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CJ 100-320
CJ EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 4: Law Enforcement
Strategies
Wilsons 3
o Watchmen preserving public order, informal control
o Legalistic equality, formal control
o Service combines both inf. + f.
CommunityOriented Policing
o Flint Foot Patrol Study – had officers patrol on foot as opposed to patrol o Relies on the relationship between law enforcement and citizens
ProblemOriented Policing
o Proactive Root of the issue instead of waiting until called upon o SARA Model
Scanning identifying reoccurring problems
Analysis understanding
Response responding to the problem
Assessment did it work?
ZeroTolerance Policy
o Punishes every fraction of the law no matter how miniscule
o Broken Window Perspective
visible signs of crime, antisocial behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder
Agencies
3 branches:
o Local LEOs
o State LEOs
o Federal LEOs
Local LEOs
o Majority of uniformed officers are local
o Most action, lots of paperwork, first to respond to a crime scene State LEOs
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o Main functions
Traffic
Investigate + prevent
Provide support to local agencies
o Alabama Law Enforcement agency (ALEA) : 12 other agencies grouped into 1
Federal LEOs
o 3 main departments
Homeland Security
Justice
Treasury
o Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
200+ crimetypes
Leading investigator + preventer of domestic terrorism
In charge of stats
o Secret Service
Protect the president, their family, other government officials, etc.
o Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Combating drug smuggling and use within the US
o Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives (ATF) Enforcing laws pertaining to destructive devices (bombs),
explosives, and arson If you want to learn more check out ling 2100 uga
o US Marshals Service
Protect judiciary, federal fugitives, manage + sell attained assets, operate witness protection.
Private Sector
o Private investigators / secret firms
o Fraud/ finance
o Cyber crime
o Loss prevention
Becoming a LEO
o 7% job increase
o Skills:
People person, fit, communication skills, foreign language
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o Disqualifiers:
Felony convict, misdemeanor w/ DV or sexual, illegal drug use, poor driving record DWI/ DUI.
After becoming a LEO
o Highrisk of stress and burnout
Physical, emotional, marital, social
o Facts:
Shorter lifespan
Very poor cardiovascular profile
High depression rates
4x more likely to sleep less than 6hrs
Chapter 5: Police In Action
Organization
Militarylike similarities;
o Disciplined, professional, organized
Ranking;
o Importance due to hierarchal chain of command
How they’re unique;
o Discretion
o Visibility
o Authority
Main Duties of Officers:
Patrol
Investigation
Traffic Enforcement
Service
Patrol
Car, bike, foot, horse
Deterrence, public perception, reduces response time
Investigation
All officers have some form of duties
o On scene report vs. detective work
Main role of detectives; gather evidence for the prosecutor to build a good case Traffic EnforcementDon't forget about the age old question of open class morphemes
We also discuss several other topics like What are the atoms of exact same element with different number of neutrons present?
CJ 100-320
Most citizen interaction & one of the most dangerous aspects of policing (exposure)
Service
Dispute resolution domestic violence
Crowd control – mob mentality, military tactics
Medical emergency – welfare checks, mentally ill
Procedural Law
Discretion = Choice of what they report
Negative effects; selective enforcement, abuse of authority
Reasonable Suspicion = Legal standard of proof, less than probable cause, more than just the feeling
Probable Cause = Sufficient reason based on known facts that a crime has been committed
Warrant = A document issued by a legal or government official authorizing an arrest, search, etc. If you want to learn more check out what does vsepr stand for in chemistry
Constitutional Rights
4th amendment: main ruling that deals with protections from and for the police o Protects people, not places
5th, 6th, & 14th
o Deals with having effective counsel, present, & equality
4th Amendment
Searches Police officer to search for evidence from people or places Privacy based on expectation
o PlainView Doctrine;
Officers aren’t searching if evidence is in plain view, by all 5 senses Must be:
∙ Plain view
∙ Officer must be lawfully there
∙ Must be immediately apparent to be illegal
Open fields / abandoned property;
∙ Not protected, even if trespassing
When are police protected?
Obtaining warrants can be lengthy, sometimes must search first, then get the warrant second.
o Probable Cause
o Specific description of people and places
Doesn’t need a warrant or have to ask if:
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1. Concern for safety
2. Evidence can be destroyed
3. Exigent circumstances present
4. Consent is given
Other Searches;
o Convicted person
o Borders We also discuss several other topics like ccu afford
o Airports
o Students
Costbenefit analysis
Changes as society changes
Seizures – collecting of evidence for a case.
Stop & Frisk – temporarily detaining, questioning, times searching civilians on the street *Caused problems because it was unconstitutional as applied
Arrest – more invasive than stop and frisk, loss of liberty, needs probable cause
Interrogations / Confessions:
Interrogations – gathers info
Police can lie, build a ‘report’, play good cop/bad cop
False Confessions:
o Innocent project 30% involves falsely convicted
o Real intimidation or interpreted intimidation by police
o Use of force by law enforcement
o Juveniles are at a larger risk to falsely confess
o Deviance techniques about the presence of evidence
o Fear
Chapter 6: innovations & Controversies
Pt. 1: Controversies
Policing is a visible profession, plenty of facets of the job are observed and critiqued Corruption
Bias
Use of Force
Militarization
Corruption
Police Corruption: personnel who use their position/authority for personal rather than public benefit
International Problem: Underdeveloped countries see more pervasive forms
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Shaped by Culture: What is corrupt can vary due to culture
Grass vs. Meat Eaters We also discuss several other topics like cs 275 uky
Grass – Don’t ask or seek corrupt practices, but if they present themselves, they do it.
Meat – Seek situations to exploit for financial gain.
Typology of Roebuck and Barker (1974) laid out a typology of Police Corruption police corruption:
1. Corruption of Authority
Officer receives something due to their status / breaks policy, not law 2. Kickbacks
Receiving something for referring business to someone
3. Opportunistic Theft
Stealing from arrestees
4. Shake Downs
Accepting bribes for not writing up a violation
5. Protection of Illegal Activities
Police protection of an illegal activity
6. The Fix
Undermining criminal investigation for personal gain
7. Direct Criminal Act
Committing a crime on duty
8. Internal Playoff
Privileges in police force are bartered for personal gain
Dealing with Corruption
Congress gave the federal government power to police agencies in 1994 Used to force systematic change
Expensive, but long lasting
Mainly cases of excessive use of force
Positives to this
Leads to a modernized policy, new equipment, better training, community support, etc.
Use of Force
The amount of effort required by police to compel compliance from an unwilling suspect
Only use what is necessary to control a situation
115 beats per minute = increased heart rate & loss of fine motor skills
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145 complex motor skills lost
Use of
Force
Continuum
Officer Verbal EmptyHand Less Than Lethal
Presence Force Control Lethal
Militarization
Often thought of during riots / SWAT excursions due to tactical gear Politicians always pitch “war on ____” which prompts military verbiage 1033 program
Excess DoD Funds / equip be allocated to local LEO
Pt. 2: Innovations to Policing
Diversity
In an ideal world, police forces would reflect the neighborhoods they police Sex
∙ Women = 12% of local LEOs
∙ Facing the barrier of doing a “Mans Job”
∙ Bring a different perspective
Race
∙ Minorities = 27% of local LEOs
∙ Double marginality
Technology
Technology is supposed to increase transparency, citizen & officer safety, ability to solve crimes
Downsides: Increased costs, need to train, slow / unequal adoption of resources
Body Worn Cameras (BWCs)
Reduced complaints by 90% and use of force incidents by 50% Multiple Costs
Upfront
Training
Management / storage
IT experts
Extra Manpower
Issues in Court
Surveillance
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Technology allows officers to gather information, track & create databases on suspicious individuals / general behavior
Although we have privacy concerns, nowhere near London which has an estimated 51,000 CCTVs around the city
Chicago = 10,000
USA Patriot Act the law is intended to help government agencies detect and prevent acts of terrorism, or sponsorship of terrorist groups.
USA Freedom Act – Updated form of the patriot act
Sneak & Peek physical entry without permission or knowledge to search the premises; usually, such entry requires a stealthy breaking and entering.
Less Than Lethal Weapons
Reuters (2017) 1,005 people have died since early 2000s after incidents where a taser was used
153 of those died due to the taser being used
Forensic Advancements
Solving crimes based on evidence left at a crime scene has become much easier with recent technology
DNA
∙ 2 types found – nuclear / mitochondrial
o Nuclear; both father & mother
o Mitochondrial; Mother, anyone related to her has the
same
CODIS
∙ Federal database of known sequences
∙ Once in the sytem, always
Stringing The Scene
Geometry and physics are used to determine the position of the shooter relative to the bullet hole to determine trajectory
1939 was used with an actual string
Now we use lasers which are more accurate and faster