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"}.lst-kix_vqdkdgcx1s6g-2 > li:before{content:"- "}.lst-kix_vqdkdgcx1s6g-0 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-0 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_cj5spj2ztbgw-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_z8dh4s56sgg5-2 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z8dh4s56sgg5-2}ul.lst-kix_58ybxiz3j1om-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_58ybxiz3j1om-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_58ybxiz3j1om-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_58ybxiz3j1om-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_z8dh4s56sgg5-3 > li{counter-increment:lst-ctn-kix_z8dh4s56sgg5-3}ul.lst-kix_58ybxiz3j1om-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_58ybxiz3j1om-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-5{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_z6qaiphefrbu-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_beka7sxnolmt-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_vqdkdgcx1s6g-4 > li:before{content:"- "}ul.lst-kix_vqdkdgcx1s6g-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_vqdkdgcx1s6g-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_z6qaiphefrbu-3 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_vqdkdgcx1s6g-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_vqdkdgcx1s6g-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_vqdkdgcx1s6g-6 > li:before{content:"- 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CHAPTER 15Don't forget about the age old question of What do you call a mechanism of evolution where differential survival and reproduction of organisms allow some to survive and reproduce more effectively than others?
15.1
- Molar solubility : the % of moles of solute in 1L of a saturated solution
- Solubility is the # of grams of solute in 1L of a saturated solution
- Solubility product expression and Ksp
Aga(s) ⇌ Ag+ (aa) + c1- (aa)Don't forget about the age old question of Calculate the ph of a solution containing a weak acid or base and its conjugate base/acid.
Ksp = [Ag+] [C1-]
- Example : molar solubility of AgCI in pure H2O
AgCI + H2O ⇌ Ag+ + CI-Don't forget about the age old question of What are the consequences placed upon deviants by others?
AgCI(s) ⇌ Ag+ + CI-
Ksp = [Ag+] + CI- = 1.6 x 10-10If you want to learn more check out What is the meaning of vocal qualifiers?
[Ag+] = [CI-] = 
x 
We also discuss several other topics like What is the meaning of centralized water treatment systems?
We also discuss several other topics like What is the meaning of actin in biology?
= 1.26 x 10-5
- How about Pbf? Ksp = 3.6 x 10-8
PdF2 ⇌ Pb2+ + 2F-
Ksp = [Pb2+] [F-]2
= (x)(2x)2 = 4x3
x = 2.0 x 10-3
[Pb2+] = 2.0 x 10-3 mo1/L
[F-] = 4.0 x 10-3 mo1/L
-Ksp and common ion effect
- Example : calculate molar solubility of CaF2 in a solution that is .05M in ca(CH3(00)2
Ksp = [Ca2+] [F-]2
(x) (2x)2 = 4x3
4.0 x 10-11 = 4x3
x = 2.15 x 10-4 mo1/L ← in pure H2O
CaF2 ⇌ Ca2+ + 2F-
I - 0.05 -
C - +x +2x
E - .05+x 2x
4.0 x 10-11 = (.05 + x) (2x)2 assume x is small
X = 1.4 x 10-5 mo1/L
- Factors that affect solubility : ph
- Molar solubility of Mg(OH)2 (s)
Mg(OH)2 ⇌ Mg2+ + 20H-
Ksp = [Mg2+] [OH-]2
x (2x)2 = 4x3
= 1.7 x 10-4 mo1/L
[OH-] = 2[Mg2+]
= 3.4 x 10-4
pOH = 3.46
pH = 10.53
- Molar solubility of Mg(OH)2 in solution is buffered @ pH = 9
Ksp = [Mg2+] [OH-]2 pH = 9
1.8 x 10-11 = [Mg] [1.0 x 10-5]2 pOH = 5
[Mg] = .18M [OH-] = 10-5 = 1.0 x 10-5
- In general, the solubility of a compound containing a basic anion increases as solution becomes more acidic
- Baso4 ⇌ Ba2+ + SO42- Ksp
Ksp = [Ba2+] [SO42-] = x2 mo1 so1 = 1.05 x 10-5
SrSO4 ⇌ Sr2+ + SO42-
Ksp = [Sr2+] [SrO42-] = x2 mo1 so1 = 5.65 x 10-4
3.2 x 10-1 = .01 [SO42-]
Because Barium has a smaller mo1 so1. It precipitates 1st.
b. Ksp = [Ba2+] [SO42-]
1.10 x 10-10 = [.01] [SO42-]
1.1 x 10-8 = [SO42-] when BaSO4 will begin to precipitate
Q = [Ba2+] [SO42-]
⤷ 0
Q = 0 adding SO42-, increase Q
Q < K
c. Ksp = [Sr2+] [SO42-]
= (.01)[[SO42-]]
3.2 x 10-5 M = [SO42-]
Baso4
Ksp = [Ba2+] [SO42-]
= [Ba2+] [3.2 x 10-5] 
x 100
.034%
= 3.43 x 10-6 = [Ba2+] ⤴
(aF2(s) ⇌ Ca2+ + 2F-
Q = [Ca2+] [F-]2
[Ca2+] = 
= .1moI / L Ca2+
[F-] = 
= .04 moI / L F-
Q = [.1][.04]2
Q = 1.6 x 10-4
CaF2 ⇌ Ca2+ + 2F-
Ksp = 4 x 3
X = 2 x 10-4 moI / L
Q > K ➝ Q is way bigger than K so its supersaturated
↓
Precipitates until Q = k
Mg (OH)2 ⇌ Mg2+ + 2OH- 6.3 x 10-10
Cu (OH)2 ⇌ Cu2+ + 2OH-
