childhood
e. More common in women
f. Theories of GAD i. Emotional/cognitive factors 1. Experiencing intense negative emotions
2. Heightened reactivity in amygdala
3. Make maladaptive assumptions
4. Detecting possible threats – looking for things to go wrong a. Unconscious cognitions 5. Biological factors a. Deficiency of gamma-aminobutyric acid i. Excessive firing of neurons b. Modest heritability 11.Identify treatments used for GAD. a. Cognitive-behavioral therapies i. Teach coping/challenge conditions ii. Relaxation exercises iii. Challenge fears about separation 1. Calming Self talk b. Drugs: antidepressants/antianxiety/stimulants/antihistamines 12.Discuss the key features of OCD, and explain how obsessions and compulsions are tied to one another. a. Persistence of obsession/compulsions/both i. Obsessions 1/2 1. Persistent: thoughts/ideas/images/impulses a. Causes significant anxiety or distress 2. Attempt to ignore/neutralize thoughts with other thoughts/actions ii. Compulsions ½ 1. Repetitive behaviors/mental acts compelled to perform
2. Compulsion aimed at preventing/reducing anxiety or dreaded b. Time consuming-at least an hour a day
c. Not attributable to substance/medical condition

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