Description
Study Guide
Introduction of Macroeconomics
Midterm 1
Chapters 1: Intro. To Econ
I. Economics
A. The study of how choices are made given that decision makers face constraints. B. Making the best decision possible*
II. Scarcity
A. The concept that the wants and needs of decision makers are greater than the limited resources available to fulfill those wants and needs
B. Basically, something we’d like more of
1. Ex: Time, sleep, money
III. Time Constraint
A. Can’t be at both places at the same time
1. Ex: Bill Gates ($$$$$)
2. Has two choices: 1 week in Hawaii or 1 Week in Fiji
a) *MAIN IDEA: you can’t be in two places at the same time.
IV. Opportunity Cost
A. What is given up when a choice is made
1. Ex: If gates chose to go to Hawaii, OC (opportunity cost) would be going to Fiji.
2. Two types: Explicit and Implicit cost
V. Explicit Cost
A. Direct payment associated with a cost
1. Ex: travel expenses, hotel room, other costs related to that
VI. Implicit cost
A. Nonrefundable cost of a decision
1. Ex: Money that the person could have earned had he/she not go on vacation
EXAMPLE: Opportunity cost of going to college
Implicit: getting job, time
Explicit: Tuition Fee, Money (food/gas)
I. Marginal Benefit If you want to learn more check out are flatworms eukaryotic
A. The additional value that you receive from making a small or marginal change. B. When you buy milk that has 2%
II. Marginal Cost
A. Additional cost from making a marginal change
REMEMBER: MARGINAL BENEFIT > MARGINAL COST, action should only be taken if MG<MC.
I. Macroeconomics:
A. Examines the economy as a whole
B. Focuses on the total output
1. GDP: total output that countries product
2. Employment: High unemployment = low income = bad economy
a) Ex: 1920s (Great Depression)
3. Inflation rate: tells us how fast $ level is changing and why it’s
important.
a) Value of $ goes down when inflation is up.
b) When Inflation is up, what happened to demand? It goes
down.
c) Want constant level of inflation (slowly increasing)
II. Normative Statement
A. A statement about how we think things should be.
B. Opinionated.
1. Ex: This policy is bad because... If you want to learn more check out What is political equality?
III. Positive Statement
A. How things actually are
B. Factual
1. Ex: The policy leads to job less. If you want to learn more check out gsu si sessions
Notes from Lecture 2
I. Quantity Demanded:
A. amount you buy of a good service at a particular rate
B. Basically the amount you buy*
II. Demand Schedule:
A. A table showing the combinations of price and Quantity Demanded (Qd) B. It shows how people behave when prices change
III. Demand Curve:
A. All of the possible combination of price and Qd.
IV. Law of Demand:
A. When prices are high, quantity demanded is low (vice versa), HOLDING ALL CONSTANT ***
V. Market Demand Curve
A. Add up the quantity demanded for all consumers of gasoline (or any product) of various price levels.
***When prices change, the demand curve does not shit. It simply moves along the curve***
I. What would change the Demand curve?
A. Income (large shifter) If you want to learn more check out bibc 102 hampton
1. Income goes up, Demand curve shifts right= high quantity demanded 2. Direct relationship
B. Price of related goods
1. Ex: Price of Teslas (electric car) go down to $25,000
2. = Prices go down, quantity demand for teslas go up, demand for gas goes down (goes down b/c people who drive Teslas don’t consume gas)
a) Goes to say that Teslas and Gas are Substitute Goods
(i) Price of Good A goes
down = Demand for B goes
down
(ii) DIRECT RELATIONSHIP.
3. Ex: SUVS (consume gas) prices go down.
4. = Quantity Demanded goes up (people want to buy more) , demand for gas goes up.
a) SUVs and Gas are Complementary Goods
(a) Price of A goes up = Demand for B goes down
(b) INVERSE RELATIONSHIP.
Notes from Lecture 3:
I. Supply Curve:
A. Relationship between all prices and quantity supplied
II. Law of Supply:
A. The product prices go up, quantity supplied go up
B. Direct Relationship
*Prices and quantity supplied move in the same direction. Changing price does not change supply curve*
BIGGEST SHIFTER OF SUPPLY: Cost of production inputs!
Other shifts of supply:
1. Technology: The speed of capital (machines)
a. This usually improves
2. Wages of workers (if wages were low)
a. Produce more at all prices If you want to learn more check out econ 103
b. Shift supply right
c. Increase in supply
3. Alternative resource of land
4. Competition : more pro
5. Future prices: how the product is expected to rise will cause supply to shift left I. Market Equilibrium:
A. Explains fluctuations in gas prices
B. *there is no pressure to change* when market equilibrium happens. II. Equilibrium price:
A. No pressures for prices to change.
Next Notes
3 Goals of Macroeconomics
1. High standard of living (GDP)
2. Stable Prices
a. Prices should rise in a low a predictable fashion (inflation)
b. Ex: Zimbabule in 2008: inflation rate : 89,700,000,000,000,000,000,000% ! i. Had a breakdown in currency, prices were doubling everyday
3. Full employment
a. Acceptable rate of unemployment doesnot equal 0%
b. During Great Depression (1930s):
i. Unemployment rate = 25%
ii. Today = 3.7%
I. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
A. The market value of all final goods and services produced for a marketplace during a given period of time within a country’s borders
II. Market value:
A. convert all production to a dollar value
Example:
Final: Buy a computer from Best buy for $400
Intermediate steps to $400 computer
1) Raw materials for $50 sold to parts manufacturer $50 2) Parts manufacturer create parts for computer If you want to learn more check out What is the genetic outcome of fertilization?
and sells to dell for $150 $150 3) Dell completes parts to make a computer and sells
To Best Buy for $350 $350 4) Best buy offers central place to buy computer for $400 $400
$950 in total transaction > Final price captures all intermediate goods and services > doesn’t include intermediate steps
> lead to double counting if it was included
Produced: land are fixed, not produced, not part of GDP
● Do not count unproduced transactions
For a marketplace: buyers and sellers interact to buy and sell goods and services ● If we’re not in a formal market (under the table) > doesn’t count towards GDP ● Illegal transactions = $2,000,000,000,000 in GDP/year
During a given period of time: only capture production in a given year
Example:
A used Toyota Camry is sold at a dealership in 2018, what counts towards GDP? 1. Only consider production in 2018 (Used)
2. Value of the car is not counted (Used)
3. Already counted when the car was originally sold
4. ***ALL USED GOODS ARE NOT COUNTED***
5. Commision => services does count
Within a country’s borders, GDP is associated with geographical border
Gross National Product (GNP):
● Based on citizenship
○ Ex: Sarah (teacher’s sister) lives in UK => UK GDP
○ She has a U.S. citizenship => US GNP
Next Notes
I. GDP: Market value of all final goods and services produced for a marketplace, during a given time, within a country’s border
A. GDP: Geography,
B. GNP: citizenship
Measure GDP
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)
Four Categories
A. Consumption ©: Household purchases
B. Private Investment (I): firm/business purchases
C. Government Purchases (G): Purchase by government
D. NEt Exports (NX): Purchases by foreigner (ExportsImports)
a. Exports: $$$$$ back to the economy
b. Imports: Sending $$$$$$$ out of the country
GDP= Y = C + I + G + NX
C: Final good or service bought by household (69%)
Goods: gain ownership after buying (24%)
Durable: cars, furniture, computers lasts for 3+ yrs (10%)
Nondurable: Clothing, food, gasoline (14%)
Services: Do not gain ownership after buying (45%)
ex: healthcare, airline ticket, soccer game, education
Next Notes
I. Nominal GDP:
A. The total amount of $$ exchanged
II. Read GDP:
A. Measure production
B. Total value of production using the same prices every year
III. GDP Deflator:
A. Measure of inflation (change in prices)
Next Notes
● GDP is the total value of all final goods/ services produced for marketplace during a given period (usually a year) with in a country’s borders
I. Final good or service: when goods and services are purchased by the actual user of the product
II. Intermediate goods: goods that produced, and then used in production of another good A. Ex: tires on a car, cheese on pizza, charcoal in water filter
● only add final good to GDP
○ Not how it was made, etc.
○ This is how you avoid doubling prices
I. Gross National Product (GNP):
A. The value of production by citizens in a country, regardless of where they’re located.
II. Nominal GDP: Add everything up in that year
A. (Price A of current year x Quantity A of current year) + (Price B of current year x Quantity B of current year)
III. Real GDP : whatever the base year happens to the number, we wil calculate the real GDP by always keeping the prices equal to their base year level
A. (Price A of current year x Quantity A of base year) + (Price B of current year x
Quantity B of base year)
IV. % Change in Real GDP
A. [ (Real GDP of recent year Real GDP of smaller year)/ (real GDP smaller year)] x 100
V. % Change in Nominal GDP
A. [ (Nominal GDP of recent year Nominal GDP of smaller year)/ (Nominal GDP smaller year)] x 100
VI. GDP Deflator
A. (Nominal GDP current year/Real GDP current year) x 100
VII. Weighted Basket Cost
A. [WeightA (priceA)] + [WeightB (priceB)] + etc..
VIII. Calculated CPI Current Year:
A. (Weighted basket Cost Current Year / Weighted Basket Cost base year) x 100 IX. CPI Base year:
A. (Weighted basket Cost base Year / Weighted Basket Cost base year) x 100 = 100 ALWAYS!!