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MKTG3310 - SECTION 5 IN REVIEW
Value acquisition through pricing
“The moment you make a mistake in pricing, you're eating into your reputation or your profits.” Katharine Paine
“If you’ve got the power to raise prices without losing business to a competitor, you’ve got a very good business. And if you have to have a prayer session before raising the price by 10 percent, then you’ve got a terrible business.” – Warren Buffett, CEO Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.
April 10th: Demand Curves (Appendix 1)
∙ What is a price?
∙ The money charged for a product, or the sum of all the values that
customers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product
o Why is pricing so important? (think the value equation)
∙ Pricing is the reflection of everything you do as a business
∙ What are the 4 types of markets we discussed and how do they relate to a firm’s pricing power? ∙ Pure competition
o the market consists of many buyers and sellers trading in a
uniform commodity, such as wheat, copper, or financial Don't forget about the age old question of who argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization?
securities. No single buyer or seller has much effect on the going
market price. Thus, sellers in these markets do not spend much
time on marketing strategy
o Good example is farmers. They have no specific control over the
price they can charge for their harvest, there is just a market
price they have to meet
∙ Monopolistic competition
o the market consists of many buyers and sellers who trade over a
range of prices because sellers can differentiate their offers to
buyers.
o Good example of this is bars or nightclubs, dry cleaners, coffee
shops, hotels, etc..
∙ Oligopolistic competition
o the market consists of only a few large sellers. For example,
only four companies—Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, and TMobile—
control more than 90 percent of the U.S. wireless service
provider market. Each seller is alert and responsive to
competitors’ pricing strategies and marketing moves.
∙ Pure monopoly We also discuss several other topics like econ 2013 mc
o the market is dominated by one seller. The seller may be a
government monopoly (the U.S. Postal Service), a private
regulated monopoly (a power company), or a private unregulated
monopoly (De Beers and diamonds). Pricing is handled
differently in each case.
∙ (This information is near the end of chapter 10).
∙ What is a demand curve?
∙ Curve that shows the relationship between the price of a product and the
quantity of the product demanded
o What are the assumptions of the demand curve?
∙ Ceteris paribus (“all else equal” condition)
o Requirement that when analyzing the relationship between 2
variables—such as price and quantity demanded—other
variables must be held constant
∙ Law of demand
o The rule that, holding everything else constant, when the price of
product falls, the quantity demanded of the product will increase,
and when the price of the product rises, the quantity demanded
of the product will decrease
∙ What is price elasticity? If you want to learn more check out cf 450 class notes
∙ Elasticity measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price
∙
o How does price elasticity affect a demand curve?
∙ Where the % change in demand is GREATER than the % change in price
—demand is elastic
∙ When the %change in demand is LESS than the % change in price— If you want to learn more check out What is paleozoic?
demand is inelastic
o What factors influence price elasticity?
∙ Substitutes
o Organ juice to apple juice. Demand becomes more elastic
∙ Necessities
o More elastic. Can’t do without it.
∙ % of disposable income Don't forget about the age old question of fwgw
o High then its elastic. Lower then its inelastic
o If I gave you a product and described the market, could you tell me whether it was most likely elastic or not?
o If I gave you an elasticity coefficient, could you tell me whether it was most likely elastic or not?
∙ What is the difference between movement along a demand curve and moving (i.e., shifting) the demand curve?
∙ As the price changes, a product moves along the demand curve, but a
change in something other than price that affects the demand curve is
shifting it.
o What are the aspects we discussed that shift a demand curve?
∙ Consumer income
o Normal goods will increase as income increases (clothing,
vacation)
o Inferior goods will decrease as income increases (ramen noodles)
∙ Price of related goods
o Goods and services used together
Ex. Price of hot dog buns go up, then demand for hot We also discuss several other topics like r___iiia___x
dog weenies will go down
∙ Consumer tastes
o If consumers’ tastes change, then they may buy more or less of a
product
Ex. Healthy eating trends
∙ Population and demographics
o Increase in # of people buying something will increase amount
demanded
Increase in elderly people will increase in purchase in
health care.
∙ Expectations
o If consumers’ expect prices to change, they may buy more or
less of the product
Ex. Cash for clunkerswhen the program started, the
demand for cars went up because people were getting
money for their old cars. After the program, demand
went down to national lows. Ex.—rumor that we were
going to run out of gas—prices and demand went up.
∙ Marketing
o Marketing always wants to shift demand curve to right
It does this by participating in value creation,
differentiation, brand equity, scaricity, etc.
o If I gave you a situation with a certain type of product or trend, could you tell me which way a demand curve would shift?
April 12th: Pricing Strategies (Chpt 10)
∙ Why is pricing so important when considering profitability?
∙ If you have the ability to increase your price, it is more profitable than
any other element
o Pricing floor
No profits below this price
o Pricing ceiling
No demand above this price
∙ Stuff in the middle that affects pricing
o Competition and other external factors
Competitors strategies and prices, marketing strategy,
objective and mix. Nature of the market and demand.
∙ What is demandbased, costbased, and competitionbased pricing?
∙ Cost based pricing
o Setting prices based on the costs of producing, distributing and
selling the product plus a fair rate of return for the company’s
effort and risk
Ex. Construction workers and lawyers
∙ Value based pricing
o Using buyer’s perceptions of value as the key to pricing
More of a market oriented (market concept) type of
pricing. Part of the info you are gathering is taking into
consideration what your customers would like to pay.
∙ Competition based pricing
o Setting prices based on competitor’s strategies, costs, prices, and
market offerings
We look at competitors and match it or try to make
ourselves look better.
o What are the considerations in setting the price between a costbased pricing versus a valuebased pricing (see Figure 10.1)?
∙ Cost based pricing approaches
o Markup (costplus)
Adding a standard increase to the cost of a product
∙ Stores like publix or Walmart: they have too
much inventory to try and figure out a demand
curve for every product.
∙ Also is way too expensive for the vast types of
products they sell.
o Experience curve
Planned reduction of price for increased production
∙ Demand pricing
o Good value pricing
Right combination of quality and good service at a fair
price
o value added
attaching services and features to a product to support
higher prices
o EDLP pricing/ HiLow pricing
Keeping prices at a standard low rate vs. discounting
o What is the sequence of steps for demandbased vs costbased pricing? ∙ Cost based
o Design a good product
o Determine product cost
o Set prices based on cost
o Convince buyers of product value
∙ Value based pricing
o Access customers’ needs and value perception
o Set prices at to match customers’ perceived value
o Determine costs that can be incurred
o Design product to deliver desired value at target price
o What are the types of costbased pricing and valuebased pricing?
∙ Fixed costs
o Cost that do not vary with production or sales level
∙ Variable costs
o Vary directly with the level of production
∙ Total costs
o Sum of fixed and variable cost for any given level of production
∙ What is price discrimination?
∙ Charging different groups of customers different prices
o What is the purpose of price discrimination?
∙ To gain the most amount of revenue based on customer’s willingness to
pay
o Know the three methods of price discrimination well.
1. Allow customers at the bottom of demand curve pay less
a. Ex. Discounts, rebates, specials
b. Kmarts bluelight special
2. Charging customers at the top of the demand curve more
a. Ex. Amazon, valueadded pricing, freemium.
3. Allows customers to pay exactly what they are willing
a. Radiohead’s rainbow album 60% of U.S. downloaded for free. But
they made more money in digitals than their previous album because
they weren’t pay a label.
b. Sidetracks coffee
o Why must firms be careful when price discriminating?
∙ Unfairness=attribution
o Are they just trying to make money? That’s it?
Aka, attribution can be function of reputation
∙ Ex. Coke they were looking to increase prices
based on the temp outside
o People found this to be shady and unfair
What are the three determinants of negative attributions?
∙ Perceptions of excessive profit
o in comparison to estimated costs or reference price
∙ Perceived immorality
o Deception.
o Taking advantage of situation
∙ Inability to understand pricing strategy
o Inability to understand price changes
o Inability to estimate costs
o Inability to assess real value
What does reputation have to do with this?
∙ If people believe that the pricing strategies are unfair, the company’s
reputation will suffer
March 30th: Psychological Pricing (Lecture only)
∙ Be familiar with how consumers react to the following pricing phenomenon: o Odd/even
∙ odd vs. even number in pricing
o when we look at prices we are generally lazy
∙ We process the number to the left and ignore the
rest Ex. $24.99 looks $1 cheaper than $25
∙ Ex. $24.99 looks $1 cheaper than $25
o Decoys
∙ When given options, if you give people a slightly less attractive version of an option, the original option looks significantly better.
o Ex. 3 options: option 1, 2, and 3. Option three is a more
expensive/worse version of option 2, so it’s a decoy. Now the
less expensive version of option 2 looks significantly better.
o Price placement
∙ Placing the price higher on the page.
o we view it as higher in price. We naturally associate up as more.
Higher magnitude.
o We associate smaller with things positioned to the left, so the
bottom left is the best placement of price.
o Price preciseness
∙ We associate preciseness with smaller numbers
o Thing sell better when prices are taken all the way to the decimal
o Priming
∙ When a stimulus object influences reactions to a poststimulus object o Different social identities in different situations can be affected
by products
o Pain of payment
∙ It is painful to give money away
o Companies try to distance themselves from the act of giving
away money
Ex. Removing the $ sign from receipts
MKTG3310 - SECTION 5 IN REVIEW
Value acquisition through pricing
“The moment you make a mistake in pricing, you're eating into your reputation or your profits.” Katharine Paine
“If you’ve got the power to raise prices without losing business to a competitor, you’ve got a very good business. And if you have to have a prayer session before raising the price by 10 percent, then you’ve got a terrible business.” – Warren Buffett, CEO Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.
April 10th: Demand Curves (Appendix 1)
∙ What is a price?
∙ The money charged for a product, or the sum of all the values that
customers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product
o Why is pricing so important? (think the value equation)
∙ Pricing is the reflection of everything you do as a business
∙ What are the 4 types of markets we discussed and how do they relate to a firm’s pricing power? ∙ Pure competition
o the market consists of many buyers and sellers trading in a
uniform commodity, such as wheat, copper, or financial
securities. No single buyer or seller has much effect on the going
market price. Thus, sellers in these markets do not spend much
time on marketing strategy
o Good example is farmers. They have no specific control over the
price they can charge for their harvest, there is just a market
price they have to meet
∙ Monopolistic competition
o the market consists of many buyers and sellers who trade over a
range of prices because sellers can differentiate their offers to
buyers.
o Good example of this is bars or nightclubs, dry cleaners, coffee
shops, hotels, etc..
∙ Oligopolistic competition
o the market consists of only a few large sellers. For example,
only four companies—Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, and TMobile—
control more than 90 percent of the U.S. wireless service
provider market. Each seller is alert and responsive to
competitors’ pricing strategies and marketing moves.
∙ Pure monopoly
o the market is dominated by one seller. The seller may be a
government monopoly (the U.S. Postal Service), a private
regulated monopoly (a power company), or a private unregulated
monopoly (De Beers and diamonds). Pricing is handled
differently in each case.
∙ (This information is near the end of chapter 10).
∙ What is a demand curve?
∙ Curve that shows the relationship between the price of a product and the
quantity of the product demanded
o What are the assumptions of the demand curve?
∙ Ceteris paribus (“all else equal” condition)
o Requirement that when analyzing the relationship between 2
variables—such as price and quantity demanded—other
variables must be held constant
∙ Law of demand
o The rule that, holding everything else constant, when the price of
product falls, the quantity demanded of the product will increase,
and when the price of the product rises, the quantity demanded
of the product will decrease
∙ What is price elasticity?
∙ Elasticity measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price
∙
o How does price elasticity affect a demand curve?
∙ Where the % change in demand is GREATER than the % change in price
—demand is elastic
∙ When the %change in demand is LESS than the % change in price—
demand is inelastic
o What factors influence price elasticity?
∙ Substitutes
o Organ juice to apple juice. Demand becomes more elastic
∙ Necessities
o More elastic. Can’t do without it.
∙ % of disposable income
o High then its elastic. Lower then its inelastic
o If I gave you a product and described the market, could you tell me whether it was most likely elastic or not?
o If I gave you an elasticity coefficient, could you tell me whether it was most likely elastic or not?
∙ What is the difference between movement along a demand curve and moving (i.e., shifting) the demand curve?
∙ As the price changes, a product moves along the demand curve, but a
change in something other than price that affects the demand curve is
shifting it.
o What are the aspects we discussed that shift a demand curve?
∙ Consumer income
o Normal goods will increase as income increases (clothing,
vacation)
o Inferior goods will decrease as income increases (ramen noodles)
∙ Price of related goods
o Goods and services used together
Ex. Price of hot dog buns go up, then demand for hot
dog weenies will go down
∙ Consumer tastes
o If consumers’ tastes change, then they may buy more or less of a
product
Ex. Healthy eating trends
∙ Population and demographics
o Increase in # of people buying something will increase amount
demanded
Increase in elderly people will increase in purchase in
health care.
∙ Expectations
o If consumers’ expect prices to change, they may buy more or
less of the product
Ex. Cash for clunkerswhen the program started, the
demand for cars went up because people were getting
money for their old cars. After the program, demand
went down to national lows. Ex.—rumor that we were
going to run out of gas—prices and demand went up.
∙ Marketing
o Marketing always wants to shift demand curve to right
It does this by participating in value creation,
differentiation, brand equity, scaricity, etc.
o If I gave you a situation with a certain type of product or trend, could you tell me which way a demand curve would shift?
April 12th: Pricing Strategies (Chpt 10)
∙ Why is pricing so important when considering profitability?
∙ If you have the ability to increase your price, it is more profitable than
any other element
o Pricing floor
No profits below this price
o Pricing ceiling
No demand above this price
∙ Stuff in the middle that affects pricing
o Competition and other external factors
Competitors strategies and prices, marketing strategy,
objective and mix. Nature of the market and demand.
∙ What is demandbased, costbased, and competitionbased pricing?
∙ Cost based pricing
o Setting prices based on the costs of producing, distributing and
selling the product plus a fair rate of return for the company’s
effort and risk
Ex. Construction workers and lawyers
∙ Value based pricing
o Using buyer’s perceptions of value as the key to pricing
More of a market oriented (market concept) type of
pricing. Part of the info you are gathering is taking into
consideration what your customers would like to pay.
∙ Competition based pricing
o Setting prices based on competitor’s strategies, costs, prices, and
market offerings
We look at competitors and match it or try to make
ourselves look better.
o What are the considerations in setting the price between a costbased pricing versus a valuebased pricing (see Figure 10.1)?
∙ Cost based pricing approaches
o Markup (costplus)
Adding a standard increase to the cost of a product
∙ Stores like publix or Walmart: they have too
much inventory to try and figure out a demand
curve for every product.
∙ Also is way too expensive for the vast types of
products they sell.
o Experience curve
Planned reduction of price for increased production
∙ Demand pricing
o Good value pricing
Right combination of quality and good service at a fair
price
o value added
attaching services and features to a product to support
higher prices
o EDLP pricing/ HiLow pricing
Keeping prices at a standard low rate vs. discounting
o What is the sequence of steps for demandbased vs costbased pricing? ∙ Cost based
o Design a good product
o Determine product cost
o Set prices based on cost
o Convince buyers of product value
∙ Value based pricing
o Access customers’ needs and value perception
o Set prices at to match customers’ perceived value
o Determine costs that can be incurred
o Design product to deliver desired value at target price
o What are the types of costbased pricing and valuebased pricing?
∙ Fixed costs
o Cost that do not vary with production or sales level
∙ Variable costs
o Vary directly with the level of production
∙ Total costs
o Sum of fixed and variable cost for any given level of production
∙ What is price discrimination?
∙ Charging different groups of customers different prices
o What is the purpose of price discrimination?
∙ To gain the most amount of revenue based on customer’s willingness to
pay
o Know the three methods of price discrimination well.
1. Allow customers at the bottom of demand curve pay less
a. Ex. Discounts, rebates, specials
b. Kmarts bluelight special
2. Charging customers at the top of the demand curve more
a. Ex. Amazon, valueadded pricing, freemium.
3. Allows customers to pay exactly what they are willing
a. Radiohead’s rainbow album 60% of U.S. downloaded for free. But
they made more money in digitals than their previous album because
they weren’t pay a label.
b. Sidetracks coffee
o Why must firms be careful when price discriminating?
∙ Unfairness=attribution
o Are they just trying to make money? That’s it?
Aka, attribution can be function of reputation
∙ Ex. Coke they were looking to increase prices
based on the temp outside
o People found this to be shady and unfair
What are the three determinants of negative attributions?
∙ Perceptions of excessive profit
o in comparison to estimated costs or reference price
∙ Perceived immorality
o Deception.
o Taking advantage of situation
∙ Inability to understand pricing strategy
o Inability to understand price changes
o Inability to estimate costs
o Inability to assess real value
What does reputation have to do with this?
∙ If people believe that the pricing strategies are unfair, the company’s
reputation will suffer
March 30th: Psychological Pricing (Lecture only)
∙ Be familiar with how consumers react to the following pricing phenomenon: o Odd/even
∙ odd vs. even number in pricing
o when we look at prices we are generally lazy
∙ We process the number to the left and ignore the
rest Ex. $24.99 looks $1 cheaper than $25
∙ Ex. $24.99 looks $1 cheaper than $25
o Decoys
∙ When given options, if you give people a slightly less attractive version of an option, the original option looks significantly better.
o Ex. 3 options: option 1, 2, and 3. Option three is a more
expensive/worse version of option 2, so it’s a decoy. Now the
less expensive version of option 2 looks significantly better.
o Price placement
∙ Placing the price higher on the page.
o we view it as higher in price. We naturally associate up as more.
Higher magnitude.
o We associate smaller with things positioned to the left, so the
bottom left is the best placement of price.
o Price preciseness
∙ We associate preciseness with smaller numbers
o Thing sell better when prices are taken all the way to the decimal
o Priming
∙ When a stimulus object influences reactions to a poststimulus object o Different social identities in different situations can be affected
by products
o Pain of payment
∙ It is painful to give money away
o Companies try to distance themselves from the act of giving
away money
Ex. Removing the $ sign from receipts