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Exam 3 Study Guide
Which type of the following is associated with intensive distribution? Routine decision making (look at integrated mix chart)
Suppose you created a new innovation, a lip balm that kept lips moist and protected far longer than anything on the market today. Relative to the competition, which of the marketing mix combinations would you choose to position your product as the best lip balm? More selective distribution, less advertising, higher price
Which of the following is most appropriate to use when the levels of product complexity and risk are extremely high?
Personal selling
Which of the following is a correct statement?
Creating brand resonance is part of the fourth step of building a strong brand According to the book, which of the following promotional tools has the advantage of offering immediate feedback?
Personal selling
According to the book, which of the following has a disadvantage that “it may be perceived as intruding”?
Internet
What is a perished product?
Damaged merchandise
How can humans cause products to perish?
Humans can damage products themselves or steal
What are the intermediary function (benefits) of distribution? (Store is the intermediary.) Transactional
Logistical
Informing
Facilitation
What is an example of financial facilitation benefits?
Sears, furniture stores, WalMart department store credit cards
What is a benefit of storing?
Helps offload risks for producers
What is coverage/channel width?
The number of distributers offering product/service
What is channel depth?
The levels of warehouses/distributors/brokers between producer and consumer What is intensive distribution?
Don't forget about the age old question of What financial statement consist of?
Providing the offering in as many outlets as possible
What is the objective of intensive distribution?
Maximizes exposure in a geographical area
What are the characteristics of coverage/sales efforts in the intensive distribution? Maximum coverage and no sales effort at point of purchase
Usually used with lowpriced items
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The more intensive the distribution, the less motivated retailers are to promote the product
What are examples of intensively distributed items?
Checkout line items, Hershey’s bar, gum
What is selective distribution?
Provides offering in selective outlets (only some stores)
What is the objective of selective distribution?
Restrict distribution in geographical area to intermediaries based on performance capabilities
What are the characteristics of the coverage/sales effort with selective distribution? Middle ground – medium coverage and sales effort, some effort at point of purchase and some coverage
When is selective distribution used?
For limited decision making items
What are examples of selectively distributed items?
Buckle clothing, Fossil watches, Godiva chocolate
What is exclusive distribution?
Using only one outlet in a geographic area
What is the objective of exclusive distribution?
Maximize the “push” of the distributor
What are the characteristics of coverage/sales efforts for exclusive distribution? Maximum sales effort at point of purchase and minimum coverage Don't forget about the age old question of Operating cycle refers to what?
Distributor may carry only one product line
What level of involvement is used for exclusively distributed items?
High involvement
About how many retail stores are there in the U.S.?
2.7 million
What are advantages to being a big retailer?
Largest retailers account for biggest percentages of sales
Big retailers have more leverage on providers
What are advantages to being a small retailer?
Can provide great service
How was Tony’s restaurant successful as a small business?
They opened the restaurant every night pretending it was opening night What is a corporate chain?
A centrally owned and managed stores that carry similar products
Ex: Kroger, Macy’s
What is an independent retailer?
A single unaffiliated store
Ex: Buckle, Tony’s
What is a contractual vertical marketing system?
A contract specifies how members will operate
Ex: Ace, TruValue
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What is a retailer cooperative?
A type of contractual vertical marketing system in which small retailers establish and operate a wholesale warehouse
What is a voluntary chain?
A type of contractual vertical marketing system in which wholesalers contract with interested retailers to provide services to them
What is franchising?
A type of contractual vertical marketing system in which a franchisor provides trademark and assistance in return to payments from franchises Don't forget about the age old question of A system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens, chiefly used to broadcast programs for entertainment, information, and education.
What are the two types of franchises?
Distribution retailers (gas stations)
Business format franchise – franchise does everything like entrepreneurship with safety net
How much of online sales does Amazon account for?
43%
What is nonstore retailing?
Retailing activities resulting in transactions that occur away from a retail store What are the four types of nonstore retailing?
Direct selling – personal contact between a salesperson and a consumer away from a retail store
Telemarketing – salesperson initiates contact with a shopper and also closes sales over the phone
Automatic vending – sale of products through a machine with no personal contact between buyer and seller
Direct marketing – use of advertising to contact customers who, in turn, purchase products without visiting a retail store
How does doortodoor selling work?
“Cold canvassing” is used, or other forms of direct contact with customers at their door How does party planning work?
Host/hostess invites people to a “party” with a sales presentation?
What are the two forms of direct selling that Poor touched on?
Doortodoor selling and party plan
What is an example of doortodoor selling?
Girl Scout cookies
What is an example of a party plan? Don't forget about the age old question of What is a statutory law?
Don't forget about the age old question of what is the physiological NEED of food?
Mary Kay, 31 Bags, wine tasting, jewelry, Tupperware
What type of nonstore retailing uses the most intensive distribution?
Automatic vending
LOOK AT LUCI’S NOTES FOR PRICING SLIDES
What is most important when attempting to design marketing activities? Provide a consistent message across all mediums/audiences (also called integrated marketing communications)
What are the elements of promotion?
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Advertising – paid form of nonpersonal communication
Personal selling – twoway, personal communication
Public relations – communications management that seeks to influence stakeholders (publicity, lobbying, etc.) Don't forget about the age old question of Who bring context and credibility to information?
Sales promotions – shortterm inducement of value to arouse interest (coupons, samples, contests, etc.)
What is the promotional mix?
A combination of one or more promotional elements
What is the goal of the promotional mix?
Integrate marketing communications
What factors affect decisions about the promotional mix?
Target audience, stage of product life cycle, product characteristics, buyer decision stage, distribution channel strategy
What is a great example Poor gave of a commercial with an incredible promotional mix? Skittlespox commercial first came out in 2005 and is still constantly aired What kind of promotional mix would you use for the following audiences? Stakeholders
Public relations
Ex: Southwest airlines communicates to customers but also employees (SO, if employees are happy, consumers will be happy)
Channel members (retailers)
Personal sales
Retailers use personal selling because it is the most effective form of communication for their consumers
Consumers
Advertising (especially when the group is geographically dispersed) When the product is in the introduction stage of the product life cycle, what promotional mix elements would be used and in which stage?
Introduction (objective: to inform)
Publicity for potential customers
Advertising to stimulate primary demand
Personal selling to channel members
Growth (objective: to persuade)
Advertising to differentiate the brand
Personal selling to channel members
Maturity (objective: to remind)
Reminder advertising – Joel Poor calls it “reminder advertising” because the products are not hyped up anymore, but consumers must be reminded that they exist ∙ Ex: toothpaste, Geico insurance
Sales promotion – the effort put in here is to encourage switching brands Decline
Not much money is spent on promotion
Very little promotion
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∙ Ex: there are no landline phone commercials anymore
What are the product characteristics that must be examined when creating a promotional mix?
Complexity – technical sophistication of product (info required to understand the product)
Purchase risk – financial, social, physical (best example is a hair transplant) Higher complexity and purchase risk leads to greater need for personal selling as opposed to advertising
∙ Example: when preparing for a medical procedure, the doctor sits down with the patient because not all people understand medical terminology and there is high expense with medical procedures
What are the stages of buying decision that may impact choice of a promotional mix? Prepurchase
∙ Advertising to inform
∙ Sales promotion to induce trail (samples)
Purchase
∙ Personal selling to close the sale
∙ Sales promotion (coupons, POP displays)
Postpurchase
∙ Personal selling and advertising to reduce anxiety
What channel strategies are considered when creating a promotional mix? Push strategy (target channel members)
∙ Personal selling (to inform/gain support)
∙ Sales promotion (contests to motivate, discount allowances to support channel effort)
∙ Examples: drug distribution is a push strategy because it uses exclusively personal selling
Pull strategy (target consumers/end users)
∙ Advertising
∙ Examples: alcohol advertising, routine purchases
Are pharmaceuticals a push or a pull strategy?
They used to be a push strategy, but are now a pull strategy
What are the three types of message problems?
Selective attention, selective distortion, selective retention
What does AIDA stand for?
Attention
Interest
Desire
Attraction
How do you gain the attention of the target market?
Presenting a distinctive and relevant message
How do you generate interest in your product?
Focus on the needs and benefits of the product
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How do you build desire for your product?
Use logic and emotion
What are the two types of action?
Direct action – buy/try the product, etc.
Indirect action – encode a thought or image, remember the name of the product, have a positive image of the product, associate the product with the benefit
What is the best way to call a consumer to action?
Ask for the sale (“can I wrap this up for you?”, “would you like the blue or the green one?”)
What are the keys to a press release?
Avoid hype words
Write like a journalist
Keep it short
What is the best way to handle bad publicity?
Tell the truth and address problems directly
What are consumer sales promotion tools?
Coupons
Rebates – most consumers don’t take advantage
Premiums – extra item offered with purchase (holidays = more premiums) Contests and sweepstakes – (ex: JG Wentworth singing competition)
Pointofpurchase – displays set up at retail stores
Sampling – distribution is key; very effective
What is a trade sales promotion?
Helps push product through distribution channel
Consumer – sales promotion = pull
What is the best attribute of alternative vehicles?
Get away from clutter
What is the fastest growing promotional expenditure?
Product placement
What is the objective of informative advertising?
Build primary demand during the introduction stage
What is the objective of persuasive advertising?
Build selective demand in the growth stage
What is the objective of comparison advertising?
Compares one brand to another in the growth stage
What is the objective of reminder advertising?
Keeps consumers thinking about a product in the maturity stage (building positive associations)
What are the five M’s of advertising?
Mission, money, message, media, measurement
In which stage of the product life cycle is clutter the highest?
Maturity
Who uses bursting or pulsing advertising timing patterns?
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Almost every advertiser
What are the types of media in advertising?
Internet
Outdoor
TV
What is noise?
Any kind of distraction
∙ Ex: with radio, there are many distractions like interference with signal, driving inconveniences, etc. that could cause the consumer to not hear the ad
What are elements of the communication process?
Encoding, decoding, noise
Which type of advertising has “creative limitations”?
Outdoor
Which type of advertising media has a high cost?
Direct mail
What is an ad affect?
Likeability of the ad itself
What is important when considering ad affect?
Context
What are barriers to communication?
Selective perception
Psychological noise (mood/context characteristics)
What are the issues in credibility?
Credibility of informal sources – actors
Credibility of formal sources – doctors, dentists
Credibility of spokespersons and endorsers – famous people like sports stars and actors, Brooke Shields
Message credibility – stressing just one benefit
What are the issues in designing persuasive communications?
Communications strategy
Media strategy (where)
Message strategies
What are the issues in message presentation?
Message framing
Onesided vs. twosided messages
Comparative advertising
Order effects
Repetition
What are the advertising appeals?
Fear, humor, wow experience, abrasive advertising, sex in advertising, audience participation
What was an ad a student brought up in class that Poor showed later on?
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Budweiser with puppies (animals are very useful in ads)
What ad was shown during class that was a good example of an introduction stage ad? iPad’s first commercial
What is an attentiongetting vehicle that was utilized in one of the ads Poor showed? Silence
What are the six ways to make people like you?
Become genuinely interest in other people
Smile
Remember that a person’s name is critically important to the person
Be a good listener
Talk in terms of other people’s interest
Make the other person feel important and do it sincerely
How does one make a good impression?
Be proud
Be sincere
Be enthusiastic
What is the difference between B2B AND B2C transactions?
B2B: goods or services are sold for any use other than personal consumption B2C: goods or services are sold for the purchaser to use
It is not the nature of the product, it is the reason for the transaction There are _____ number of buyers in a B2B transaction, but _____ number of buyers in a B2C transaction.
1 – few
2 – many
When there are few number of buyers in a B2B transaction, marketing increases There are _______ buying influences 9 (number of people participating in buying) in a B2B transaction, but ______ buying influences in a B2C transaction.
1 – multiple
2 – single/multiple
When a B2B transaction takes places, the key promotional method is ______, but when a B2C transaction takes place, the key promotional method is ________.
1 – personal selling
2 – advertising
What is derived demand?
The demand for a company’s products comes from the demands for their customer’s products
Most demand comes from the consumers
Pull strategy
Ex: Extra gum – B2B because it is sold to WalMart, but customer demand is what matter
What is joint demand?
Two products are used together and demanded together – both products are consumed at the same time
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Ex: XBOX relies on games and software
What are the uses for B2B products?
Additional production
Use in operations
Resale
What are the three main categories of products?
Entering goods – become part of the finished product, cost assigned to the manufacturing process
Foundation goods – capital items, typically depreciated over time
Facilitating products – support organizational operations, handles as overhead expenses
What are the types of entering goods?
Raw materials
Manufactured materials and parts
What are the types of foundation goods?
Installations
Accessory equipment
What are the types of facilitating products?
Supplies
Services
What are the categories of B2B customers?
Commercial enterprises
Governmental organizations
Institutions
What areas are growing in areas requiring selling skills?
Entrepreneurship
Education
Medicine
Types of sales jobs
Retail selling – retail salesperson sells goods/services to consumers for their personal, nonbusiness use
Direct selling – face to face sales to consumers, typically in their homes, who use the products for their nonbusiness personal use
Selling for a wholesaler – for resale, for use in producing other goods, for use within an organization
Selling for a manufacturer – working for the firm who manufactures the product, usually one of the most prestigious jobs to hold
∙ Selling for a wholesaler or selling for a manufacturer are both wellpaying, important jobs
What are the characteristics of relationship selling?
Nonadversarial, nonmanipulative, consultative, partnering, problemsolving What is the goal for relationship selling?
Longterm relationship
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What are the three levels of relationship marketing?
Transaction selling – customers re sol to and not contacted again (B2C) Relationship selling – the seller contacts customers after the purchase to determine if they are satisfied and have future needs (B2B0
Partnering – the seller works continually to improve its customers’ operations, sales, and profits
∙ Edward Jones – improving customers’ wealth results in more customers Dependence increases as relationships are more important
What are the three roles of consultative selling?
Team leader
Business consultant – meet with client to understand customer’s business and marketplace
Long term ally – work for your customer and your business (winwin) What is the customerseller gap?
May occur when the salesperson’s interest in the customer declines
Usually after the sale
Yet the customer’s interest increases after the sale
This is one reason why service after the sale is so important
What is marketing’s main customer contact?
Salespeople
What are the keys to success?
Finding and focusing on the target market
Awareness (target market knows you)
Like you (purchase intent)
Trust (easy referrals)
HELP YOUR CUSTOMER
What are the most important steps in the customer relationship selling process? 1) Prospecting – locating and qualifying prospects
10) Followup and service – serving the customer after the sale