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American History 1865 – Present: Exam 2 Study Guide The Progressive Era
“Progressives advocated governmental intervention, yet they sought change without radically altering capitalism or the democratic political system” – Nancy Hewitt & Steven Lawson, Rutgers University
∙ America’s Problems Heading Into This Era
o Economic Inequality
o Living Condition of the Poor
o Deflation in the Economy
o Government Corruption
∙ Activism and Reforms
o Women’s Activism
Frances Willard – Called for reform in education, government, and the justice system. Wanted to see more women in the work place and politics Mary Elizabeth Lease – Called for equality of the sexes and the right to vote for women
Lillian Wald – Founder of the NAACP, The Children’s Bureau of the Labor Department, and the Henry Street Settlement; Member of Women’s Trade Union League; Women’s rights and antiwar activist
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Jane Addams – Founder of the Hull House Settlement; Wanted more women to attend college; Social welfare activist, believed that it was the
job of the rich to take care of the poor and be charitable We also discuss several other topics like fausci
Margaret Sanger – Activist for women’s right to choose; Founder of the modern day ProChoice movement; Used her influence to target minorities and immigrants for birth control and abortions to stop them from
reproducing
The Women’s Trade Union
∙ 1909 – 20,00 women go on strike from sweat shops and win a
number of concessions
∙ 1911 – Triangle Shirt Factory catches fire and 150 women are
killed; After this, Samuel Gompers claims that factory owners
don’t have care for human life and that workers need more rights
Temperance – Many of these activists also called for a ban on alcohol because it was seen as the root of many of the bad things happening in the America
Suffrage
∙ 1913 – Dr. Alice Paul and Inez Milholland leads women’s march Don't forget about the age old question of ■ Why does arousing an emotion qualify something as art?
on Washington DC fighting for voting rights and political equality
∙ 1916 – National Woman’s Party
∙ 1920 – The 19th Amendment passes giving women the right to vote
o Black Activism
Booker T. Washington – Believed that blacks should progress separately from whites and should focus on trades and farming rather than going to college; Took over the Tuskegee Institute from Fredrick Douglas
W.E.B. Du Bois – Pushed for integration and higher education; Believed that blacks wouldn’t progress if they stuck with trades and farming If you want to learn more check out mycorrhizal fungi are _______.
Ida B. Wells – Spoke out against racial violence on both sides; author of several books about the “New South” Don't forget about the age old question of psych 140
o Other Activists
Frederick Taylor – Fought for business reform; wrote “The Principles of Scientific Management” (1909)
John Dewey – Fought for education reform; Pushed Pragmatism; Created Laboratory schools in hopes of developing the “whole child”
Robert M. La Follette Sr. – Fought for Govt. reform; Governor and Senator from Wisconsin; pushed direct senator election, expansion of civil service, and more government regulation We also discuss several other topics like cs 186
Walter Rauschenbusch – Questions the role of church in modern society Ben Tillman – Governor of SC; pushed a new SC state constitution in order to roll back civil rights reforms to precivil war standards
∙ Progressive Presidents
o Teddy Roosevelt – Creates the square deal; Enforces the Sherman AntiTrust Act; Pushes the Hepburn Act and strengthens the Interstate Commerce Commission; Fights for land conservation and environmental protection
o William Howard Taft – Conservative approach to progressivism; Oversees the breakup of Standard Oil in 1911; Undid some of Roosevelts conservation efforts; Coined the phrase “Dollar Diplomacy”
o Woodrow Wilson – Progressive Moralist; Hoped to avoid involvement in WWI but is somewhat forced into asking congress for a declaration of war; Proponent of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and the Federal Trade Commission of 1914
World War One
∙ Expansion of the Government – More military Investments; The Selective Service Act; War Industries Board; Railroad War Board; National War Labor Policies Board; Committee on Public Information is lead by George Creel to rally the American people around the war effort
∙ American Neutrality
o Pros and Cons that Wilson had to weigh
Pros
∙ Wilson’s progressive supporters favored neutrality
o Eugene Debbs and W. E. B. Du Bois
∙ US businesses were making a lot of money trading to both sides
Cons
∙ 1915 – Over 100 Americans are killed when the Lusitania is sunk
by a German UBoat
∙ 1917 – The Zimmerman Telegram is intercepted by the British and the US finds out that Germany has begun making plans for an
alliance with Mexico in case the US enters the War
∙ 1917 – The Russian Revolution knocks Russia out of the war
leaving only France and England to fight on
∙ The US Enters WWI
o Wilson pushes to enter the war claiming that he wishes to make the world safe for democracy and fight tyranny; The US declares war in April 1917
o Wilson claims that the federal government must expand to keep up with the times and proceeds to add several new departments and regulation committees o By 1918, the US had enough people to make an impact and is credited with being a major reason that the Allies were able to claim victory; An armistice is declared on November 11, 1918; Known Veterans Day in the US
∙ Results of WWI
o This is the first Modern War and shatters the romantic ideals of warfare of the 19th century; 20 million people are killed and 21 million are wounded; The number of casualties suffered by all sides shocks the world
o The US has broken its longtime isolationist view and is now a world superpower o Wilson proposes his 14 points to the council of leaders but only one (The League of Nations) is accepted by the European powers (The US refuses to join this hoping to return to isolation); After 13 of his points are rejected, Wilson predicts that there will be another total European war within a generation
∙ The Post War Years in the US
o The Red Scare
J. Edgar Hoover (Founder of the FBI) and A. Palmer Mitchel (Attorney General) both believe that we must focus on domestic security as the US becomes more involved abroad
The Palmer Raids conducted in the early 20’s aim to stop sedition and espionage by radical groups; primarily aimed at communists
The American Protective League was comprised of 250,000 Americans who fed tips to these men hoping to stop people that were working against American interests domestically
1917 – The Espionage Act
1918 – The Sedition Act
1920 – Sacco & Vanzetti: two immigrant mean are tried for the murder of a shop keeper and executed despite insufficient evidence; these men turn into martyrs for the rights of new immigrants in the US
o The Great Migration
Black Americans begin to move from the south to the north and out west; they also begin to move from rural to urban areas
The Roaring 20’s
∙ Conservatism Comes Back
o Warren G. Harding (Elected 1920)
His election shows the disillusionment that people had with the
Progressive Agenda
Brings a businesslike approach to government and begins appointing more conservative judges
Pushes disarmament, isolation, prohibition, and immigration restriction Wants a return to normalcy in the US; However, his administration did not work out as advertised and he died in office in 1923
o Calvin Coolidge
Replaced Harding and champions limited government, low taxes, and reduced federal spending
Believed that “The Business of America is Business” and that the
economy would take itself without government intervention; Proponent of trickledown economics and free trade
∙ A New American Culture
o Leisure goods are becoming common place such as the radio and refrigerator o Credit and debt are growing at a rapid pace due to things such as installment plans when people purchase an item for a down payment and pay the rest off over time o Movies and film make their way onto the scene (80 million Americans go to the movies in 1920) along with sports becoming a national culture
o Advertisers begin using culture stars and famous athletes to sell products o Books such as the Great Gatsby and The Lost Generation show the stark difference between the generation of the 20s and their parents
o The Harlem Renaissance
Explosion of black literary and artistic culture in Harlem, NY
Langston Hughes – Dropped out of Columbia University; became one of the bestknown writers to come out of this movement and was friends with W.E.B. Du Bois
Marcus Garvey – Believed that a black economic nationalism was the best way for black Americans to progress rather than to integrate
o Prohibition
1920 – The 18th Amendment is passed, prohibiting the sale of alcohol in hopes that it will cut down on crime and vices that were seen as
detrimental; however, bootlegging and moonshining explodes leading to the romanticizing of gangsters such as Al Capone
o The Scopes Trial
Tennessee law says that it must be taught that man was created by God John Scopes, a science teacher, protests by teaching evolution
He goes to trial and loses but it bring the question of religion in school to the fore at the time (1925)
∙ JohnsonReed Immigration Restriction (1924)
o Congressman Robeson of Kentucky argues that the US is being burdened by the influx of poor immigrants and that we must begin to filter out those who will not be able to contribute to the work force and society as a whole
The Great Depression and The New Deal
∙ The 1928 Presidential Election
o Herbert Hoover (conservative republican) wins in a landslide over democrat Al Smith; Hoover had previously served under Warren G. Harding
∙ The Great Depression Hits
o In 1928 only 1% of Americans made over $10,000 annually; 2/3’s earned less than $2,000 annually; 40% of people in rural areas are in poverty
o Black Tuesday: On October 29th, 1929 the stock market crashes
o Causes of the Crash
Decline in agricultural productivity
Large wealth disparity
Excessive Debt and Over Extended Credit
Overproduction of war time goods
Poor stock market regulation
Unstable global economy due to debts incurred during WWI
∙ Hoover’s Response
o Believed the free market could work itself out; thought the depression couldn’t last very long
o Reconstruction Finance Act of 1932 – Gave federal loans to struggling businesses in hopes that this would cause a trickledown effect
o Andrew Mellon
Chief Financial Advisor for Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover; Served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1920 – 1932; Believed that the depression would weed out the weak and strengthen the US in the long term
∙ Early Years of the Depression
o The Bonus Army (1932)
WWI vets seeking pension that were promised in 1924 march on
Washington DC and Hoover has them arrested
o Gangsters are Romanticized
Pretty Boy Floyd is a bank robber that give the money back to the poor turning him into a modern day Robin Hood
Al Capone is seen in the same way because he is able to still make money and helps the poor during these hard economic times
o Ford Motor Company Strike: Dearborn, Michigan March 7, 1932 Workers at a Ford manufacturing plant strike against decreasing wages and layoffs; this strike is broken up by Ford’s private police force
o Dorothea Lange
Photo journalist who becomes famous due to pictures that she takes throughout the depression
∙ Franklin Delano Roosevelt
o Wins in a landslide victory in the 1932 election and believes that government action is need to help the common man and get out the Great Depression ∙ The New Deal
o New Deal Coalition – The democratic base shifts bringing in more southerners, blacks, and blue collar workers
o The Brain Trust – Group of smart people, including many professors are brought in to advise the President
o Banking and Finance Reform
Emergency Banking Act
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures the money that people put in the bank
Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) headed up by Joseph Kennedy o Relief and Conservation Act
Federal Emergency Relief Corporation headed up by Harry Hopkins Civilian Conservation Corps
o Agricultural Initiatives
Agricultural Initiative Act – Aimed to reduce overproduction of crops Farm Credit Act – Helped farmers that were close to losing everything Tennessee Valley Authority
o Industrial Recovery
National Industrial Recover Act
National Recovery Administration
∙ Critics of the New Deal
o The Chamber of Commerce; Republican Party; Southern Conservatives o Supreme Court (1935) Strikes down the National Industrial Recovery Act as a government overreach
o Southern Farm Tenants Association
o Minnie Hardin – Believed that lazy people exploited these welfare programs o Upton Sinclair – Socialist who did not think the government was doing enough o Huey P. Long – Governor of Louisiana; populist; created the Share Our Wealth Program; thought the New Deal didn’t do enough
o Herbert Hoover – Thought that this was a large overreach of the government o The NAACP
o Dr. Francis Townsend – Proposed Old Age pension; would later become social security
WWII and The Greatest Generation
∙ Timeline Up To US Entry into WWII
o Growth of the NAZI party in Germany led by Adolf Hitler
o Fascism takes hold in Italy and Germany; Hitler is inspired by Benito Mussolini and his rise to power; He begins to retake areas of the Rhineland and Sudetenland o Japan begins taking territories in East and Southeast Asia and joins the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)
o Germany and Russia jointly invade Poland forcing France and England to declare war on Germany
o In June 1940, Hitler decides to invade Russia and Russia joins the Allies ∙ The US Point of View
o In 1937, 70% of Americans regret joining WWI and wish to remain isolationist o Nye Neutrality Act (193537) – Proposed by Gerald Nye to stop businesses from making money off the war like they did during WWI; strongly supported by the America First Commission (Headed by Charles Lindberg)
o FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy (1933) – Stated the US would not get involved in the affairs of any Latin American countries
o The Four Freedoms (January 1941) – Speech given by FDR stating that the postwar world should be shaped by four freedoms
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Worship
Freedom from Want
Freedom from Fear
o The LendLease Act (1941) – Congress passes this to help the allies as long as it serves American interests
∙ The Turning Point
o The Japanese strike the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941; The US Congress declares war three days later
∙ The US Domestic Response
o Selective Service Act (1940) – Men ages 21 – 30 are draft eligible o War Powers Act (1941) – Expands executive power during war time o March On Washington (1941) – Black citizens march on Washington to address
racial inequality because they don’t want to fight for a country that doesn’t treat them equally
o Office of War Information (1942) – Created to bolster the American people to support the cause of WWII
o Revenue Act (1942) – Increases taxes to help pay for the war effort o Executive Order 9066 (1942) – Suspended the rights of JapaneseAmericans due to the possible domestic threat they may pose; establishes internment camps for them
o Rationing takes effect to conserve produce for the war effort and people are encouraged to start home gardens and make their own fruits and vegetables o Woman take the place of men in the workplace and men are shipped off; Leads to the foundation of the Women’s Army Corps
∙ The Holocaust: The Final Solution
o An estimated 11 million people are killed with 6 to 7 million being Jews o Fueled by Hitler’s belief that Jews were inferior and caused all of the world’s ills ∙ Decisive Battles of the War
o Battle of Midway (June 1942)
The Japanese naval fleet is crippled and the US establishes naval
dominance in the Pacific
o Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942)
This is the farthest Germany is able to reach in Russia and after being turned back will never launch another successful offensive on this front o DDay (June 6, 1944)
First major allied push into Western Europe; signified the end of German control of Europe
o Liberation of Paris (August 1944)
Massive allied victory after Paris lived under German control for 4 years o Battle of the Bulge (Winter 194445)
Last German offensive launched in the war; after it fails the allies begin to push into Germany
∙ The War’s End and Plans for Peace
o The Yalta Conference (February 1945)
Churchill, FDR and Stalin meet to discuss peace terms for Germany and the possible creation of the United Nations
o FDR dies on April 12, 1945 and Harry Truman assumes the presidency o Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945; Japan fights on
o The Manhattan Project (194245)
Goal was to create a Uranium bomb, headed by J. Robert Opphenheimer The creation of the Atomic bomb happens in mid1945
o James F. Byrnes
Known as the “Assistant President”, he is Truman’s closest advisor and advocates the use of the atomic bomb on Japan to end the war quickly o Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet in Potsdam, Germany in the summer of 1945 for the plans of Japan’s surrender and Truman threatens the use of the atomic bomb
o On August 6th, the Enola Gay drops the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima and then on August 9th another bomb is dropped on Nagasaki. Japan surrenders on August 14th, 1945 officially ending the second world war
o GI Bill – Guarantees paid college, job training, loans and health care to veterans